长尾麝凤蝶生活史、生命表、生境及保护

评价了长尾麝凤蝶Byasa impediens在白水江自然保护区碧峰沟的生存状况,对其实施保护,维持其种群长期生存.通过野外观察、实验地饲养、野外林间样方调查、线路调查等方法,研究了长尾麝凤蝶的生物学特性和自然种群生命表,调查了生境,分析了致危原因,提出了保护措施.长尾麝凤蝶Byasa impediens在白水江自然保护区一年两代,以蛹在灌木或树枝上越冬,翌年4月中旬羽化.第一代成虫5月中下旬为高峰期;第二代成虫高峰期在6月下旬到7月中旬.有世代重叠.雄成虫比雌成虫早羽化7～10d,飞行能力较强,其飞行活动主要受到寻找雌成虫交尾和访花补充营养的影响,主要在沟底活动.雌成虫飞行能力较差,主要在出生地附近访花交尾产卵,飞行活动主要受到寻找寄主植物和访花补充营养的影响.雌雄性比1：4.1.雄成虫寿命平均6.9d,最长26d;雌成虫寿命平均7.6d,最长21d.孕卵量平均为31.5粒.成虫主要的访花蜜源植物有： 合欢Albizzia julibrissin、粉叶羊蹄甲Bauhinia glauca、臭牡丹Clerodendrum bungei、接骨草Sambucus chinensis.异叶马兜铃的生境选择,在本区的分布海拔范围为900～1680m,最适范围为1200～1500m.多分布于山坡丛林内郁闭度小于0.7且林下有灌木分布的林间小路、林窗边缘.郁闭度大于0.8则分布较少.幼虫分布的范围为800～1500m.异叶马兜铃的最适生境即长尾麝凤蝶幼虫的最适生境.影响种群下降的主要原因是生境丧失和退化.生境的破坏、丧失减少了寄主植物的数量和分布范围.毁林开荒、人畜践踏、喷洒除草剂对马兜铃和幼虫生存有重要影响.种群受到密度制约,异常气候条件和天敌是主要限制因子.夏季高温干旱、秋季淫雨降低了卵和幼虫的成活率,寄生蜂降低了越冬蛹的成活率.幼虫期的天敌主要有：蜘蛛、蠼螋、胡蜂、猎蝽、姬蜂、鸟类,蛹期和成虫期的天敌为鸟类.保护措施有：（1）保护和恢复生境,如退耕还林,提供廉价电能、加强保护执法,发展生态旅游等;（2）在异质种群斑块中心部位建一个廊道斑块;（3）在最适生境中,适度的割灌可促进寄主植物的生长,有利于蝶类种群的增长.     

巴黎翠凤蝶的生物学特性及防治

巴黎翠凤蝶Papilio parisL.为药用植物三桠苦(Melicope pteleifolia)(Champ.ex Benth)T.G.Hartley叶部的重要害虫之一。在广州年发生5代,世代重叠,以蛹在寄主植物上越冬。翌年3月上、中旬越冬代成虫羽化、交配、产卵,幼虫共5龄。     

喙尾琵甲（鞘翅目：拟步甲科）形态记述及生物学特性观察

记述了喙尾琵甲Blaps rhynchopetera Fairmaire各虫态特征,观察了其生物学特性.实验种群1月下旬至12月上旬产卵,卵期为8～15 d;幼虫期141～213 d,共9～13龄,第9龄以后,龄期较长;蛹前期8～14 d;蛹期12～24 d.成虫羽化24～92 d后性成熟,开始交配产卵活动,成虫期超过18个月.自然种群在昆明和曲靖1年发生1～1.5代,世代重叠严重;以不同龄期幼虫和成虫越冬,越冬幼虫于次年4月上旬开始化蛹,新羽化成虫于4月下旬至12月上旬交配产卵,成虫全年都能活动、产卵.该虫为夜出型、暂栖性土壤昆虫,喜潮湿阴暗的环境.成虫具有夜出习性、防御性和群聚性.     

