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1.
从演化的角度评价北京市经济系统可持续发展趋势   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0       下载免费PDF全文
黄茄莉  徐中民 《生态学报》2010,30(24):7038-7044
评价系统可持续性是可持续相关学科讨论的热点问题。从演化的角度评价系统可持续发展趋势是可持续评价的新视角。以热力学、信息论和网络分析等为基础解析系统结构,发现系统演化的能力由两个因素组成:上升性和恢复力。上升性或恢复力过高的系统都不可持续,只有当上升性和恢复力达到一定的平衡状态,系统才能实现可持续发展。利用该演化模型,评价了北京市经济系统1985—2005年可持续发展趋势。结果表明:1985—1987,1993—2002年间系统向最优可持续点靠近;1988—1992,2003—2005年间系统远离最优可持续点。通过分析北京市2005年一阶路径对上升性的边际贡献,得出使系统更可持续的途径是强化对上升性边际贡献大的路径。  相似文献   

2.
发展无公害蔬菜是提高我国蔬菜品质和安全性、增强蔬菜产业竞争力的重要举措。针对蔬菜生产高投入、高产出的特点,采用能值分析方法对无公害设施蔬菜生产系统两种蔬菜栽培模式进行系统效率和可持续性评价,并与一般蔬菜生产模式进行对比。结果表明,无公害蔬菜生产模式能值利用效率、可更新比例、净能值产出率、食品安全性和可持续发展能力分别比一般蔬菜生产系统平均提高24.3%、24.9%、36.0%、98.2%和3.87倍,环境负载率平均下降64.7%,系统投入的能值货币价值平均降低20.0%。在此基础上,通过情景分析表明,如果进一步综合采用收集降雨用于棚内蔬菜灌溉、沼气发电供给蔬菜灌溉利用、通过标准化管理降低人力投入,可以使现有的无公害生产方式的能值利用效率提高3.4%—10.8%,可持续性提高1.2%—31.7%。该研究也表明,将无公害蔬菜生产纳入我国以沼气为纽带的循环农业发展模式中,实现适度的产业结合与规模化经营,能够较好的提高无公害蔬菜生产的生态经济效益和可持续发展能力。  相似文献   

3.
将生态网络分析方法应用于中国经济系统的可持续性分析。依据1987—2010年的投入产出数据,构建中国经济系统的货币网络流,用生态网络指标量化经济系统的网络特征和变化情况,探讨中国经济系统中增长与发展的变化及其可持续性。主要结论有:(1)1987—2010年间中国经济系统的总吞吐量呈指数增长趋势,网络规模不断增长。(2)1987—2010年间中国经济的系统效率在波动中呈增加趋势,但增长幅度较小。从长期阶段看,1997—2010年间的系统效率和组织能力比1987—1995年间有明显提高,表明经济系统在后期获得了一定程度的发展。但系统效率在2002年达到高点后呈现下降趋势。(3)1987—2010年间中国经济系统的上升性和发展能力都在持续提高,但主要来自规模增长。增长和发展的量化结果表明,1987—2010年间中国经济系统上升性的提高,90%来自总吞吐量(增长),只有10%来自效率改进(发展)。(4)1987—2010年间的中国经济系统的α平均值为0.138,远小于0.37或0.33的可持续性最优平衡点,系统处于缺乏效率的不可持续的状态。要提高经济系统的可持续性,需要提高经济系统的效率(结构)和组织能力。  相似文献   

4.
大型人工湿地生态可持续性评价   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
张依然  王仁卿  张建  刘建 《生态学报》2012,32(15):4803-4810
大型人工湿地现已广泛应用于湖滨带、河滨带水质净化及湿地生态修复,这些人工湿地的生态可持续性评价对于其科学管理调控及长期可持续运行具有重要意义。运用综合指标评价及层次分析法,根据人工湿地生态系统的特点,提出并建立了适合评价人工湿地可持续性运行的指标体系,建立的评价指标包括生态特征与功能、水质净化功能及经济社会功能三项一级指标,及对应的14个二级指标。运用建立的评价指标体系对南四湖湖滨带新薛河大型人工湿地示范工程的生态可持续性运行了评价,评价结果显示:植物多样性、氨氮去除能力、生物入侵抵抗力、野生动物栖息地、COD去除能力是影响大型人工湿地运行效果的主要制约因素;新薛河人工湿地生态可持续性综合指数为0.6862,处于\"良\"级,其中生态特征功能可持续性指数最高,为0.7732;水质净化功能和社会经济功能指数分别为0.6190,0.6492。由结果可知,南四湖新薛河大型人工湿地具有重要的生态修复功能,水质净化功能方面应加强植物定期收割及植被管理,同时经济社会功能还有待加强,植物经济效益及旅游娱乐效益还有待深入开发。建立的人工湿地可持续性运行的评价指标体系具有较强的针对性,可用于其他大型人工湿地的生态可持续性评价。  相似文献   

