蚕丝固定化脂肪酶的研究

研究了蚕丝固定化脂肪酶的工艺条件,并考察了固定化脂肪酶的稳定性。试验结果表明：蚕丝与对-β-硫酸酯乙砜基苯胺(SESA)进行反应的最适条件是PH=10．8,SESA：2．0g／g蚕丝,反应生成的对氨基苯磺酰乙基蚕丝(ABSE-蚕丝)经重氮化后与脂肪酶偶联的最适条件是：pH=7．5,偶联时间>10h。加酶量为168～308u／g蚕丝时,所得固定化脂肪酶活力为106～160u√g蚕丝．此时固定化冀的活力回收率较高(>52％)。固定化脂肪酶稳定性较高．其操作半衰期约为250h。     

壳聚糖固定化德氏根霉脂肪酶的研究

研究了壳聚糖吸附和戊二醛交联对脂肪酶固定化条件,在室温条件下将0．4g酶粉溶于pH6．0缓冲液中,加入10g壳聚糖,摇匀,再加入浓度为0．6％戊二醛交联6h,得到固定化酶,酶活力回收率约为54．2％。固定化酶的半失活温度比游离酶的高,半失活温度由游离酶的47℃提高到100℃,最适反应温度由40℃上升至80℃,最适pH由6下降到5．5,固定化酶K’m值由游离酶的Km 50mg／mL增加到56mg／mL。该固定化脂肪酶用于酯的合成;在80℃条件下经过10批次连续水解植物油反应,固定化酶的活力仍保持在82．6％以上。     

介孔分子筛MCM-41固定中性脂肪酶条件的研究

以介孔分子筛MCM-41材料为载体,采用物理吸附法对中性脂肪酶进行了固定化处理,并研究不同条件对固定化脂肪酶催化活性的影响,从而得到该种材料对脂肪酶的最佳固定化条件。给酶量为45960 U/g,固定化温度为45℃,pH值为7.5,时间为3 h,此时固定化酶的活力约为4666 U/g。固定化酶和游离酶的最适反应温度都为40℃,最适pH值为7.5,比游离酶低。固定化酶温度稳定性和pH稳定性较游离酶有所提高。     

二氧化硅纳米材料固定中性脂肪酶的条件优化及其特性

以二氧化硅纳米材料为载体,采用吸附法对脂肪酶进行固定化,研究了不同条件对固定化脂肪酶的催化活性的影响,得到最佳的固定化条件:给酶量为28300U/g,固定化温度为45oC,pH值为7.5,时间为10h,此时固定化酶的活力约为3867U/g载体。固定化酶的最适反应温度为45oC,比游离酶的反应温度高5oC,最适pH下降到5.5,低于游离酶的反应pH(pH7)。固定化酶的热稳定性和pH稳定性较游离酶有了很大的提高,其在70oC以下能保持70%以上的酶活力,而游离酶在50oC下残余酶活力仅为30%。在pH5～8的范围内,固定化酶的酶活力能保持50%以上,而游离酶只能保持20%左右。用固定化的中性脂肪酶催化不同的油品,即大豆油、菜籽油及泔水油生产生物柴油,菜籽油的酯化率最高。     

果胶酶的固定化研究

本文研究了以重氮化的对—氨基苯磺酰乙基纤维素为载体制各固定化果胶酶的最适条件,并比较了固定化果胶酶与游离酶的性质。结果表明,最适的固定化果胶酶的条件是：在ｐＨ７．００．１５Ｍ的磷酸盐缓冲液中,按每克载体加入２１６３活力单位的酶的比例进行偶联反应１２小时。在以上最适条件下,固定化果胶酶的表观活力为１９８０Ｕ／ｇ,活力回收率为８７％。与游离酶相比,固定化果过酶作用的最适ｐＨ由４．６移至４．２,最适温度变宽,酶的热稳定性增强,操作稳定性良好,半衰期为３２．５天。     

Rhizopus sp.PW358菌脂肪酶固态发酵生产

研究了Rhizopus sp.PW358菌的固态生长和产脂肪酶条件。结果表明：黄豆饼粉为培养基的基本成分,用来生产脂肪酶。培养基中可加入淀粉和蛋白胨作为碳源和源,有利于脂肪酶的合成,培养基的含水量以及金属离子Ca^2 ,Mg^2 的浓度也影响Rhizopus sp.PW358菌和脂肪酶 产生。在优化条件下,12g豆粉中含1.0g淀粉及0.5g蛋白胨、15ml营养盐中Ca^2 ,Mg^2 离子浓度分别为8．0和4．0g/L,培养基含水量为55．6％,在接种后培养48h,酶活力可达最大值320IU／g干培养基。脂肪酶的基本性质研究表明,酶的最适反应温度和PH分别为35℃和7．0,酶的半失活温度为53．5℃,不同的PH环境中,30℃保温1h后酶在PH6．5－8．5范围内较为稳定。     