虎斑蝶实验种群生物学特征研究

[目的]记述了云南元江虎斑蝶Danaus genutia(Cramer)种群的全虫期形态特征、幼期发育历期、在云南昆明温室中的代生活史和生殖力、寄主范围、成虫及幼虫的行为习性,为该高观赏价值蝶种的规模化养殖提供依据。[方法]通过在气候箱内单虫饲养观察个体发育史,建立温室实验种群收集种群生活史资料,结合实验种群和野生个体观察了解幼虫和成虫习性;根据成虫对多种植物的同时选择产卵、成虫对单种植物的顺序选择产卵及幼虫取食和发育情况判定幼虫寄主植物。[结果]在25℃恒温条件下,虎斑蝶从卵到成虫羽化历时22~27 d;在温室自然变温条件下(16.5~36.4℃),雌成虫从卵发育至产卵需35~40 d;成虫雌雄性比为1:1.26,单雌平均产卵量为64.84粒;虎斑蝶元江种群的唯一确认寄主为鹅绒藤属的两种植物,青羊参Cynanchum otophyllum和峨眉牛皮消C.giraldii。[结论]虎斑蝶元江种群中存在明显的体表色斑多态性,这种警戒色多态性可能是地理种群间基因交流的结果,也可能是种群内的稳定多态性,有待进一步研究;除了萝藦科鹅绒藤属的2种植物,其他多种被文献报道为虎斑蝶寄主的植物被证明非元江虎斑蝶种群的寄主植物。     

中华虎凤蝶湖南种群栖息地特性及其生态保护策略

自2009年首次在湖南乌云界国家级自然保护区发现中华虎凤蝶种群以来,在该保护区持续开展了10余年的野外调查监测。通过对中华虎凤蝶湖南种群6个分布点的野外观测数据分析,结果表明中华虎凤蝶湖南种群栖息环境中的植被以禾本科、菊科、蔷薇科、百合科及豆科植物为主,共计有46科96属128种;不同栖息生境中种群数量差异较大,高山灌草丛为中华虎凤蝶湖南种群的主要生境,而梯田生境、乔木林生境中,其种群数量均很低,展现出与低矮芒草丛的保温遮阴特性以及寄主植物的分布密切相关。寄主植物的复壮和围栏的建设对中华虎凤蝶湖南种群的栖息环境起到了明显的保护作用、对其种群数量的增效作用显著。为深入研究中华虎凤蝶湖南种群的生物学和生态学特性提供了基础数据,为中华虎凤蝶湖南种群的保育工作开展奠定了理论基础,也为当地保护区的保护措施优化提供了科学依据。     

草地贪夜蛾对5种寄主植物和6种杂草的取食选择性和适应性

为明确草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith对不同寄主植物和主要杂草的取食选择及适应性,以玉米Zea mays、甘蔗Saccharum officinarum、花生Arachis hypogaea、大豆Glycine max、香蕉Musa nana、稗草Echinochloa crusgalli、马唐Digitaria sanguinalis、牛筋草Eleusine indica、莎草Cyperus rotundus、马齿苋Portulaca oleracea、鹅肠草Malachium aquaticum作为寄主,采用叶碟法测定草地贪夜蛾各龄幼虫对5种寄主植物和6种杂草的取食偏好,并测定了不同虫态的发育历期、单头蛹重、化蛹率以及单雌产卵量等。结果表明,草地贪夜蛾在5种寄主植物和6种杂草上均可完成世代发育。寄主作物中,香蕉处理的草地贪夜蛾成虫前期最长,为29.66 d;甘蔗处理下草地贪夜蛾蛹重和化蛹率分别为250.44 mg和71.67%,显著低于玉米和花生处理的蛹重和化蛹率;草地贪夜蛾取食花生后单雌产卵量最高,为768.93粒,与玉米上产卵量差异不显著,香蕉上最低,为498.76粒;1~2龄幼虫对玉米和香蕉的取食选择率有显著差异,3~6龄幼虫对玉米取食选择率显著高于其他寄主植物。6种杂草中取食莎草的成虫前期最长30.21 d,且单雌产卵量最低526.33粒;取食鹅肠草蛹重最低188.00 mg;取食马齿苋化蛹率最低为72.37%;草地贪夜蛾取食马唐后其蛹重、化蛹率、单雌产卵量最高,与取食其它5种杂草有显著性差异;2~4龄幼虫更偏向取食马唐,与其它5种差异显著。研究结果表明：寄主植物种类对草地贪夜蛾的生长发育有显著影响,其中草地贪夜蛾对玉米和马唐具有较高的取食偏好。     

