Habitat preferences for Long-eared Owls Asio otus and Little Owls Athene noctua in semi-arid environments at three spatial scales

Capsule There is a relationship between owl numbers and the availability of the agri-forest patchwork.

Aims To model habitat preferences at three different scales of two predators largely neglected within the framework of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies.

Methods We studied habitat preferences of Long-eared Owls and Little Owls by comparing habitat composition around 28 and 78 occupied territories respectively with 55 non-occupied territories in Alicante (eastern Spain). Generalized linear models were used to examine patterns of habitat preference at three different spatial scales: nest-site, home range and landscape.

Results At the nest-site scale, Long-eared Owls preferred wooded areas with few paved roads while Little Owls preferred arid plantations. Furthermore, the probability of finding an occupied territory increased with the proximity of another occupied territory in the surroundings. The home range scale models mirror the feeding requirements of the owls. Thus, Long-eared Owls occupied areas with high percentages of forest, arid plantations, edges between these two land uses, short distances between nests, with presence of conspecifics and little human disturbance. Little Owls occupied arid plantations with high availability of linear structures and the proximity of villages. At the landscape scale, Long-eared Owls eluded extensive forests, and Little Owls preferred arid plantations.

Conclusions We suggest a hierarchical process of habitat selection for both owls regarding fitting trophic resources at the broadest scales and adequate sites for breeding and roosting at the smallest scale. EIA studies must consider that protecting small areas around single nests may not be an efficient conservation option compared with preserving clusters of territories for both species.     

Nest-site selection of the Long-eared Owl Asio otus in northwestern Switzerland

Capsules Sites are selected as part of an antipredator strategy.

Aims To assess if site choice depends on habitat variables at nest sites and if habitat quality influences reproduction.

Methods Breeding density was explored in northwestern Switzerland from 1992 to 1996. Habitat variables were examined at 38 breeding sites and were compared with data collected from random sites. Habitat quality was estimated using the discriminant function scores of the nesting sites.

Results Breeding density was found to vary between years; more pairs bred and raised more young in 1993, a year of high vole abundance. Long-eared Owls tended to avoid the vicinity of buildings; they occupied sites with denser forest edges, greater canopy cover, and with more conifers than random sites. I found no statistical evidence that they used less optimal sites when the population was high. The number of fledglings increased with habitat quality, but did not vary with any of the habitat variables taken separately.

Conclusion Long-eared Owl selects nesting habitat as part of an anti-predator strategy, but the measures of territory quality did not seem to be a limiting factor for the population.     

Density,diet and productivity of Long-eared Owls Asio otus in the Italian Alps: the importance of Microtus voles

Capsule Relatively large populations, feeding predominantly upon voles, were present at higher elevations.

Aims To determine the density, productivity and diet composition of Long-eared Owls breeding at higher elevations.

Methods Population census and breeding biology were investigated, and dietary analysis performed for 32 Long-eared Owl territories that were occupied over a six-year period (2000–05), in a 155 km² study area located in the Noce Valley of the central-eastern Italian Alps.

Results Territories were mainly situated at the edge of large pine forests, near large patches of grassland and/or open-structured apple orchards, at elevations ranging between 540 and 1210 m. Density varied between 10 and 15 pairs/100 km². Mean intraspecific nest spacing averaged 1727 m and territories were either solitary or clumped in loose aggregations of one to five pairs. Mean laying date was 27 March and the mean number of fledged young was 0.95 and 2.13 per territorial and successful pair, respectively. Adults and nestlings were preyed upon by Eagle Owls Bubo bubo and Common Buzzards Buteo buteo, both of them abundant in the study area. Diet was dominated by Common Voles Microtus arvalis, complemented by Apodemus mice and thrushes. Annual variations in owl density, productivity and diet breadth varied in parallel with the occurrence of Common Voles in the diet, suggesting that the owls responded numerically to the availability of their main prey. This confirms earlier analyses on other European populations, but without the marked three- to four-year cycles observed in such areas.

Conclusion The conservation status of the species in these Alpine habitats seemed currently satisfactory. However, the unregulated use of rodenticides in apple orchards and the loss of open habitats associated with land abandonment may represent long-term threats for the species in these habitats.     

