四种菊科植物开花期构件生物量及表型可塑性比较

本文对粤东地区菊科2种入侵植物三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)、加拿大蓬(Conyza canadensis)以及2种本土植物宽叶鼠曲草(Gnaphalium adnatum)、夜香牛(Vernonia cinerea)3种生境下的构件生物量、生物量分配及变异趋势进行了研究,对株高与各构件之间的关系建立了定量化描述模型,以揭示4种菊科植物在不同小生境中各构件的变异大小及生殖分配策略;对4种植物繁殖与营养构件之间的关系进行相关性、回归分析和生长趋势分析,以确定入侵种是否存在较高的表型可塑性。结果表明:三叶鬼针草在贫瘠、干燥的生境中,茎生物量分配显著增大,叶和花序生物量分配有减小的趋势;加拿大蓬在肥沃、潮湿的生境中其茎、叶、花序及总生物量显著大于其他2个生境(P0.01);宽叶鼠曲草和夜香牛在肥力较差、干燥的环境中,根生物量分配增大,茎和花序生物量分配有减小的趋势;三叶鬼针草、加拿大蓬和夜香牛各构件生物量的变异系数宽叶鼠曲草;相关性检验和生长趋势分析显示,三叶鬼针草、加拿大蓬和夜香牛繁殖与营养构件之间为异速生长。因此,三叶鬼针草、加拿大蓬和夜香牛具有较高的表型可塑性,以增强对多样环境的耐受性和适应性。     

不同生境自交植物黄花大苞姜生殖分配的研究

为了探讨自交植物黄花大苞姜(Caulokaempferia coenobialis)对石壁附生这一特殊生境的生态适应,对其不同物候期和不同生境的生殖分配进行了对比研究。结果表明,在生殖生长过程中,黄花大苞姜种群用于营养生长的生物量分配占有绝对优势,而用于生殖的生物量分配比例较小(<13%)。在黄花大苞姜各构件的生物量分配中,根茎和叶的比重较大(24.22%~43.25%)。在光线较弱生境中的种群,为了提高资源获取能力,黄花大苞姜分配到叶的比重明显高于光线较强的种群,而分配给根茎的比例却明显低于光线较强的种群。随着物候期的推移,黄花大苞姜生殖分配的比例不断增加,到果期达到最大值。不同种群间和年度间黄花大苞姜分配给生殖构件的比例没有显著差异,推测其生殖分配可能受遗传因素控制。个体大小与根茎生物量呈极显著线性函数同速生长,而与生殖分配在云天海种群没有表现出相关性,在上坪和天堂顶种群表现为同速生长关系,但决定系数小于40%。因此,黄花大苞姜能有效调节其在不同生境的生物量分配以适应石壁附生的特殊生境,在光线较弱的种群提高叶的生物量分配并降低根茎的生物量分配以提高资源的获取能力。整体上投资到营养构件的生物量占比高达87%以上,生殖构件在居群间和年度间均保持稳定。这种繁殖策略,一方面较高的营养构件投资可以获得更多的资源,另一方面稳定的生殖投资可以保证种群的延续,各构件相互协调以更好适应石壁这一资源匮乏的生境。     

不同生境下假臭草生长特征分析

通过测定庄稼地、弃耕地、桉树林、公路边4种生境下假臭草叶面积(LA)、比叶面积(SLA)、LDMC和株高等形态特征、植株各构件生物量及生物量分配比和假臭草种群盖度、密度等种群数量性状,研究不同生境类型下假臭草个体的形态特征、生物量及生物量分配和种群生长状况的差异。结果表明:光照和土壤养分对假臭草的形态特征、生物量及生物量分配和种群数量性状的影响显著;低光照、高土壤养分生境下假臭草的LA、SLA、株高较高,假臭草叶片的LDMC较小,植株的花序数较少,生物量主要向叶和茎器官进行分配,根和花果器官的生物量分配则受到限制;高光照、养分贫瘠生境下假臭草的LA、SLA、株高较低,假臭草叶片的LDMC较大,生物量主要向根和花果器官进行分配,种群的盖度、密度、生物量和高度等种群数量性状较低,种群生长状况较差;高光照、肥沃养分生境为假臭草的最适生境,假臭草构件的资源配置较为优化,株高、基径粗、冠宽和花序数等形态指标较大,种群盖度、密度、生物量等种群数量性状较大,种群生长较好。     