广州地区达摩凤蝶生物学特性观察

详细描述了达摩凤蝶Papilio demoleus L．各虫态的形态特征、生活史及生活习性。在广州地区。该蝶1年发生5代以上,以蛹在寄主植物上越冬,成虫3月初始见,幼虫共5龄,以芸香科的金橘属、酒饼筋和柑橘类等植物叶片为食料。     

寄主植物对南亚果实蝇过冷却点和体液冰点的影响

南亚果实蝇Zeugodacus tau(Walker)是一种世界性的重要检疫害虫,严重危害多种水果和瓜菜。为明确寄主植物对南亚果实蝇耐寒性的影响,本文利用过冷却点仪,对取食苦瓜Momordica charantia L.、黄瓜Cucumis sativus L.、丝瓜Luffa aegyptiaca Miller和杧果Mangifera indica L.的南亚果实蝇5个发育阶段的过冷却点和体液冰点进行了测定。结果显示：每一组寄主植物上的5个发育阶段中,南亚果实蝇5日龄蛹的过冷却点和体液冰点均为最低,显著低于1日龄蛹、幼虫和成虫;不同寄主南亚果实蝇同一发育阶段的过冷却点和体液冰点存在显著差异,均值分别为-23.97～-8.06℃和-14.02～-0.59℃,其中取食苦瓜的南亚果实蝇5日龄蛹过冷却点和体液冰点最低,均值分别为-23.97℃和-14.02℃,但与黄瓜无显著差异;4种寄主中老熟幼虫、1日龄蛹、1日龄雌成虫和5日龄雌成虫过冷却点均为取食黄瓜最低;杧果种群1日龄雌成虫过冷却点最高,均值为-7.47℃,苦瓜种群老熟幼虫体液冰点最高,均值为-0.59℃。本研究有助于了解寄主对南亚果实...     

中华虎凤蝶栖息地、生物学和保护现状

本文为1992～1996年期间中华虎凤蝶分布和生物学研究结果的总结。中华虎凤蝶现仅分布在我国中部秦岭山脉和长江中下游一带,栖息地多为次生林,可分为长江中下游低地类型和秦岭山脉高山类型。低地类型的寄主植物为杜衡,人为干扰严重;高山类型的寄主植物为细辛,人为干扰较轻。中华虎凤蝶幼期发生历期和存活受光照、温度、湿度等气候因素影响显著。其种群分布格局属典型的异质种群类型。栖息地丧失和退化及寄主植物的过度人为利用是其持续生存的主要致危因素。其种群现状满足IUCN红色名录等级新标准下列条款：VULNERABLE :A1a, c, d + 2c,应定为易危物种。文中还提出了相应的保护对策和进一步研究的内容。     

东北地区三代粘虫玉米田为害行为研究

【目的】研究东北地区2代粘虫Mythimna separata (Walker)成虫的产卵规律和3代粘虫幼虫的取食行为,揭示3代粘虫在东北地区玉米田的为害行为机制,为粘虫的预测预报及综合防控提供科学依据。【方法】采用罩笼法研究2代粘虫成虫的产卵节律及对不同寄主植物的产卵选择性;采用田间调查和叶碟法取食试验研究3代粘虫幼虫在田间的发生特点及其对不同寄主植物的取食选择性。【结果】(1)2代粘虫成虫在夜间20:00-23:00时间段产卵量最高,占总量88.36%,显著高于其它时间段(P<0.01)。(2)2代粘虫成虫只选择稗草进行产卵,并且在稗草上部干枯叶尖所产卵量最高,占总落卵量的81.98%,显著高于其他产卵位置(P<0.01),玉米上没有产卵。(3)2龄幼虫对稗草具有明显的取食选择性,显著高于玉米(P<0.05);3-6龄幼虫均对玉米叶片具有明显取食选择性,显著高于稗草(P<0.05)。(4)2龄幼虫对稗草和玉米之间的取食量差异不显著(P>0.05),3龄幼虫对稗草的取食量显著高于玉米(P<0.05),4-6龄幼虫对玉米的取食量显著高于稗草(P<0.05)。【结论】2代粘虫成虫的产卵习性和3代粘虫幼虫的取食选择性决定了东北地区3代粘虫在玉米田以高龄幼虫为害的特点。     