Diet of the Long-eared Owl,Asio otus,in Central Anatolia (Aves: Strigidae)

In a one-year study on the diet of the Long-eared Owl, Asio otus, in the area of Karap?nar in Central Anatolia, 5324 prey items were recovered from 3314 pellets collected at monthly intervals. At least 7 species of mammals belonging to Insectivora (Crocidura suaveolens) and Rodentia (Allactaga williamsi, Cricetulus migratorius, Meriones tristrami, Mescocricetus brandti, Microtus guentheri, M. sp., Mus macedonicus) were identified. Rodentia were dominant and contributed 93.8% of the number of prey items of the Long-eared Owl. Microtus guentheri accounted for 83.9% of the rodent remains. The diet pattern was more diverse in summer, when some 24% of the diet consisted of non-mammal prey items (birds, insects).     

乌鲁木齐市区越冬期长耳鸮的食性分析

2009～2011年间,利用食团分析法对乌鲁木齐市越冬长耳鸮(Asio otus)的食性进行分析。3年累计收集长耳鸮食团683份,辨认出1 132只猎物。分析结果表明,长耳鸮在冬季共捕食小型哺乳类6种,鸟类2种。小家鼠(Mus musculus)是最常见的食物,占总捕食量的53.45%。小型哺乳类是长耳鸮的主要食物,它在食物组成中出现的总频率为88.16%,以生物量计,小型哺乳类占食物构成的95.13%。长耳鸮的食物组成年度间差异显著,与当地猎物资源多样性和可获得性密切相关,表明长耳鸮可能采用机会主义者的捕食策略。     

Population increase of the Long-eared Owl,Asio otus (Linnaeus, 1758), in Iran (Aves: Strigidae)

The Long-eared Owl, Asio otus (Linnaeus, 1758), was known as a scarce wintering bird in Iran until 2010. There were altogether 25 records until the 1970s, but no data are available for the period between the 1970s and 1997. Between 1997 and 2014 there were at least 32 non-breeding and 17 breeding records available based on data of the Iran Bird Records Committee. Breeding was first confirmed in Nahavand (Hamedan Province) and has in the meantime been confirmed at 11 localities mainly in the western half of the country. The recent increase in records (from 25 records during 12 decades compared with 49 records during two decades) indicates that there has been a real increase in the numbers of Long-eared Owls occurring in Iran.     

Diet of a nesting pair of Long-eared Owls,Asio otus,in an urban environment in southwestern Turkey (Aves: Strigidae)

Pellets were collected under an active Long-eared Owl (Asio otus) nest in the city centre of Denizli, Turkey. The nest was located in a conifer tree in a 5.7 ha urban park, centrally-located in the city of Denizli, with a human population of 577,000 people. During April-June 2014, a total of 64 pellets containing remains of 86 individual prey items was found. All prey were Passeriformes and consisted of two species belonging to Passeridae and Hirundinidae. 78 of the 86 prey items (90.7%) were House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) and the other eight (9.3%) were House Martin (Delichon urbicum). This is one of the first studies to indicate that the Long-eared Owl's nesting season diet consists entirely of birds. The main factor affecting this result is probably the fact that the owls live in an urbanised setting.     

Fish in the diet of the Long-eared Owl Asio otus

Capsule: Analysis of regurgitated pellets showed that fish were a very rare prey in the diet of the Long-eared Owl Asio otus. Remains of 38 individual fish were found at 8 of 121 nests and only in 2 out of 11 years. Occurrence tended to be more frequent in warm dry periods, when water ditches were dry.     

Within-season divorce in Common Terns Sterna hirundo in a year of heavy predation

Divorce between seasons is a common phenomenon in seabirds, whereas within-season mate change is rarely observed. We report four cases of within-season mate change in renesting Common Terns Sterna hirundo during a year of heavy predation by a Long-eared Owl Asio otus, when we found more deserted clutches, lower hatching success as well as more disappeared chicks compared to other years. Within-season nest-site fidelity also decreased under predation pressure.     

Book Reviews

Psychobiology: The Biological Bases of Behavior Pp. 382, illustrated. New York: Scientific American, 1967. 70s. (cloth), 40s. (paper). Reviewed by O. Lowenstein

Organisation in Plants W. M. M. BARON Pp. vi+218, 117 figs. London: Edward Arnold Ltd., 2nd ed., 1967.18s. (paper), 30s. (boards). Reviewed by J. W. Hannay

A First Biology ERIC SPRINGTHORPE Pp. 103. London: Longmans, Green & Co. Ltd., 1967. 10s. 6d. Reviewed by J. A. Barker