5.
彭新育 《生态科学》1997,16(2):36-43
探讨可持续性和存活的经济学含义,构筑了存活研究中经济学方法和生物学方法的联系,强调了不可逆性和不确定性在可持续性中的重要性,并讨论以上结论在经济行为上的意义  相似文献   

6.
森林资源可持续状况评价方法   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6       下载免费PDF全文
崔国发  邢韶华  姬文元  郭宁 《生态学报》2011,31(19):5524-5530
为了准确、快速地评估森林经营单位的森林资源可持续状况,提出了森林资源可持续状况的评价指标、评价方法和评价结果分级。森林资源可持续状况评价指标包括森林资源质量状况、森林资源利用状况和森林受干扰状况3个方面共28个评价指标。通过参照技术规定、查阅专业用表和使用经验数值等3种方法确定评价指标的基准值;根据基准值把评价指标测定值分级为\"好\"、\"中\"、\"差\"3个等级,并分别赋值1.0、0.62和0.38。利用专家咨询法或层次分析法,根据森林经营单位的主要经营目标和森林主导功能,确定森林资源质量状况评价指标的权重。根据评价指标的实测值、赋值和权重,计算森林资源质量状况指数、森林资源利用状况指数和森林受干扰状况指数,进而计算森林资源可持续状况指数。根据森林资源可持续状况指数值的大小,将森林经营单位的森林资源可持续状况划分为优、良、中和差四个等级。  相似文献   

7.
构建可持续应用评价指标体系和评价方法, 筛选具有可持续性、适合南方双季稻区冬季绿色高效循环复合种植模式。在长期水旱轮作的基础上, 通过连续2 年田间定位试验, 采用能值分析理论评价水旱轮作条件下稻田生态系统的可持续性。结果表明: 稻田水旱轮作4 种模式的总能值投入和总能值产出大小均表现为油菜-早稻-晚稻→油菜-早稻-玉米‖花生>黑麦草-早稻-晚稻→黑麦草-早稻-玉米‖大豆=混播绿肥-早稻-晚稻→混播绿肥-早稻-玉米‖芝麻>紫云英-早稻-晚稻→紫云英-早稻-晚稻。混播绿肥-早稻-晚稻→混播绿肥-早稻-玉米‖芝麻的系统可持续能值指数最高, 为0.0315, 而油菜-早稻-晚稻→油菜-早稻-玉米‖花生最低, 为0.0148。各模式可持续发展指数均为1 以下, 表明4 种种植系统对环境带来了很大的压力, 不可更新资源的利用量较大, 造成了环境负载率较高, 导致可持续发展指数较低, 其中“混播绿肥-早稻-晚稻→混播绿肥-早稻-玉米‖芝麻”模式是值得推广的。  相似文献   

8.
姜凤珍  李翠苓 《生态学报》2024,44(22):10452-10470
为探索传统工业集聚城市“屡振不兴、屡振难兴”的症结,从破解困局的可持续发展视角出发,以辽中南工业基地为例建立综合评价指标体系对其2007—2021年的可持续发展水平进行评估,采用基于变异系数熵权法的指标加权求和技术,引入耦合协调度模型、障碍度模型,并将复杂适应系统(CAS)理论嵌入分析过程,将定量与定性研究相结合,全面评估辽中南工业基地的可持续发展情况。研究表明:(1)辽中南工业基地可持续发展水平具有显著的阶段性,如今正处于经济发展的回暖阶段,但可持续性水平依然较弱。(2)经济发展是制约该地区可持续发展的短板,环境质量为优势可持续类型,这种现象为理解“负脱钩”或“弱脱钩”现象提供了切入点。(3)可持续发展和耦合协调度水平空间两极分化严重,区域不平衡性显著,自北向南呈现高—低—高的演化特征,具有空间异质性;耦合协调度水平有协调向好趋势,正处于勉强协调向初级协调的过渡阶段。(4)经济实力和基础设施建设较孤立与分散是经济发展与民生福祉系统的主要障碍,实现资源短缺与低效利用之间的动态平衡并确保自然绿地的开发适度性是促进资源与环境可持续发展的重要着力点。(5)面对城市发展进程中的复杂交互式挑战,要将政府的适应性管理、企业的适应性变革和当地居民的主体适应性有机结合,推动科学技术与政策调整相互促进,进而实现可持续发展的良性循环。  相似文献   

