秋茄类胡萝卜素含量高光谱反演

类胡萝卜素(Car)作为植物主要色素,对诊断植被生理状态有重要作用。于2013年4月和7月采集闽江口秋茄(Kandelia candel)叶片,室内测定其叶片正面和背面反射光谱,同时测定其Car含量\[单位面积(μg·cm-2)和单位质量(mg·g-1)\]。选取常见Car含量估算的光谱参数,同时分析确定最佳比值植被指数(SR),基于回归分析,建立秋茄叶片Car含量估算与验证模型。结果表明,叶片光谱反射率表现为叶片背面大于正面(350~2350 nm);基于叶面背面光谱计算的SR与叶片Car含量(μg·cm-2)的相关系数优于其他组合,相关系数较高的区域分布在520~540 nm与1000~1100 nm波段组合,700~720 nm与800~1100 nm波段组合;基于背面光谱计算的大部分光谱参数与Car含量(μg·cm-2)的相关系数要高于基于正面光谱计算的。因此,以叶片背面光谱作为Car含量估算的光谱数据,以单位面积Car含量为估算量纲建立反演模型。本研究表明,光谱指数LCI、DD、NDVI(770,713)、NDVI(773,562)、SR(723,770)和SR(1000,700)均可实现Car含量的反演,估算与检验模型的R2均0.65,RMSE均1.52;并且新构建的SR(1000,700)估算精度最好,模型和检验R2分别为0.77和0.87,模型和检验RMSE分别为1.08和1.11。这些预味着基于高光谱遥感对闽江河口湿地秋茄Car含量进行估算是可行的。     

芦苇粉大尾蚜虫害下芦苇叶绿素高光谱反演估算

叶绿素含量是表征芦苇虫害胁迫状态的一个重要指示因子。选取遭受芦苇粉大尾蚜(Hyalopterus pruni)虫害的芦苇(Phragmites australis)作为研究对象,用便携式地物光谱仪ASD FieldSpec 4测定其叶片反射率光谱,同时用SPAD-502 Plus叶绿素测量仪测定其叶绿素相对含量(SPAD),分析健康和虫害芦苇叶片高光谱反射率与叶绿素含量间的相关关系,采用一元线性回归和偏最小二乘法回归方法,建立芦苇叶绿素含量红边位置和全波段高光谱反演估算模型。结果表明:健康芦苇叶片反射率高于虫害叶片,两种叶片叶绿素含量与高光谱的相关性存在显著差异,尤其在绿光波段和近红外波段部分区域(1400~2500nm)表现明显;全波段高光谱估算模型具有较高的准确性,健康叶片回归模型的决定系数(R2)为0.965,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.813,预测偏差比率(RPD)为3.940;虫害叶片回归模型的R2为0.966,RMSE为0.989,RPD为3.855;异地验证结果进一步表明,通过高光谱数据全波段反演能较好地估算芦苇粉大尾蚜虫害下芦苇叶绿素相对含量,这也预示着利用高光谱全波段数据估算虫害植被叶绿素相对含量是可行的。     

基于光谱指数的植物叶片叶绿素含量的估算模型

叶绿素是光合作用能力和植被发育阶段的指示器,是监测湿地植被生长健康状况的重要指标之一;高光谱遥感技术可以为植物叶绿素含量的定量化诊断提供简便有效、非破坏性的数据采集和处理方法。为保证被探测叶片面积相同,消除背景反射、叶片表面弯曲造成的光谱波动及叶片内部变异造成的影响,研究采用Field Spec 3光谱仪加载手持叶夹式叶片光谱探测器,测定野鸭湖湿地典型植物的叶片高光谱反射率数据,同时通过分光光度计室内测定相应叶片的叶绿素含量。采用相关性及单变量线性拟合分析技术,建立二者的关系模型,包括叶绿素含量与"三边"参数的相关模型以及比值光谱指数(SR)模型和归一化差值光谱指数(ND)模型,并采用交叉检验中的3K-CV方法对估算模型进行模型精度检验。结果表明:植物叶片叶绿素含量与"三边"参数大多都呈极显著相关,相关系数最大达到0.867;计算光谱反射率组成的比值(SR)和归一化(ND)光谱指数与叶绿素含量的决定系数,总体相关性比较高,较好的波段组合均为550—700nm与700—1400nm以及550—700nm与1600—1900nm,与叶绿素含量相关性最好的指数分别是SR(565nm,740nm)和ND(565nm,735nm)。并通过选取相关性最佳的光谱特征参数,分别基于"三边"参数和ND模型指数构建了植物叶片叶绿素含量的估算模型。其中,基于红边位置(WP_r)光谱特征参数和ND(565nm,735nm)光谱指数建立的叶绿素含量估算模型,取得了较好的测试效果,检验拟合方程的决定系数(R2)都达到0.8以上,估算模型分别为y=0.113x-78.74,y=5.5762x+4.4828。通过3K-CV方法进行测试和检验,植物叶绿素含量估算模型均取得了较为理想的预测精度,预测精度的分别为93.9%及90.7%。高光谱遥感技术对植被进行微弱光谱差异的定量分析,在植被遥感研究与应用中表现出强大优势,为植物叶绿素含量诊断中的实际应用提供了重要的理论依据和技术支持。     