The Biology of Lichens MASON E. HALE, JR. Pp. viii + 176, 60 figs, 15 plates. London: Edward Arnold Ltd., 1967. 42s. Reviewed by K. A. Kershaw

Experiments in the Study of Biology J. J. W. BAKER, G. E. ALLEN, E. GAGE and S. K. WEBSTER Pp. 58. London: Addison-Wesley, 1967. Reviewed by C. F. Stoneman

Microbiological Methods C. H. COLLINS Pp. xii+404, illustrated. London: Butterworths, 2nd ed. 1967. 62s. Reviewed by N. J. Butler

The New Microbiology Ed. JOHN E. FLYNN New York: McGraw Hill Book Co., 1966. Reviewed by W. Howard Hughes

,i>Pergamon Programmed Texts Introduction to Genetics: Science of Heredity A. J. S. MCMILLAN Pp. 410, 64 figs, 6 plates. 1966. J. Audrey Stretch

An Introduction to Biochemistry Vol. 1 A. J. S. MCMILLAN Pp. 208. 1966. J. Audrey Stretch

Biology, Vol. 1 A. VERRINDER Pp. 274, 126 figs. 1966. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Commonwealth and International Library. 25s. (flexi-cover), 35s. (hard cover). J. Audrey Stretch

Grasses JAMES GROVES Published by the School Natural History Society, 1966, and obtainable from M. J. Wootton, Esq., 19A King's Gardens, Cranham, Upminster, Essex. 3s.

Biology Teaching in Schools Involving Experiment or Demonstration with Animals or with Pupils Compiled by J. J. BRYANT The Association for Science Education, 1967. 2s. 9d.

Handbook of Marine Biology for Borth, Cardiganshire A compilation of results and work completed by members of King Edward's School, Birmingham. Obtainable from the School. 6s. 6d.

Clarendon Biographies (16) Charles Darwin R. C. OLBY Pp. 64, 3 figs, 12 plates. London; Oxford University Press, 1967. 9s. 6d. (boards), 5s. (limp).

New Questions in O-Level Biology (Book 2) Plants and Invertebrates J. J. HEAD Pp. 70, illustrated. London: Oliver & Boyd, 1967. 6s. (Teachers' guide. Pp. 32. 5s.)

Revision Exercises in Biology J. D. MAUNDER and C. JOHNSTON Pp. xiii + 130, illustrated. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1967. 8s. 6d.     

Brutbiologie und den Bestand steuernde Faktoren bei Waldkauz (Strix aluco) und Waldohreule (Asio otus) in der Schw?bischen Alb

Zusammenfassung Im Raum Göppingen—Geislingen—Laichingen wurden 126 Bruten des Waldkauzes und 80 Bruten der Waldohreule untersucht. Die Abhängigkeit von Brutbeginn, Gelegestärke, Jungenzahl, Verlusten und Bruterfolg von Höhenlage, Art des Nistplatzes, Witterung und Nahrungsangebot wird diskutiert und mit der Literatur aus anderen Gebieten verglichen. Der Waldkauz ist ausgesprochen ortstreu und durch große Anpassungsfähigkeit bei der Nistplatzwahl und Ernährung (Ausweichen auf Vogelnahrung in Mäuse-Mangeljahren) im Bestand und Bruterfolg relativ geringen Schwankungen unterworfen. Die Waldohreule ist mindestens in den Hochlagen der Schwäbischen Alb (hier 600–850 m ü. NN) Invasionsvogel mit sehr stark schwankendem Bestand und hoher Fortpflanzungsrate bei guter Witterung und Feldmausdichte. Hier zeigen sich deutliche Parallelen zu Untersuchungsergebnissen aus Skandinavien.

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Breeding biology and factors influencing density of the Tawny Owl(Strix aluco) and the Long-eared Owl(Asio otus) in the Schwäbische Alb (SW-Germany)

Summary Around Göppingen—Geislingen—Laichingen 126 broods of the Tawny Owl and 80 of the Long-eared Owl have been examined. Correlations between start of egg-laying, number of eggs and young, losses and breeding success to altitude, kind of nestsite, weather conditions and food are discussed and compared with results of other regions. The Tawny Owl always stays at the same place. There are relatively low changes in density and breeding success according to a high adaptibility concerning choice of nestsite and food (changing to birds in years with few voles). Long-eared Owls perform, at least in the high regions of the Schwäbische Alb (600–850 m), invasions causing highly variable densities. In good weather conditions and high density of field-voles the breeding success may be extraordinarily high. So parallels to the results from Scandinavia can be found.