秦岭大熊猫栖息地巴山木竹生物量

巴山木竹是秦岭大熊猫冬、春季食物的主要来源,其生长状况、数量和空间分布格局与大熊猫的生存与活动有着密切的关系。为了探讨不同立地因子对巴山木竹生物量的影响,确定巴山木竹生长的主导因子和适宜立地条件,在秦岭大熊猫栖息地内选取54块样地,对不同立地条件下巴山木竹生物量进行了测定。通过统计分析,结果表明:由于不同地区气候和土壤条件的差异,导致了巴山木竹生物量亦存在较大差别;巴山木竹生物量在其分布区内随海拔的升高而呈规律性变化,1500—1700 m为最适分布区域,其生物量最大;坡度越大生物量越小,陡坡不适宜竹林的生长;上坡位不利于竹林生长,而中、下坡位生物量没有显著差异;坡向对生物量的影响不明显,均适宜巴山木竹生长;在落叶阔叶和针阔混交林中,当林冠郁闭度>0.6时,竹林生长减弱。在这些立地因子中,影响巴山木竹生物量积累的主导因子是坡位和林冠郁闭度。     

石鸡繁殖期栖息地的特征

2005年4~7月,对甘肃西部(东阿尔金山地区和西祁连山地区)和东南部(西秦岭地区)的石鸡(Alectoris chukar)种群栖息地选择进行了调查。主成分分析表明,草本密度、地面异质性和草本盖度是栖息地选择的主要影响因子;方差分析表明,甘肃西部(东阿尔金山和西祁连山)的石鸡种群在海拔、坡度和小石块数目的选择上差异显著。甘肃西部和东南部的石鸡种群在栖息地选择上存在显著的地理变异,西秦岭种群选择海拔低、坡度大、坡位偏上、草本密度低和草本高度高的栖息地。栖息地选择差异可能是在不同的选择压力下,经过长期的隔离进化形成。     

Analysis of ovipositional environment using Quantification Theory Type I: the case of the butterfly, Luehdorfia puziloi inexpecta (Papilionidae)

The habitat of Luehdorfia puziloi inexpecta was analyzed by using Quantification Theory Type I, a method for quantifying qualitative data. The investigation area was divided into 92 small sections and was surveyed for its environmental characteristics such as type of trees, tree trunk girth, condition of undergrowth, geography, aspect of slope, and amount of food plants. Environmental factors suitable for oviposition were analyzed using the area density of eggs in each section as the external criterion. The results showed the order of importance of environmental factors to be: aspect of slope > amount of food plants > tree type = tree trunk girth > condition of undergrowth > geography. A slope facing northeast, rich in food plants, with deciduous trees of trunk girth larger than 40 cm, with undergrowth below 30 cm and along a ridgeline was the most preferable habitat for the butterfly.     

基于生态位模型的秦岭山系林麝生境预测

生境评价和预测是对物种进行有效保护的基础。利用林麝痕迹点、自然环境及人类干扰空间数据,分别用两种生态位模型MAXENT和ENFA,预测了秦岭山系林麝的生境分布,并对结果进行了阈值依赖和非阈值依赖比较。探讨了林麝生境选择与环境因子的关系。结果表明,两种生态位模型预测效果都较好,但MAXNET模型预测效果更为优秀。秦岭山系林麝生境主要集中在主峰太白山及周边地区中高海拔的森林中,共有生境面积10764.4km²,现有的保护区保护了 3500.9km²的林麝生境,还有67.5%的林麝生境处于保护空缺状态。交通干道、农田和居民点是影响林麝生境选择的主要人类干扰因子。为更有效地保护该地区的林麝及其生境,有必要对现有保护区进行规划调整,使林麝生境集中分布区都得到有效保护,并恢复隔离的林麝生境之间的迁徙廊道。     

Salinity and shade preferences result in ovipositional differences between sympatric tiger beetle species