干旱胁迫下雷竹叶片叶绿素的高光谱响应特征及含量估算

植物叶片的反射光谱特征与叶绿素含量密切相关。以重要的笋用竹种雷竹(Phyllostachys violascens)为研究对象,采用盆栽及控水试验方法研究了2年生雷竹在干旱胁迫条件下冠层叶片反射光谱的响应特征,分析了叶片叶绿素含量与不同波段光谱反射率一阶微分值以及光谱特征参数之间的相关关系,并以雷竹叶绿素含量敏感波段及构建的植被指数与叶绿素含量进行了拟合。结果表明,重度缺水处理后雷竹叶片叶绿素含量显著降低,在可见光区叶片光谱反射率随叶绿素含量的降低而增加,以波长493、639、693、756 nm等处的光谱反射率一阶微分值与叶绿素含量的相关性较高。雷竹叶片叶绿素含量与光谱特征参数如绿峰反射率、红谷反射率、蓝边面积、绿峰面积之间的相关性较高。与已有的植被指数相比基于雷竹叶绿素含量敏感波段修正后的植被指数与叶绿素含量相关性优于原植被指数。基于反射率一阶微分值构建的多元回归方程以及修正的绿色归一化植被指数(m GNDVI)构建的回归方程拟合效果较好,为雷竹叶绿素含量的较优估算方程。研究结果可以为雷竹叶绿素含量的快速无损测定以及季节性干旱条件下雷竹林的科学经营及灾后评估提供依据。     

基于光谱参数对小白菜叶片镉含量的高光谱估算

为实现利用高光谱技术快速、准确、无损地检测叶类蔬菜叶片重金属镉污染情况,通过采用室内盆栽试验,检测了小白菜在6个不同的镉浓度梯度0 mg/kg(CK)、0.5 mg/kg(T1)、1 mg/kg(T2)、5 mg/kg(T3)、10 mg/kg(T4)和20 mg/kg(T5)下的叶片高光谱反射率及其镉含量。利用相关分析和逐步回归的统计方法对叶片原光谱、一阶导数光谱和光谱参数与镉含量进行统计分析,确定了反演叶片镉含量的敏感光谱参数,并建立了估算叶片镉含量的参数模型。结果表明:(1)在540 nm附近和红外区域,叶片光谱反射率随着处理浓度的增加呈下降趋势。T1组叶片光谱与对照组的光谱没有明显的变化差异;(2)原光谱与镉含量的敏感波段主要在690—1300 nm,相关系数最高的波段是782 nm。一阶微分光谱与镉含量的敏感波段在黄边、红外、近红外和远红外范围均有分布;(3)反映植物色素、水含量和细胞结构的参数MCARI(叶绿素吸收反射修正指数Modified Chlorophyll Absorption Reflectance Index),SDy(黄边面积Yellow Edge Area),WI(水质指数Water Index),DCWI(病态水分胁迫指数Disease Water Stress Index),SDr(红边面积Red Edge Area)和Dr(红边幅值The Amplitude of the Red Edge)可分别作为反演镉含量的敏感光谱参数,其倒数回归模型能够较好地反演镉污染下小白菜叶片的镉含量;(4)镉胁迫处理15 d时,建立的SDr的倒数模型估算处理30 d时小白菜叶片镉含量的效果最优。研究表明红边面积参数可以用于估算小白菜叶片的镉含量,可为评价小白菜的食用安全提供科学方法。     