     

Equipment News

The Principles of Plant Pathology. S. A. J. TARR. Pp. 632. London: MacMillan, 1972. £1000. Reviewed by A. A. Brunt

Genetic Diversity and Natural Selection. JAMES MURRAY. Pp. vii + 128 + 23figs. Edinburgh: Oliver &; Boyd Ltd. 1972. £2·50. Reviewed by J. A. Beardmore

Advances in Microbial Physiology. Edited by A. H. ROSE and J. F. WILKINSON. Pp. 302+40 figs. London and New York: Academic Press Ltd. £500. Reviewed by Curtis G. Gemmell

Plants in the Service of Man—10,000 Years of Domestication EDWARD HYAMS Pp. xiii+222+33 illustrations London: J. M. Dent &; Sons Ltd. £2·95. Reviewed by Eric Caulton

The Challenge of Genetics. E. H. SIMON &; J. GROSSFIELD. Pp. 281. Reviewed by I. J. Gibson

Methods in Microbiology, Volume 4. Edited by C. BOOTH. (Series editors J. R. NORRIS and D. W. RIBBONS) Pp. xiv+795. Reviewed by G. Ayerst

Explorations in the Life of Fishes. N. B. MARSHALL. Pp. 204, 54 figs. Reviewed by T. Kerr

Feedback Mechanisms in Animal Behaviour. D. J. McFARLAND. Pp. vii+279 + 181 figs. London: Academic Press Inc. £3·80. Reviewed by P. J. B. Slater

Biology and the Human Sciences—The Herbert Spencer Lectures—1970. Edited by J. W. S. PRINGLE. Pp. viii + 140, 6 figs, 2 tables. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1972. £2·50. Reviewed by Paul Rogers

Merrow Monographs. T. H. SAVORY. Latin and Greek for Biologists. Pp. 34. Biology of the Cryptozoa. Pp. 48. The Principles of Mechanistic Biology. Pp. 35. Evolution in the Arachnida. Pp. 42. Reviewed by G. W. Shaw     

Book review

Progress in computer‐assisted function analysis.

Edited by J.L. Willems, J.H. van Bemmel and J. Michel. Published by Elsevier science publishers North‐Holland, Amsterdam, pp 442. ISBN 0444703845.‐$110.50 or DFL 210.00     

The British Trust for Ornithology Notes and Announcements

WHINCHATS ON A DISUSED RAILWAY, by David B. Gray

STONECHATS IN YOUNG FORESTRY PLANTATIONS, by J. S. Phillips

DUTCH ELM DISEASE AND BIRDS, by Alan Mitchell

RATE OF SPECIES-REGISTRATION IN ATLAS WORK, by J. T. R. Sharrock     

北京市区越冬长耳的食性分析

2004年11月至2005年4月,采用食团分析法对北京市区内天坛生物制药厂和国子监公园内栖息越冬的长耳鸮(Asiootus)的食物组成进行了分析。发现天坛生物制药厂长耳鸮的食物中啮齿类占41.0%,翼手类占29.5%,鸟类占29.3%,食虫类占0.2%;国子监长耳鸮的食物组成中翼手类占53.8%,啮齿类占21.5%,鸟类占24.7%。翼手目主要种类有山蝠(Nyctalus noctula)和普通伏翼(Pipistrellus abramus)等。长耳鸮三类主要食物所占比例的逐月变化显示,翼手类所占百分比不断上升,啮齿类所占比例先上升而到翌年1、2月开始下降,鸟类所占百分比一直在下降。蝙蝠大量出现于温带冬季鸮类的食物中属首次发现。     

Field Studies in British Honduras

Readings in Genetics and Evolution Edited by J. J. HEAD Oxford University Press (1973). £3.50 Reviewed by J. A. Beardmore

Projects for Environmental Studies Edited by URSULA BOWEN Pp. v+57+24 diagrams and charts Oxford : Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Naturalist's Trust. 50p. Reviewed by Keith Barber

Environmental Education Volume 2, Summer 1973. Pp. 64 + some diagrams. National Association for Environmental Education. Reviewed by U. K. Smith

School Grounds By P. F. JENKINS Pp. 45 and many photographs and diagrams. London : Heinemann Educational Books Ltd. 60p Reviewed by U. K. Smith

Laboratory Techniques in Chemistry and Biochemistry Second Edition P. S. DIAMOND and R. F. DENMAN Pp. v+499+202figs. London: Butterworths. £7.00 Reviewed by B. L. Williams