聚苯乙烯树脂固定化D-海因酶的初步研究

D-海因酶广泛用于D-氨基酸的制备研究和生产中,目前已有许多固定化D-海因酶及含D-海因酶细胞的研究报道。尝试了不同功能基团的聚苯乙烯树脂进行D-海因酶的固定化,结果表明功能基为伯氨基和仲氨基效果较好,并选取聚苯乙烯树脂D92进行了固定化D-海因酶的研究。采用该树脂制备固定化酶的最优条件是：酶质量浓度6mg／mL、温度25℃、固化时间12h。所得固定化酶的最适作用温度45℃,最适作用pH为8.5,且作用温度及适宜pH较广,Km为游离酶的1,8倍,且储存稳定性、操作稳定性较好。45℃下半衰期为11d。     

固定化青霉素V酰化酶的制备及性质

尖镰孢(Fusarium oxysporum)FP941青霉素V酰化酶经γ氧化铝吸附洗脱、硫酸铵沉淀和脱盐处理后,固定在环氧丙烯聚合物载体上,湿固定化酶表现活力为217 IU/g,固定化产率为53%。固定化酶作用最适温度为55℃,最适pH为80;在pH50～110及50℃以下稳定;37℃使用25次后,酶活力保留90%。     

大孔吸附树脂固定猪胰脂酶的初步研究

目的：为促进脂肪酶在工业上的应用,对以大孔吸附树脂为载体的猪胰脂酶固定进行了研究。方法：以吸附法固定,用单因素法考察了吸附条件对固定的影响。按Eadie—HOfstee法测定了固定化酶及游离酶的表观米氏常数,并具体研究了固定化酶的操作稳定性、热稳定性等性质。结果：固定化酶的比酯交换能力比游离酶上升6倍;最优的吸附条件为：pH7．0,酶加量300mg/g,水分含量20％;吸附时间4h;固定化酶在含水量10％时可稳定操作5批次;同时固定化酶有比游离酶有更好的热稳定性。结论：以大孔吸附树脂为载体对猪胰脂酶进行固定是可行的;与游离酶相比,所得固定化酶有着更高的比酯交换能力和更好的稳定性,更为适用于工业化生产。     

吸附-交联法固定D-泛解酸内酯水解酶的研究

选择6种吸附树脂和离子交换树脂对D-泛解酸内酯水解酶进行固定化,筛选出了固定化效果较好的大孔弱碱性丙烯酸系阴离子交换树脂D-380为载体,用先吸附后交联的方法固定化。通过实验对固定化条件进行了优化,得出最佳的固定化条件为：加酶量6U／g树脂、吸附pH7．5、吸附时间4h、吸附温度30℃、交联剂戊二醛终浓度0．1％、交联时间2h。实验表明在此条件下制得的固定化酶有很好的稳定性：固定化酶在连续20次的底物水解反应后,剩余酶活达到71％。当温度达到80℃时游离酶几乎失去酶活,而固定化酶剩余酶活为60％以上。游离酶的pH稳定性范围为pH7～8,而固定化酶为pH6．5～8．5。     