9.
区域生态系统景观结构演化定量评价方法   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8       下载免费PDF全文
为了在更宏观层次上评价人类活动对区域生态系统景观格局的影响 ,设计了一种三角图方法。根据自然景观指数、半自然半人工景观指数和人工景观指数的相对比例及其变化 ,该方法把区域生态系统分为 4种景观结构类型以及 6种变化趋势 ,即自然型景观、半自然半人工型景观、人工型景观和混合型景观 ,自然化 -人工化趋势、自然化趋势、自然化 -半自然半人工化趋势、半自然半人工化趋势、半自然半人工化 -人工化趋势和人工化趋势 ,这些景观结构类型和变化趋势分别对应于三角图中的不同区域和演化方向。青岛城阳区、深圳龙华区及海口市的应用实例表明 ,该方法原理简单 ,计算简便 ,结果直观 ,可以很好地用于在较宏观层次上分析人类活动对区域景观格局的影响  相似文献   

10.
应用能值分析理论和方法,对新疆天山北坡经济带农牧业生态经济系统进行了分析和评价,通过一系列的能值指标定量分析了该地区的农牧业系统的能值流动。结果表明:环境资源对农牧业系统的贡献很大,环境资源能值占总能值利用的79.2%,高于全国农业系统平均值(13%);净能值产出率为4.81,高于我国平均值(0.27),说明该区域农牧系统生产有一定的竞争优势;农牧业产品的宏观经济价值大于市场价值,这是由于农牧业生产中有相当大一部分环境资源无偿投入所致;环境负载率指标为0.373,低于我国农业系统的环境负载率(2.8),环境压力较小;可持续发展指数为12.90,有较好的发展潜力,据此,提出了一系列促进区域农业可持续发展的产业结构调整措施。  相似文献   

11.
赵秋叶  施晓清 《生态学报》2017,37(14):4873-4882
产业生态系统发展规律对于产业转型升级至关重要,对其进行研究也是当前产业生态学的新方向。产业生态系统是指在一定区域内,产业组分以及环境组分之间通过物质交换及能量流动等形成的有机统一整体。产业生态网络则是其各组分之间通过物质流等相互作用构成的生态关系的一种拓扑结构。基于货币型投入产出模型通过物质型转化构建城市尺度产业生态网络,借鉴生态网络分析方法,提出通过循环性、生态效率、上升性3类特征指标判定产业生态网络的演进规律。实证研究了2005—2014年北京市产业生态系统的特征及其演进规律,阐明了其发展的趋势。主要结论是:从趋势分析,北京市产业生态系统循环性、生态效率和上升性有随时间而提升的趋势。其中,循环性和上升性变化趋势一致:总体呈现上升趋势,且2007年数值明显高于其他年份;生态效率总体随年份呈现波浪式增速的趋势;从指数分析:各年份循环指数(FCI)介于0—1之间,表明产业系统的物质循环流量均小于直接流量;A/C指数介于0.187—0.256之间,表明离理论可持续发展状态(0.401)还有相当的距离;生态效率10年提高2.4倍,在2013年已经接近1,到2014年实现大于1的水平,其生态效率已达到这10a间的最优的状态。总体上,北京市产业系统正在向物质循环性、生态效率以及系统上升性逐步提高的方向转型。  相似文献   