叶冠尺度野鸭湖湿地植物群落含水量的高光谱估算模型

利用高光谱遥感技术定量估测野鸭湖湿地植被含水量,对于监测和诊断野鸭湖湿地植被的生理状况及生长趋势具有重要意义,也能够为高光谱遥感影像在野鸭湖湿地植被含水量诊断中的实际应用提供理论依据和技术支持.采用Field Spec 3野外高光谱辐射仪,获取了野鸭湖典型湿地植被冠层和叶片的光谱,并测定了对应的含水量.以上述实测数据为基础,首先以芦苇为例初步探明了不同含水量水平下典型湿地植被冠层和叶片光谱反射率的响应模式,然后采用相关性及单变量线性与非线性拟合分析技术,从冠层和叶片两种层次,对不同尺度下的含水量与“三边”参数及高光谱植被指数进行了分析拟合,并采用交叉检验中的3K-CV方法对估算模型进行了测试和检验,确立了不同尺度下野鸭湖湿地植被含水量的定量监测模型.结果表明:(1)随着含水量水平的增加,芦苇冠层与叶片光谱在可见光波段(350-760 nm)和红外波段(760-2500 nm)的反射率均呈逐渐降低趋势.(2)不同尺度含水量与选取的光谱特征参数整体上相关性较强,与“三边”参数基本上都呈极显著相关,相关系数最大达到0.906;与高光谱指数全部呈极显著相关,相关系数最小为0.455,最大达到0.919,并通过选取不同尺度上相关性最佳的光谱特征参数,分别基于“三边”参数和高光谱植被指数构建了不同尺度下的含水量估算模型.其中,冠层尺度下,黄边面积(SDy)与SRWI( Simple Ratio Water Index)的估算效果最好,估算模型分别为y=-9.462x2 -2.671x+0.608和y=0.219e1.010x;叶片尺度下,红边面积(SDr)与WI( Water Index)的估算效果最好,估算模型分别为y=0.562x+0.376和y=2.028x2 -0.476x-1.009.通过3K-CV的交叉验证,不同尺度下的含水量估算模型均取得了较为理想的预测精度,预测精度的最小值为94.92％,最大值为97.06％,表明估测模型具有较高的可靠性与普适性.(3)高光谱植被指数与含水量拟合方程的拟合度相对高于“三边”参数与之建立方程的拟合度,说明多波段组合的光谱特征参数更适合含水量的判别.     

亚热带典型常绿阔叶树种叶片叶绿素含量与其高光谱特征间的关系

叶绿素在植物的生理生态过程中非常重要.利用高光谱数据,揭示光谱反射率上特征光谱与叶绿素含量间的关系将有助于理解叶绿素光谱反射特征的规律.选取了6种亚热带常绿阔叶树种,抽取一定数量的叶片样品,分别测量了叶片的光谱反射率及其叶绿素含量,并建立了光谱反射率曲线上的红边位置附近的光谱反射率和叶绿素总量间的回归模型.结果显示:对所研究的树种而言,红边位置处一窄波长范围内的平均光谱反射率与叶绿素总量间的相关性普遍较高,回归效果显著.从高光谱遥感的角度结合植物的生理生态特点分析了其机理.建立的有关红边位置处的光谱反射率与叶绿素总量间的回归模型普遍具有较高的拟合度,其应用前景较好.     

烤烟冠层光谱参数与叶片叶绿素含量的相关分析

为了明确烤烟冠层光谱参数与叶片叶绿素含量的相关性,测定了不同氮肥施用量条件下烤烟冠层光谱特征和烤烟鲜烟叶片叶绿素a(Chl-a)、叶绿素b(Chl-b)、类胡萝卜素(Cars)含量,并对光谱参数与叶绿素含量进行了相关分析和回归分析。结果表明:随着氮肥施用量增加,团棵期和旺长期鲜烟叶片的Chl-a、Chl-b和Cars含量均增加,可见光波段反射率降低、近红外波段反射率增加;而打顶期叶片的3种色素含量和光谱特征的变化规律不明显。可见光460～670nm范围内,460nm反射率与叶片叶绿素含量呈显著正相关,其他波段反射率与叶片叶绿素的含量呈显著负相关;近红外780～1260nm范围内,所有波段与叶片叶绿素含量的都呈显著正相关,1480nm反射率与叶片叶绿素含量呈显著负相关。反映Chl-a、Chl-b、Cars含量与光谱参数——比值植被指数(ratio vegetation index,RVI)定量关系的最佳回归方程分别为幂函数、幂函数和指数函数:Chl-a=0.250RVI(730,550)1.511,Chl-b=0.049RVI(730,550)1.841,Cars=0.0998e0.379RVI(730,550)。     