How Trees Grow Studies in Biology No. 39 PHILIP R. MOREY Pp. 59+25 figs.+4 plates. London : Edward Arnold. 75p. Reviewed by D. J. B. White

Ecological Biology 1 : Organisms and their Environments Edited by D. W. EWER and J. B. HALL Pp. ix+334. London: Longman Group Ltd. £2.50 Reviewed by John Mattocks

Statistical Thinking JOHN L. PHILLIPS, Jr. Pp. xv+124+56 figs. San Francisco : W. H. Freeman and Co. $2.50 Reviewed by M. B. Usher

Seed to Civilisation: The Story of Man's Food C. B. HEISER, Jr. Pp. xii+243+83figs. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Co. Cloth £3.60; Paper back £1.50 Reviewed by R. Thomas

Human Ecology: Problems and Solutions PAUL R. EHRLICH, ANNE H. EHRLICH and JOHN P. HOLDREN Pp. x+304+66 figs. +31 tables. Reviewed by Paul Rogers

Methodological Developments in Biochemistry, Volume 3: Advances with Zonal Rotors Edited by ERIC REID Pp. ii+263. London: Longman Group Ltd. £3.00 Reviewed by A. P. Mathias

Oxford Biology Readers Edited by J. J. HEAD. Oxford University Press 1973. 20p each. Reviewed by John Webster     

Ecological Communities Plant Mediation in indirect interaction Webs

Takayuki Ohgushi, Timothy P. Craig and Peter W. Price (Eds)Cambridge University Press ISBN: 9780521850391 £80.00 458pp Reviewed by Patricia Sang

Oxford University PressKing, Stansfield, Mulligan ISBN: 9780195307610 £19.99 596pp Reviewed by Ian Carter

Pallgrave Macmillan Anthony J.F. Griffiths, Susan R. Wessler,Richard C. Lewontin, and Sean B. Carroll ISBN: 9780716799023 £44.99 838pp Reviewed by Olivier Sparagano

British Psychological Society/Blackwell Publishing Julia C. Berryman, Elizabeth Ockleford, Kevin Howells, David J. Hargreaves, and Diane J. Wildbur ISBN: 9781405126984 £18.99 272pp Reviewed by N Souter

Lafferty & Panella Pearson: Benjamin-Cummings ISBN: 9780805395747 £12.12 206pp + CDROM Reviewed by J Mynett     

Cathepsin D Deficiency and NCL/Batten Disease: There’s More to Death than Apoptosis

Animal models of cathepsin D (CD) deficiency are characterized by a progressive and relentless neurodegenerative phenotype similar to that observed in Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCL), a group of pediatric neurodegenerative diseases known collectively as Batten Disease. We have shown recently that the targeted deletion of the pro-apoptotic molecule Bax prevents apoptotic markers but not neuron death and neurodegeneration induced by CD deficiency, which suggests that alterations in the macroautophagy-lysosomal degradation pathway can mediate neuron death in NCL/Batten Disease in the absence of apoptosis. Herein, we review CD deficiency in the broader context of NCL and offer potential mechanisms for neuron death and neurodegeneration induced by CD deficiency.

Addendum to:

Cathepsin D Deficiency Induces Persistent Neurodegeneration in the Absence of Bax-Dependent Apoptosis

J.J. Shacka, B.J. Klocke, C. Young, M. Shibata, J.W. Olney, Y. Uchiyama, P. Saftig and K.A. Roth

J Neurosci 2007; 27:2081-90     

Microscopic Slides of Cat Testis

DYES AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL USES Copley, A. L., and Whitney, D. V. The standardization and assay of heparin by the toluidine blue and azure A reactions. A correction. J. Lab. &; Clin. Med., 29, 117.

Finkelstein, Jacob. N-substituted sulfonamides. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 66, 407. 1944.

Fraenkel-Conrat, H., and Cooper, M. The use of dyes for the determination of acid and basic groups in proteins. J. Biol. Chem., 154, 239. 1941.

Gilman, Henry, and Shirley, David A. Some derivatives of pheno-thiazine. J. Amer Chem. Soc., 66, 888. 1944.

Gilman, Henry, and Spatz, Sydney M. Some quinolines patterned as “open models” of atabrine. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 66, 621. 1944.

Klotz, Irving M. The mode of action of sulfonamides. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 66, 459. 1944.