不同生境下空心莲子草响应模拟昆虫采食的生长和化学防御策略

外来植物往往可以入侵多种生境并受到多种昆虫的采食,而不同生境条件将可能会影响这些入侵植物对昆虫采食的防御策略。以入侵我国的克隆植物——空心莲子草为研究对象,分别选择生长在水生生境、水陆两栖生境和陆生生境中的无性个体(分株),通过50%去叶处理模拟昆虫采食,分析不同生境下空心莲子草对模拟昆虫采食处理的生长及化学防御响应的差异。模拟昆虫采食处理显著抑制了陆生生境、水陆两栖生境以及水生生境下空心莲子草的根、茎、叶和总生物量,但对3种生境下空心莲子草的生物量分配(根冠比、根生物量分配、茎生物量分配和叶生物量分配)均无显著影响。陆生生境下空心莲子草根、茎和总生物量显著高于水陆两栖生境和水生生境,根冠比显著低于水陆两栖生境和水生生境。模拟昆虫采食处理显著降低了空心莲子草的木质素含量,而对单宁和总酚含量影响不显著。生境对木质素含量无显著影响,但陆生生境下空心莲子草单宁含量显著高于水陆两栖生境和水生生境,且总酚含量显著高于水陆两栖生境,表明陆生生境中空心莲子草具有更强的防御能力。空心莲子草木质素含量与总生物量无显著相关性,但在模拟采食情况下,其总酚含量与总生物量呈显著负相关,而无论模拟昆虫采食处理存在与否,空心莲子草单宁含量与总生物量均呈显著正相关。因此,空心莲子草存在昆虫介导的生长和化学防御之间的权衡,在昆虫采食的情况下可通过减少生长来增加对化学防御物质的投入,但生境对空心莲子草这种生长-防御权衡的影响十分有限。     

入侵植物印加孔雀草在不同生境的种群构件生物量及其分配特征

印加孔雀草是中国西藏新近入侵种,其危害已初见端倪,但我国鲜有对其入侵机理的研究.为探究印加孔雀草在异质环境下的种群构件生物量及其分配特征,进一步深入了解其生存策略和易入侵生境.该研究在菜园、果园、路边、荒地和河滩等五种典型入侵生境内对其花果期的种群构件生物量进行了测定和分析,计算了表型可塑性指标值.结果表明:(1)印加...     

喜旱莲子草对遮荫的可塑性反应:入侵地与原产地种群的比较

表型可塑性可能在外来植物的成功入侵和随后的扩散中起到至关重要的作用。一些研究者推测喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)入侵地种群可能比原产地种群对光强具有更强的可塑性反应。为了验证该假说,我们在正常光照和遮荫(30%正常光照)条件下研究了喜旱莲子草原产地(阿根廷)和入侵地(美国)种群在形态特征和生物量分配上是否存在显著差异。结果表明:(1)喜旱莲子草对光照强度具有很强的可塑性。在遮荫处理下,其根冠比和分枝生物量比显著降低,而比茎长和比叶面积显著增加;(2)原产地和入侵地喜旱莲子草的总生物量和比叶面积对遮荫的可塑性没有显著差异。入侵地种群的根冠比、分枝强度和比茎长的可塑性显著小于原产地种群;(3)无论在正常或低光照条件下,入侵地种群的根冠比(–20.8%)、分枝强度(–54.6%)、比茎长(–18.5%)和比叶面积(–8.6%)均显著低于原产地种群。这些结果表明,喜旱莲子草对光照强度具有很强的可塑性,这可能是该物种可以分布于从河岸带草丛到疏林灌丛等各种生境的主要原因;从原产地到入侵地,喜旱莲子草与耐阴性有关的性状对光照的可塑性显著降低,可能是该物种在入侵地能够形成单优势种群的主要原因。     