淹水胁迫下棉花叶片高光谱特征及叶绿素含量估算模型

为即时监测淹水胁迫下棉花功能叶叶绿素含量,确立叶绿素含量与单叶光谱特征参数的定量关系,本文以遮雨棚内蕾期淹水胁迫下的盆栽棉花为研究对象,淹水后每 3 d对棉花叶片进行测定、取样,综合分析叶绿素含量与高光谱特征参数的相关性,并构建和验证叶绿素含量的估算模型.结果表明: 随着淹水胁迫程度的加重,叶片叶绿素含量下降;叶片原始光谱反射率、一阶微分光谱反射率分别在580、697 nm波段附近与叶绿素含量呈显著负相关;利用差值指数和归一化指数建立的估算模型优于单波段线性模型,其中以植被指数(DR₆₉₇-DR₇₃₈)/(DR₆₉₇+DR₇₃₈)为自变量建立的模型棉花单叶叶绿素含量估算值与实测值拟合度最好,拟合系数为0.814,可用于淹水胁迫下棉花单叶叶绿素含量的估测.     

臭氧胁迫冬小麦叶片高光谱特征和叶绿素含量估算

为无损、快速监测臭氧胁迫下冬小麦叶片叶绿素含量，建立叶绿素含量与光谱指标的定量关系，基于自由式臭氧浓度增加系统平台观测了臭氧浓度升高下拔节期、开花期及灌浆期冬小麦叶片的叶绿素含量和光谱特征。通过线性回归、人工神经网络(ANN)以及偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)模型对臭氧胁迫下叶片高光谱特征进行了叶绿素含量的估算。结果表明：臭氧胁迫冬小麦叶片的光谱曲线特征出现绿峰“红移”和红边位置“蓝移”现象。相比于拔节期和开花期，小麦叶片在灌浆期受到臭氧的影响更大。臭氧胁迫下叶绿素含量与部分光谱特征参数及遥感植被指数存在显著相关关系，所有模型均取得了较高的估算精度(R²>0.8),其中以光谱特征参数为建模参量的偏最小二乘回归模型精度最高。该方法可用于臭氧胁迫下冬小麦叶片叶绿素含量的估测，动态监测作物的臭氧胁迫。     

pha-2 encodes the C. elegans ortholog of the homeodomain protein HEX and is required for the formation of the pharyngeal isthmus

The pha-2 mutant was isolated in 1993 by Leon Avery in a screen for worms with visible defects in pharyngeal feeding behavior. In pha-2 mutant worms, the pharyngeal isthmus is abnormally thick and short and, in contrast to wild-type worms, harbors several cell nuclei. We show here that pha-2 encodes a homeodomain protein and is homologous to the vertebrate homeobox gene, Hex (also known as Prh). Consistent with a function in pharyngeal development, the pha-2 gene is expressed in the pharyngeal primordium of Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, particularly in pm5 cells that form the bulk of the isthmus. We show that in the pha-2 mutant there is a failure of the pm5 cells to elongate anteriorly while keeping their nuclei within the nascent posterior bulb to form the isthmus during the 3-fold embryonic stage. We also present evidence that pha-2 regulates itself positively in pm5 cells, that it is a downstream target of the forkhead gene pha-4, and that it may also act in the isthmus as an inhibitor of the ceh-22 gene, an Nkx2.5 homolog. Finally, we have begun characterizing the regulation of the pha-2 gene and find that intronic sequences are essential for the complete pha-2 expression profile. The present report is the first to examine the expression and function of an invertebrate Hex homolog, that is, the C. elegans pha-2 gene.     

Multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the genus Aeromonas

A broad multilocus phylogenetic analysis (MLPA) of the representative diversity of a genus offers the opportunity to incorporate concatenated inter-species phylogenies into bacterial systematics. Recent analyses based on single housekeeping genes have provided coherent phylogenies of Aeromonas. However, to date, a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis has never been tackled. In the present study, the intra- and inter-species phylogenetic relationships of 115 strains representing all Aeromonas species described to date were investigated by MLPA. The study included the independent analysis of seven single gene fragments (gyrB, rpoD, recA, dnaJ, gyrA, dnaX, and atpD), and the tree resulting from the concatenated 4705 bp sequence. The phylogenies obtained were consistent with each other, and clustering agreed with the Aeromonas taxonomy recognized to date. The highest clustering robustness was found for the concatenated tree (i.e. all Aeromonas species split into 100% bootstrap clusters). Both possible chronometric distortions and poor resolution encountered when using single-gene analysis were buffered in the concatenated MLPA tree. However, reliable phylogenetic species delineation required an MLPA including several “bona fide” strains representing all described species.     