1. Adult tiger beetles of the genus Cicindela often co‐occur within a habitat but larvae do not. Larvae are sedentary and form usually permanent burrows at the site of oviposition where they require 1–3 years for development. 2. To test niche partitioning based on ovipositional preference, the behaviour of two sympatric salt marsh tiger beetles, Cicindela circumpicta and C. togata (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae), were examined. 3. In laboratory studies, female C. circumpicta and C. togata distinguished between experimental salinities, with the former preferring 4 parts per thousand (ppt) and the latter preferring 12 ppt. In the field, C. circumpicta larvae were associated with lower salinities (1–3 ppt) and vegetation along the edges of salt flats while C. togata larvae were found on open salt flats often near halophytes (average salinity = 7.8 ppt). 4. In the field, females chose sites for oviposition in response to shade but not vertical landmarks. In a direct test, 53 of 56 new larval burrows occurred in shaded treatments, three in nonshaded controls. 5. Compared with nonshaded controls, shade increased survival of eggs that were collected in the laboratory and placed in the field. For C. circumpicta eggs, 78% placed in shaded treatments hatched, while significantly fewer (22%) hatched in exposed treatments. For C. togata, 43% of eggs placed in the shade hatched, while no eggs placed in exposed treatments hatched. 6. These results support the hypothesis of niche partitioning between C. circumpicta and C. togata based on ovipositional choice and resulting larval habitat.     

The bionomics,habitat requirements and population threats of the butterfly Bhutanitis thaidina in Taibai Mountain

Bhutanitis thaidina Blanchard is a rare and endangered species in China. Based on 2 years of field surveys in the town of Houzhenzi on the south slope of Taibai Mountain, this paper presents documented knowledge of this butterfly’s life history and behaviors, and indicates for the first time the reasons this butterfly is endangered in the field. Life tables show that the L1–L3 larval periods experience a high mortality. Natural enemies (mainly spiders and ants) and unfavorable climatic conditions are mainly important threats for the larval stages. Interspecific competition is also a potential threat to B. thaidina. The host plant Aristolochia manshuriensis occurs from 1,755 to 2,280 m. The suitable habitats for B. thaidina are located at open glades with a canopy cover of 0.4–0.6 in the forests. On the basis of the low population density and scarce suitable habitats, we hypothesize that B. thaidina lives in small extinction-prone populations and survives in the isolated patches in the forests on the south slope of Taibai Mountain. The suggested conservation for long-term survival of B. thaidina is the specific habitat management such as cutting shrubs and preserving open glades in dense forest.     

Lifetime ovipositional patterns of mated and virgin onion flies,Delia antiqua (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)

Over their 47.2±1.9 (mean±SEM) day lifespan, mated onion flies, Delia antiqua, oviposited more uniformly than did virgins. Mated females began ovipositing at 6.4±0.2 days old and regularly deposited 14.2±0.6 eggs/day for 3-4 weeks. Thereafter, oviposition slowed and stopped at about 1 week before death. Virgin flies began ovipositing 24.7±1.5 days into their 59.0±3.8 day lifespan, and deposited eggs at an increasing rate for 3-4 weeks, generating a mean overall ovipositional rate of 5.8±0.5 eggs/day. The later onset of virgin oviposition (ovipositional activation) and not a shorter ovipositional period largely accounted for the disparity between virgin and mated female lifespans. Mean lifetime egg production of mated females was 475±27 eggs versus 179±30 eggs for virgins. Ovipositional and post-ovipositional periods (34.4±1.8 and 7.2±1.0 days) for mated females were not significantly different from those of virgin females (30.9±3.6 and 6.7±1.2 days). Over 90% of virgin females laid eggs. The distinction between mated and virgin ovipositional patterns may be specifically attributed to differences in: (1) egg maturation, (2) age at ovipositional activation, and (3) egg-laying rate.     