Mueller, Albert C. and Hamilton, Cliff S. Some derivatives of 7-methoxy- and 10-methoxybenzoquinoline. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 66, 860. 1944.

Peterson, Osler L. Therapeutic effects of forbisen and of toluidine blue on experimental typhus. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. &; Med., 55, 155-7. 1944.

ANIMAL MICROTECHNIC Ballantyne, E. N. A staining method for frozen sections. Canad. J. Med. Techn., 2, 65-7. 1940.

Bodian, David, and Mellors, Robert C. Phosphatase activity in chromatolytic nerve cells. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. &; Med., 55, 248-5. 1844.

Forbes, J. Glycerine jelly mounting medium for frog eggs and early embryos. Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc., 62, 325-6. 1943.

Hughes, R. F. Laboratory hints. Canad. J. Med. Techn., 3, 25-6. 1940.

Krajian, Aram A. Elastic fibre stains. Canad. J. Med. Techn., 3, 207. 1941.

Kupperman, H. S., and Noback, C. R. A rapid iron hematoxylin tissue stain for laboratory use. Science, 98, 591-2. 1948.

Laws, S. G. A method of staining blood films. Canad. J. Med. Techn., 3, 68. 1941.

Lillie, R. D. Studies on the decalcification of bone. Amer. J. Path., 20, 291-6. 1944.

Moore, Margaret E. Twenty-hour schedule for routine tissue sections. Canad. J. Med. Techn., 2, 70-1. 1940.

Paul, Pauline, Lowe, B., and McClurg, B. R. Changes in histological structure and palatability of beef during storage. Food, Research, 9, 221-33.

Pinkus, Hermann. Acid orcein Giemsa stain (modification of Unna-Taenzer method). A useful routine stain for dermatologic sections. Arch. Dermat. &; Sypk., 49, 355-6. 1944.

Pugsley, Marion L. Reticulocyte staining. Canad. J. Med. Techn., 3, 16-7. 1940.

Slavkin, Alice E. Quick paraffin method for small biopsies. J. Lab. and Clin. Med., 29, 74. 1944.

PLANT MICROTECHNIC Stuart, Neil W., and Emsweller, S. L. Use of enzymes to improve cytological techniques. Science, 98, 569-70. 1943.

Wittlake, Eugene B. Permanent prestaining in botanical microtechnic. Ohio J. of Sci., 44, 36-8. 1944.

MICROÖRGANISMS Alexander-Jackson, Eleanor. A differential triple stain for demonstrating and studying non-acid-fast forms of the tubercle bacillus in sputum, tissue and body fluids. Science, 99, 307-8. 1944.

Barritt, M. M. An improved Pappenheim stain for gonococci. Brit. Med. J., 494, 4344. 1944.

Bartholomew, J. W., and Umbreit, W. W. Ribonucleic acid and the Gram stain. J. Bad., 47, 415. 1944.

Bauer, William H. Tooth buds and jaws in patients with congenital syphilis. Amer. J. Path., 20, 897-319. 1944.

Begg, A. M., Fulton, F., and Van Den Ende, M. Inclusion bodies in association with typhus rickettsiae. J. Path. &; Bact., 56, 109-13. 1944.

Cherewick, W.J. Studies on the biology of Erysiphe graminis DC. Canad. J. Research, 22, 58-85. 1944.

Dissmann, Edwin. Erfahrungen mit der karbolnachtblaufärbung der Tuberkelbazillen nach Hallberg. Zentbl. Bald., I Abt. Orig., 150, 268-75. 1943.

Hunt, George A. A study of the Pappenheim stain. A stable modification. J. Lab. &; Clin. Med., 20, 207-10. 1944.

Kirsh, David, and Schenken, John R. A comparison of the Ziehl-Neelsen and the Moss cold carbol fuchsia stains for acid-fast bacilli. New Orleans Med. and Surg. J., 96, 394-6. 1944.

Lee, H. I. Comparison of procedures for staining tubercle bacilli in fluorescent microscopy. J. Lab. &; Clin. Med., 29, 218-21. 1944.

Noble, Glenn A. A five-minute method for staining fecal smears. Science, 100, 87-8. 1944.

HISTOCHEMISTRY Dische, Zachakias. Two characteristic and sensitive color reactions between sulfhydryl compounds and thymonucleic acid. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. &; Med., 55, 217-8. 1944.

Wilmer, Harry A. Failure to demonstrate alkaline phosphatase activity in inclusion bodies by the bistochemical technic. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. &; Med., 55,206-7. 1944.