环氧交联剂和氨基载体固定化海洋假丝酵母脂肪酶*

游离酶经过固定化后,稳定性和环境耐受性得到提高,在食品、医药、化工、环境和皮革等领域可以很好的提高酶的利用率并降低生产成本,具有极大的应用潜力。新型交联剂在固定化酶工艺的应用极大推进了固定化酶研究的深入。借助新型交联剂聚乙二醇二缩水甘油醚(PEGDGE),利用氨基载体LX-1000HA固定化海洋假丝酵母脂肪酶,结合单因素和正交试验优化得到交联及固定化条件为:交联温度30℃,交联2h,交联剂浓度0.75%,pH7.0,加酶量800U,载体量0.5g,固定化2h,固定化温度45℃。根据上述最佳固定化工艺,制备得到固定化酶LX-1000HA-PEGDGE-CRL在最适条件下测得酶活达到160.81U/g,约为此前制备的固定化酶LX-1000HA-GA-CRL(由LX-1000HA和戊二醛交联脂肪酶得到)和LX-1000EA-PEGDGE-CRL(由短链氨基载体LX-1000EA和PEGDGE交联脂肪酶得到)酶活的2倍,发现固定化酶LX-1000HA-PEGDGE-CRL的最适反应温度相比于游离酶提高15℃;在70℃的环境中3h后酶活仍存留70%;循环使用6次后残留65%左右的酶活;酸碱耐受性和储存稳定性也表现良好,4℃保存30天后剩余约70%的初始酶活。同时,将制备的固定化酶LX-1000HA-PEGDGE-CRL与游离酶、固定化酶LX-1000HA-GA-CRL、固定化酶LX-1000EA-PEGDGE-CRL进行了比较,发现固定化酶LX-1000HA-PEGDGE-CRL在温度耐受性和重复使用性等方面具有更好的使用效果。     

树脂载体固定S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶的研究

目的:筛选一种适合S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶固定化的树脂载体,进行固定化工艺优化及固定化酶性质研究。方法:以固定化率和表观酶活回收率为指标,筛选固定化效果最佳的一种树脂,采用单因素实验对固定化条件进行优化。结果:阴离子交换树脂载体ESR-2表现出最优的固定化率(94.03%)和酶活回收率(47.45%);最佳固定化条件为加酶量4U/g、pH 8.0、15℃吸附10h,最佳条件下固定化酶表观酶活为2.1U/g,表观酶活回收率达51.6%。固定化酶的最适pH为8.5,最适温度为35℃,连续反应10批次后酶活剩余77.92%。结论:树脂载体ESR-2固定化S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶酶活及稳定性较好,能够用于S-腺苷甲硫氨酸的工业化大规模生产。     

Integration of purification with immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase for kinetic resolution of racemic ketoprofen

The two processes for the partial purification and for the immobilization of a crude lipase preparation (Candida rugosa Lipase OF) have been successfully integrated into one by simple adsorption of the enzyme onto a cation ion exchanger resin (SP-Sephadex C-50) at pH 3.5. Due to selective removal of the unfavorable lipase isoenzyme (L1), the enzyme components (mainly L2 and L3) that are tightly fixed on the resin displayed a significantly improved enantioselectivity (E value: 50 versus 13 with addition of Tween-80) in the biocatalytic hydrolysis of 2-chloroethyl ester of rac-ketoprofen. The activity yields of the immobilized lipase were 48 and 70%, respectively when emulsified and non-emulsified substrates were employed for enzyme assay. Moreover, the concentration of Tween-80 was found to be a factor affecting the lipase enantioselectivity. By using such an immobilized enzyme as biocatalyst, the process for preparing enantiopure (S)-ketoprofen becomes simpler and more practical as compared with the previously reported procedures and the product was obtained with >94% ee at 22.3% conversion in the presence of an optimal concentration (0.5 mg/ml) of Tween-80 at pH 3.5. Furthermore, the operational stability of the immobilized biocatalyst was examined in different types of reactors. In an air-bubbled column reactor, the productivity was much higher than that in a packed-bed column reactor, in spite of a slightly lower stability. Under optimal conditions, the air-bubbled column reactor could be operated smoothly for at least 350 h, remaining nearly 50% activity.     

Immobilization of Papain on the Mesoporous Molecular Sieve MCM‐48

The immobilization of papain on the mesoporous molecular sieve MCM‐48 (with a pore size of 6.2 nm in diameter) with the aid of glutaraldehyde, and the characteristics of this immobilized papain are described. The optimum conditions for immobilization were as follows: 20 mg native free enzyme/g of the MCM‐48 and 0.75 % glutaraldehyde, 2 h at 10–20 °C and pH 7.0. Under these optimum conditions for immobilization, the activity yield [%] of the immobilized enzyme was around 70 %. The influence of the pH on the activity of the immobilized enzyme was much lower compared to the free enzyme. The thermostability of the immobilized enzyme, whose half‐life was more than 2500 min, was greatly improved and was found to be significantly higher than that of the free enzyme (about 80 min). The immobilized enzyme also showed good operational stability, and the activity of the immobilized enzyme continued to maintain 76.5 % of the initial activity even after a 12‐day continuous operation. Moreover, the immobilized enzyme still exhibited good storage stability. From these results, papain immobilized on the MCM‐48 with the aid of glutaraldehyde, can be used as a high‐performance biocatalyst in biotechnological processing, in particular in industrial and medical applications.     