Life history, life table, habitat, and conservation of Byasa impediens (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

This article investigates the biology of Byasa impediens, presenting its life-table data and analyzing its habitat requirements and the key factors threatening the survival of this species. This study also aims to detect specific protection methods to guarantee the long-term survival of Byasa impediens in Baishuijiang Reserve. Byasa impediens is bivoltine in Baishuijiang Reserve. The pupae overwinter on shrubs or on branches of trees. The eclosion of the first generation starts in mid-April. The adults of the first generation emerge in large numbers in mid-late May, and the second generation emerges from late June to mid-July. The two generations overlap. The adult males emerge 7–10 days earlier than the adult females. Their flight behavior is determined by factors such as perching along small rivers and gullies, and visiting flowers. The males are strong fliers. On the contrary, the flying ability of the females is weak; therefore, they just visit flowers, mate, and lay eggs near the natal area. The ratio of female to male is 1:4.1. The maximum lifespan of the males is 26 days, with an average of 6.9 days, whereas the maximum lifespan of the females is 21 days, with an average of 7.6 days. The pregnant eggs per female are 31.5 on average. The incubation period of the first generation is 12–14 days, whereas that of the second generation is 7–9 days. The larvae feed mainly on Aristolochia heterophylla. The larval period of the first generation lasts for 30 days with five instars and that of the second generation lasts for 30–40 days with five or six instars. The pupal period of the first generation begins in early June and lasts for 20–26 days whereas for the second generation, it begins between late July and late September. The adults prefer the following nectar plants: Albizzia julibrissin, Bauhinia glauca, Clerodendrum bungei, and Sambucus chinensis. The plant Aristolochia heterophylla is distributed at an altitude of 900–1680 m, and the most suitable range is 1200–1500 m. The host plants grow mainly along the paths and along the borders of forests where the canopy is rather open and shrubby undergrowth is found. The plant can hardly be found when the canopy density of the forest is greater than 80%. The elevation range most suitable for the larvae is 1200–1500 m. The ideal habitat of host plants also seems to be the ideal habitat of Byasa impediens. The key factors that adversely affect the population of Byasa impediens are loss and deterioration of habitats. The loss and deterioration of the habitats result in a decrease in the numbers of host plants and a more restricted distribution of the potential habitats. The habitat is easily influenced by anthropogenic activities, such as herding, cultivating, and using pesticides, which in turn influences the growth of the host plant Aristolochia heterophylla and the larvae of butterflies. Abnormal climatic conditions and natural enemies are the key factors affecting population density. The hot and dry weather in summer and the heavy rain in autumn considerably reduce the survival rate of eggs and larvae. The ichneumon parasitoids reduce the survival rate of the over-wintering pupae. The primary natural enemies of the larvae include spiders, earwigs, wasps, bugs, and ichneumon parasitoids. Other natural enemies of pupae and adults are birds. The most important conservation measures are preservation and reconstruction of the natural habitat, which includes rebuilding forests, enhancing management, enforcing existing laws, and developing eco-tourism. Creating a core-patch near all patches at a central area is also an important measure for conservation. In the most ideal habitat, appropriate shrub cutting can increase the growth of host plants, thereby promoting expansion of the Byasa impediens population.     

Population change and immature mortality process of Luehdorfia japonica (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) feeding on an unusual host plant, Asarum caulescens Maxim. (Aristolochiaceae)

A population of the butterfly Luehdorfia japonica dependent on a small stand of an unusual host plant, Asarum caulescens, was found and observed for 5 years. The plant was growing in patchy clumps in a forest and in an adjoining clearing, but the number of leaves in the clearing decreased during the 5 year study period. Butterflies laid eggs mostly in or near the clearing, and the number of eggs steadily decreased year by year, along with the decrease in the number of leaves. The survival rate of the larvae was similar to that of the same species feeding on the usual host plant, Asarum takaoi, in an adjacent habitat. It is considered that A. caulescens is rarely a host of L. japonica because the plant grows in shady conditions and the butterfly prefers a host plant growing in a sunny locations for oviposition.     

京杭运河堤坝区域狗獾的栖息地特征

2006年10-11月和2007年10-11月,在京杭运河邵伯-高邮段的西侧堤坝上,采用样方法测定了狗獾3个不同类型栖息地的特征变量和利用强度,结果表明:狗獾主要生活在郁闭度较高的森林中,对泡桐、泡桐-杨树次生林的利用强度显著的高于杨树人工林(P<0.05);多元线性逐步回归分析表明:洞口数主要受灌木密度、大树密度、草本植物盖度、土壤含水率和人为干扰强度的影响(P=0.002),而粪堆数主要受灌木密度、大树密度和人为干扰强度的影响(P=0.012)。整体来看,影响狗獾栖息地选择的因素主要是郁闭度、人为干扰水平有关的因子。