12.
Previous studies have shown that when an ecosystem consists of many interacting components it becomes impossible to understand how it functions by focussing only on individual relationships. Alternatively, one can attempt to quantify system behaviour as a whole by developing ecological indicators that combine numerous environmental factors into a single value. One such holistic measure, called the system ‘ascendency’, arises from the analysis of networks of trophic exchanges. It deals with the joint quantification of overall system activity with the organisation of the component processes and can be used specifically to identify the occurrence of eutrophication. System ascendency analyses were applied to data over a gradient of eutrophication in a well documented small temperate intertidal estuary. Three areas were compared along the gradient, respectively, non eutrophic, intermediate eutrophic, and strongly eutrophic. Values of other measures related to the ascendency, such as the total system throughput, development capacity, and average mutual information, as well as the ascendency itself, were clearly higher in the non-eutrophic area. When the whole-system properties of the three areas were compared, however, the values associated with the intermediate eutrophic area turned out to be the lowest, which possibly could be attributed to the unstable nature of this area. The current study provided an example of how the measures arising out of␣network analysis might lead to an improved understanding of the system functioning and of the eutrophication process itself.  相似文献   

13.
    
Robust monitoring and assessment methods are required to assess circular economy (CE) concepts in terms of their degree of circularity and their contribution to sustainability. This research aimed to develop an integrated framework for the CE context—considering both the technical circularity and the complexity of the three dimensions of sustainability (environment, economy, and social). Two existing methods were identified as an appropriate foundation: CE indicators and life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA), combining life cycle assessment (LCA), life cycle costing (LCC), and social life cycle assessment (S-LCA). The developed circular life cycle sustainability assessment (C-LCSA) framework added circularity assessment (CA) as an additional dimension to LCSA (C-LCSA = LCA + LCC + S-LCA + CA). The abundance of CE indicators required a systematic selection process to identify the most appropriate indicators for the framework which was built on criteria levels, performance, loops, unit, dimension, and transversality. The material circularity indicator, product circularity indicator, and longevity indicator were identified as most suited for C-LCSA. Being developed for a single life cycle, the traditional life cycle approaches needed refinements for application to CE concepts, derived from discussions and proposed adaptions presented in the academic literature. The cut-off approach was identified as the most suitable end-of-life allocation method for C-LCSA, being in line with the technical system boundaries. C-LCSA can be used by LCA practitioners to identify trade-offs between an improved circularity and resulting impacts on the environmental, economic, and social pillars to provide a basis for decision making in industrial ecology.  相似文献   

14.
Neighbourhoods are the building blocks of cities, which have their own architectural, cultural and economic systems. To improve neighbourhood sustainability, a consideration of their buildings, public spaces, infrastructure, and cooperation between their parts is necessary. Neighbourhoods are an integral part of urban planning activity, yet the development of neighbourhood assessment tools has just begun to spread.In the scope of this study, five assessment systems, CASBEE-UD, the 2009 and 2012 versions of the BREEAM Communities, LEED-ND, and DGNB-UD were compared. This paper presents the methodology and results of their comparative investigation. These systems categorise, measure, and rate their indexes and indicators differently, therefore it was necessary to integrate their processes to make them comparable. By means of a 3-level comparison and the indicator evaluation, the different neighbourhood sustainability assessment systems were compared in general as well as in detail.An evaluation based on the method provides information about the similarities, differences, and working methods of the systems, and this study can provide guidance in choosing a proper assessment system for a specific development, based on its detailedness, adaptability, and efficiency. It was also important to determine ways to improve the assessment systems.The study states that the DGNB neighbourhood sustainability system provided the best results in a comparison of their sustainability integration issues, the detailedness of their indicators, and their coverage of the pillars of sustainability. The newest systems synthesise the best qualities of each sustainability assessment tool. Meanwhile, the CASBEE tool differs from the others in the most aspects due to its different background. Finally, the LEED and BREEAM systems showed average results in main aspects.  相似文献   

15.
    
The use of novel battery technologies in short-haul electric aircraft can support the aviation sector in achieving its goals for a sustainable development. However, the production of the batteries is often associated with adverse environmental and socio-economic impacts, potentially leading to burden shifting. Therefore, this paper investigates alternative technologies for lithium–sulfur all-solid-state batteries (LiS-ASSBs) in terms of their contribution to the sustainable development goals (SDGs). We propose a new approach that builds on life cycle sustainability assessment and links the relevant impact categories to the related SDGs. The approach is applied to analyze four LiS-ASSB configurations with different solid electrolytes, designed for maximum specific energy using an electrochemical model. They are compared to a lithium–sulfur battery with a liquid electrolyte as a benchmark. The results of our cradle-to-gate analysis reveal that the new LiS-ASSB technologies generally have a positive contribution to SDG achievement. However, the battery configuration with the best technical characteristics is not the most promising in terms of SDG achievement. Especially variations from the technically optimal cathode thickness can improve the SDG contribution. A sensitivity analysis shows that the results are rather robust against the weighting factors within the SDG quantification method.  相似文献   