诱变选育脂肪酶高产菌株及其脂肪酶固定化

以紫外和微波复合诱变选育脂肪酶产生菌 Rhizopus sp. RXF12,获得高产突变株RZ13,其脂肪酶摇瓶发酵单位是出发株的2.62倍。菌株经多次传代,遗传性状稳定。对RZ13菌株的发酵条件进行了正交优化,在25 ℃、pH 8.0的条件下,接入5 %(v/v)的RZ13菌株单孢子悬液 (107个/ml) 振荡培养84 h,达到RZ13菌株最佳产酶状态,脂肪酶活可达95.08 U/ml。考察了脂肪酶性质,在低于40 ℃,pH 7.0~9.0范围内脂肪酶活稳定。经载体筛选及固定化过程优化,选用镁铝水滑石25℃吸附4 h,对RZ13脂肪酶进行了固定化。结果表明,固定化酶的最适作用温度为35~55℃,pH为7.5~9.0,较游离酶的均有较大扩展。     

Immobilization of porcine pancreatic lipase on glycidyl methacrylate grafted poly vinyl alcohol

Graft copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) on to polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) using benzophenone (BP) as initiator was carried out. Grafted PVA was used as carrier for pancreatic lipase immobilization. The effects of GMA and BP concentrations as well as grafting reaction times on grafting yields and activities of the immobilized lipase were determined. The influence of enzyme concentrations was also studied. The optimal conditions for the grafting reaction were: 1 h at 15 mM BP and 2.3 M GMA, the optimum enzyme concentration for immobilization was 1 mg/ml. After optimization of the immobilization process a physical and chemical characterization of the immobilized enzyme was performed. Furthermore, the thermal, pH, storage and operational stability of the immobilized enzyme in comparison to the free form was tested.     

Immobilization of endo-polygalacturonase from Aspergillus niger on various types of macromolecular supports

Endo-polygalacturonase (endo-PG) was immobilized on a wide range of natural and synthetic macromolecular supports and their modified derivatives representing many chemical classes, including esters, amides, phenols, alkyl- and arylamines, and carboxyl derivatives. The immobilization entailed methods of adsorption alone as well as covalent bond formation using glutaraldehyde or carbodiimide or via the diazo-coupling reaction. The most promising system proved to be immobilization on trimalehylchitosan (TMC) via adsorption followed by treatment with glutaraldehyde (GA). The binding capacity of the support is on the order of 13,000 IU/g, half of which is active. Various properties of immobilized endo-PG were evaluated. The optimum pH of the enzyme shifted to the alkaline side. The relative catalytic activity was considerably high even at room temperature and remained so above 70 degrees C. The thermal stability at pH 3-4 was notably improved by immobilization, the half-time doubling. Finally, the apparent K(m) was greater for immobilized endo-PG than for native enzyme, while the V(max) was smaller for the immobilized enzyme.     

Improvement of the functional properties of a thermostable lipase from alcaligenes sp. via strong adsorption on hydrophobic supports

Lipase QL from Alcaligenes sp. is a quite thermostable enzyme. For example, it retains 75% of catalytic activity after incubation for 100 h at 55 °C and pH 7.0. Nevertheless, an improvement of the enzyme properties was intended via immobilization by covalent attachment to different activated supports and by adsorption on hydrophobic supports (octadecyl-sepabeads). This latter immobilization technique promotes the most interesting improvement of enzyme properties: (a) the enzyme is hyperactivated after immobilization: the immobilized preparation exhibits a 135% of catalytic activity for the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl propionate as compared to the soluble enzyme; (b) the thermal stability of the immobilized enzyme is highly improved: the immobilized preparation exhibits a half-life time of 12 h when incubated at 80 °C, pH 8.5 (a 25-fold stabilizing factor regarding to the soluble enzyme); (c) the optimal temperature was increased from 50 °C (soluble enzyme) up to 70 °C (hydrophobic support enzyme immobilized preparations); (d) the enantioselectivity of the enzyme for the hydrolysis of glycidyl butyrate and its dependence on the experimental conditions was significantly altered. Moreover, because the enzyme becomes reversibly but very strongly adsorbed on these highly hydrophobic supports, the lipase may be desorbed after its inactivation and the support may be reused. Very likely, adsorption occurs via interfacial activation of the lipase on the hydrophobic supports at very low ionic strength. On the other hand, all the covalent immobilization protocols used to immobilize the enzyme hardly improved the properties of the lipase.