Differential Delta expression underlies the diversity of sensory organ patterns among the legs of the Drosophila adult

Many studies have shown that morphological diversity among homologous animal structures is generated by the homeotic (Hox) genes. However, the mechanisms through which Hox genes specify particular morphological features are not fully understood. We have addressed this issue by investigating how diverse sensory organ patterns are formed among the legs of the Drosophila melanogaster adult. The Drosophila adult has one pair of legs on each of its three thoracic segments (the T1-T3 segments). Although homologous, legs from different segments have distinct morphological features. Our focus is on the formation of diverse patterns of small mechanosensory bristles or microchaetae (mCs) among the legs. On T2 legs, the mCs are organized into a series of longitudinal rows (L-rows) precisely positioned along the leg circumference. The L-rows are observed on all three pairs of legs, but additional and novel pattern elements are found on T1 and T3 legs. For example, at specific positions on T1 and T3 legs, some mCs are organized into transverse rows (T-rows). Our studies indicate that the T-rows on T1 and T3 legs are established as a result of Hox gene modulation of the pathway for patterning the L-row mC bristles. Our findings suggest that the Hox genes, Sex combs reduced (Scr) and Ultrabithorax (Ubx), establish differential expression of the proneural gene achaete (ac) by modifying expression of the ac prepattern regulator, Delta (Dl), in T1 and T3 legs, respectively. This study identifies Dl as a potential link between Hox genes and the sensory organ patterning hierarchy, providing insight into the connection between Hox gene function and the formation of specific morphological features.     

Description of Idiomarina insulisalsae sp. nov., isolated from the soil of a sea salt evaporation pond,proposal to transfer the species of the genus Pseudidiomarina to the genus Idiomarina and emended description of the genus Idiomarina

A halophilic, aerobic Gram-negative bacterium, designated strain CVS-6^T, was isolated from a sea salt evaporation pond on the Island of Sal in the Cape Verde Archipelago. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed a clear affiliation of the organism with members of the family Idiomarinaceae. Sequence similarities between CVS-6^T and the type strains of the species of the genera Pseudidiomarina and Idiomarina ranged from 93.7% to 96.9%. The major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone 8 (Q-8). The major cellular fatty acids were 15:0 iso (21.8%), 17:0 iso (12.5%), 17:1 iso ω9c (10.7%), and 16:1 ω7c (10.6%). The DNA G+C content was 51.6 mol%. The species represented by strain CVS-6^T could be distinguished from the species of the genera Pseudidiomarina and Idiomarina; however, it was not possible to distinguish both genera from each other using the phenotypic or chemotaxonomic characteristics examined. Consequently, we propose that the species classified in the genus Pseudidiomarina should be transferred to the genus Idiomarina. We also propose that, on the basis of physiological and biochemical characteristics, strain CVS-6^T (=LMG 23123=CIP 108836) represents a new species which we name Idiomarina insulisalsae.     

Fate map of the distal portion of Drosophila proboscis as inferred from the expression and mutations of basic patterning genes

The late-third-instar labial disc is comprised of two disc-proper cell layers, one representing mainly the ventral half of the anterior compartment (L-layer) and the other, the dorsal half of the anterior compartment and most, if not all, of the posterior compartment (M-layer). In the L-layer, Distal-less represses homothorax whereas no Distal-less-dependent homothorax repression occurs in the M-layer where Distal-less is coexpressed with homothorax. In wild-type labial discs, clawless, one of the two homeobox genes expressed in distal cells receiving maximum (Decapentaplegic+Wingless) signaling activity in leg and antennal discs, is specifically repressed by proboscipedia. A fate map, inferred from data on basic patterning gene expression in larval and pupal stages and mutant phenotypes, indicates the inner surface of the labial palpus, which includes the pseudotracheal region, to be a derivative of the distal portion of the M-layer expressing wingless, patched, Distal-less and homothorax. The outer surface of the labial palpus with more than 30 taste bristles derives from an L-layer area consisting of dorsal portions of the anterior and posterior compartments, each expressing Distal-less. Our analysis also indicates that, in adults and pupae, the anterior-posterior boundary, dividing roughly equally the outer surface of the distiproboscis, runs along the outer circumference of the inner surface of distiproboscis.