16.
上升性理论在经济系统中的应用——以甘肃省为例   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0       下载免费PDF全文
黄茄莉  徐中民 《生态学报》2007,27(11):4785-4792
如何定量地判断增长与发展之间的关系,是生态学、经济学及可持续发展相关学科讨论的一个重要问题。Ulanowicz从生态系统的角度出发,提出用上升性这个宏观指标对增长与发展进行定量描述。以甘肃省为例讨论了上升性理论在经济系统中的应用。研究结果表明,在1987~1995年甘肃省系统总吞吐量(实物型)年均增加6.30%,上升性(A)增加近2倍,但是平均相互信息却从0.460比特降到0.336比特,这表明在这8a间甘肃省处于不可持续的发展状况。在1995~2002年,甘肃省系统总吞吐量(实物型)仍不断增加,但年均增加率从1987~1995年的6.30%降到2.13%,上升性(A)增加了2倍多,平均相互信息从0.336比特增加到0.499比特,这表明在这7a间甘肃省朝着可持续的方向发展。根据Ulanowicz对系统进化阶段的划分,甘肃省在1987~2002年处于增长阶段即处于进化的初级阶段。对研究结果的分析表明,要实现甘肃省的可持续发展,需提高资源的利用效率,实现资源的循环利用,并加强资源在部门之间的流通性及分配的公平性。  相似文献   

17.
Anthropo-entomophagy: Cultures, evolution and sustainability   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Environmental cycles and human factors have altered ecosystems throughout the world. Natural resources have acquired high value because they are important to life and the survival of human beings. Among these resources are edible insects. They have many important features and, to date, up to 2086 species are consumed by 3071 ethnic groups. Rural people, who primarily search, gather, fix, commercialize and store this important natural resource, do not exterminate them. This is because rural people exploit only the central part of the insects' population curves. Nonetheless, some species are overexploited. Anthropo-entomophagy (eating of insects by humans) constitutes a major source of nutrition and these foods are eaten in 130 countries, with the African and American continents being the most entomophagous until now. It exists in protocultures (care is given to the edible insect species) and formal cultures, such as in Mexico, which date back to prehisphanic times. According to anthropologists the "saving gene theory" is based on insect ingestion, which, since the Paleolithic era, has given human beings reproductive success. The evolution of anthropo-entomophagy has been achieved in many ways, from the point of view of collection, fixing, marketing and consumption, and for the insects' organoleptical qualities. The sustainability of these species is fundamental; therefore, it is necessary to take certain measures for species conservation. In Mexico, more than 100 species of edible insects have been tested for their sustainability over 500 years, from the Spanish conquest to the present.  相似文献   

18.
Patterns of ecosystem resiliency and differential exploitability by man exist, but they have not yet been worked out in detail This article presents a systematic approach for quantifying the responses of different ecosystems to various levels of human exploitation. It presents a model of the operations of natural ecosystems and suggests a useful analogue between exploitation ecosystems and different stages in ecological succession. This analogue enables us to define a coefficient of exploitability which relates the intensity of ecosystem responses to the intensity of management. The coefficient should prove useful in elucidating a number of types of man-environment interactions. It can be calculated from empirical data. Since it is a function of independent ecosystem variables such as climate, we can also suggest its probable global distribution patterns. Sample values of are calculated from two different types of data. The range of values is greater than one order of magnitude, and their trends are entirely consistent with their predicted distribution.  相似文献   

19.
农业生态系统可持续发展趋势度的评价方法研究   总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20       下载免费PDF全文
李全胜  叶旭君 《生态学报》2001,21(5):695-700
在对农业生态系统时间演替过程分析的基础上,以评价指标年际变异性、评价指标的时间发展斜率变化率和评价指标的初如阈值水平为评价领域,提出了可持续发展趋势度的概念。并以德清县为例进行了案例分析,结果表明该县的可持续度为0.657,属中上水平。  相似文献   

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