养分影响入侵种喜旱莲子草对专食性天敌的防御

竞争力增强进化假说(Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability,EICA)认为入侵植物在入侵地由于天敌逃逸导致对天敌防御投入降低而增加生长和繁殖等投入。然而,EICA假说所预测防御能力的进化主要集中在防御的组成抗性方面,而从诱导抗性和耐受性的角度进行的验证还很有限,并且忽视了生境资源可利用性对植物防御策略的影响。本研究采用同质园实验比较了喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)原产地(阿根廷)和入侵地(美国)各9个种群,在高、低养分和有、无专食性天敌取食处理下的防御相关功能性状(比茎长、根冠比)及其对天敌取食的诱导反应,以及它们与植物适合度相关指标的关系。结果表明:入侵地种群具有较高的总生物量(+14.7%)、较低的比茎长(防御钻茎化蛹天敌的重要指标,-27.5%),暗示其个体大小增加而防御投入降低,符合EICA假说的预测。入侵地种群耐受性与原产地种群没有显著差异。在高养分下,入侵地种群的比茎长对专食性天敌取食的诱导反应显著增加,且与总生物量呈显著正相关。这些结果表明,相比原产地种群,入侵地种群具有更高的生物量,对专食性天敌的组成抗性降低,且在高养分下对专食性天敌的诱导抗性增加,推测生境的养分富集可能会降低喜旱莲子草的生物防治效果。     

不同生境下刺五加种群构件生物量结构与生长规律

从构件水平对针阔混交林、蒙古栎林和次生杂木林3个生境的刺五加种群各功能构件的生物量结构及生物量比率与年龄之间的关系进行了定量分析. 结果表明,刺五加种群的个体生长和各构件生物量动态与环境条件关系密切.不同环境条件下,刺五加种群各功能构件生物量平均值具有相同的规律：茎构件>根茎构件>叶构件.3个生境中刺五加整体种群水平具有一定的相似性.在郁闭度为40%的蒙古栎林中,刺五加种群个体生物量和各构件生物量较针阔混交林和次生杂木林中大.不同生境下刺五加种群分株生物量的差异蕴涵着重要的生长调节和物质分配策略.在分株较小的幼龄个体以及郁闭度较大而不利于分株生长的次生杂木林中,分株优先建造叶器官,以保证充分的物质生产. 3个生境刺五加种群的叶、茎与分株的相对增重均具有相同的幂函数异速生长规律.     

新疆天山北坡不同地区的野生无芒雀麦构件生物量

构件生物量分配是植物响应异质环境做出的资源分配策略。以天山北坡5个典型地区的野生无芒雀麦为研究对象,采用野外调查和室内测量相结合的手段,分析不同地区无芒雀麦构件生物量的差异,探究构件生物量的变化规律。结果表明,不同生境下构件生物量及其分配存在不同程度的差异,其中茎生物量及其分配差异最大。营养构件生物量分配大于生殖构件,地上构件生物量大于地下构件,且营养分配和地上分配在地区间存在显著差异(P<0.05),构件生物量分配与环境因子的关系密切,地上生物量更能反映茎生物量的积累情况。综上所述,无芒雀麦构件生物量在不同地区草地中不具有稳定的分配模式,对环境的适应性较强。     

北京西部山区胡枝子种群研究: 个体和构件生物量

通过对北京西部山区胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor Turcz.)种群个体和构件地上生物量进行系统研究。结果表明, 种群(总和)个体和各构件地上生物量积累与年龄的关系均可用方程式Y=axb表示。不同种群的植株个体和构件生物量有显著性不同(P<0.05), 在海拔910-1 100 m的山脊林缘的种群个体和构件地上生物量较其它种群大, 植株地上营养构件的生物量比率较小, 而繁殖构件生物量比率较大; 不适生境中的种群则反之。种群个体生长和各构件生物量动态与环境条件关系密切。构件生物量比率也随着年龄的增长而有所变化。叶生物量比率随年龄增加而减小; 枝构件生物量比率随年龄增加而增大; 繁殖构件的生物量比率随年龄增加先增后减。依据相关指数R2, 筛选各构件生物量估计的最优模型: 枝、枝叶生物量和地上生物量均为m(DW)= a(D2H1)b, 叶生物量和花果生物量均为m(DW)=a(D)b。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.