冬小麦气孔臭氧通量拟合及通量产量关系的比较分析

基于田间原位开顶箱(Open-Top Chambers,OTCs)实验,研究了不同浓度臭氧(O3)处理下(自然大气处理,AA;箱内大气处理,NF;箱内低浓度O3处理,NF+40 nL/L;箱内中等浓度O3处理,NF+80 nL/L;箱内高浓度O3处理,NF+120 nL/L),冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)旗叶气孔运动对不同环境因子的响应,并通过剂量反应分析,比较了冬小麦产量损失与累积气孔O3吸收通量(AFstX)和累积O3暴露浓度(AOT40和SUM06)的相关性差异。结果表明:冬小麦旗叶气孔运动的光饱和点和最适温度分别约为400μmol.m-.2s-1和27℃,水汽压差、土壤含水量和O3剂量的气孔限制临界值分别约为1.4 kPa、-100 kPa和20μL.L-.1h-1,超过此临界值时,气孔导度会明显下降。利用Jarvis气孔导度模型对冬小麦旗叶气孔导度和气孔O3吸收通量进行了预测,结果表明Jarvis模型解释了冬小麦实测气孔导度60%的变异性。由于不同时期植物体气孔导度的差异,冬小麦旗叶生长期内累积气孔O3吸收通量(AFstX)呈非线性增加趋势。O3吸收速率临界值(X)为4 nmol.m-.2s-1时,累积O3吸收通量(AFst4)与冬小麦产量的相关性最高(R2=0.76),该数值介于O3暴露指标AOT40和SUM06的剂量反应决定系数(0.74和0.81)之间。与O3浓度指标(AOT40和SUM06)相比,O3通量指标(AFstX)在本试验冬小麦产量损失评价中未表现出明显优势。     

基于气孔导度和臭氧吸收模型的冬小麦干物质累积损失评估

为深入了解地表臭氧(O3)增加对冬小麦的伤害,利用开顶式气室(OTC)开展了大田试验,综合分析了不同生育期温度、光照、水汽压差等环境变量的变化,以及生育期差异和O3胁迫的影响,利用Pleijel等2007年修正的Jarvis型气孔导度阶乘模型,计算了冬小麦气孔导度的变化,并与冬小麦扬花期测定的日气孔导度变化进行了比较,表明该模型适用于本地O3增加对冬小麦影响的评估。同时,根据O3吸收通量模型,计算冬小麦的O3日吸收通量大于6nmol.m-2全生育期的累积吸收通量AFst06,并建立其与冬小麦全生育期干物质累积损失响应的关系模型,分析结果表明,在整个O3熏期期间的150nL.L-1和100 nL.L-1处理的AFst06与冬小麦不同生育期的干物质累积相对值的决定系数分别为0.91和0.93(P0.01),存在显著的相关关系,当AFst06增加10mmol.m-2,150nL.L-1和100nL.L-1处理组与对照相比,其干物质累积分别损失16.41%和13.23%。此外,讨论了O3胁迫下不同评估方法的优劣和通量响应评估模型的优势,以及不同水汽压差(VPD)等环境条件对气孔导度和O3吸收通量的影响。     

O_3和干旱胁迫对元宝枫叶片气孔特征的复合影响

利用开顶式气室(OTC)研究了O3胁迫(空气O3浓度加118μg·m-3)、干旱胁迫(土壤水分保持在田间持水量的40%~50%)以及O3与干旱复合胁迫(空气O3浓度加118μg·m-3和土壤水分保持在田间持水量的40%~50%)对元宝枫(Acer truncatum Bunge.)叶片气孔特征的影响。结果表明:O3胁迫41 d时气孔密度变化不明显,62和110 d时显著增加(P0.05);干旱胁迫和复合胁迫下气孔密度增加显著(P0.05);O3、干旱及复合胁迫处理110 d气孔面积、周长、长度和宽度明显减小(P0.05),气孔指数明显增加(P0.05);各胁迫气孔开度均明显减小(P0.05),O3和干旱对气孔开度影响存在协同作用,干旱减小了O3胁迫下的气孔开度。O3和干旱胁迫下气孔特征响应不同表明影响气孔的机制不同,O3对气孔影响具有累积效应,干旱可限制O3摄入量从而减小了O3对植物的伤害。     

城市植物挥发性有机化合物排放与臭氧相互作用及其机制

近地面臭氧(O₃)已成为继PM_2.5后影响我国空气质量的一种重要二次污染物。随着氮氧化物浓度的持续下降和气候变暖的加剧,城市O₃的形成对挥发性有机化合物的浓度更加敏感。近年来城市绿色空间显著增长,植物源挥发性有机化合物(BVOCs)排放和浓度逐年增加。针对BVOCs与近地面O₃之间复杂的交互作用,从植物BVOCs的特性与作用出发,综述了不同因素尤其是O₃浓度增加对树木生理状态及BVOCs排放速率的影响,定量分析了已有研究中O₃对不同植物异戊二烯和单萜烯排放速率的影响,以及BVOCs对O₃形成的贡献,总结了BVOCs与O₃相互作用研究领域存在的不足。未来亟需加强的研究包括：(1)城市树种BVOCs排放因子的实测,建立物种的排放速率数据库,优化模型参数,提升精细尺度BVOCs排放量估算模型精度;(2)多种环境因子,比如污染物浓度、温湿度等对城市植物BVOCs排放的交互作用和综合影响的研究;(3)植物BVOCs对O     

地表臭氧浓度增加和UV-B辐射增强及其复合处理对大豆光合特性的影响

基于开顶式气室(OTC),系统开展了地表O3增加和UV-B增强及其复合处理下(自然空气,CK;10%UV-B增强,T1;100nmol/mol O3,T2;100 nmol/mol O3+10%UV-B增强,T3)大豆光合气体交换、光响应、光合色素和类黄酮含量等参数的观测与分析研究。结果表明,与对照相比,T1和T2单因子处理组的如下指标有相似变化:气孔导度、气孔限制值下降,胞间二氧化碳浓度上升,净光合速率、最大净光合速率、半饱和光强显著降低,表观量子效率和暗呼吸速率先升后降。T1的叶绿素含量降低不显著,类胡萝卜素含量先降后升,类黄酮含量上升,而T2的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量显著降低,类黄酮含量先降后升。复合处理下,与CK相比各指标的变化和单因子相似,影响程度均强于两单因子组。因此,100 nmol/mol O3浓度增加和10%UV-B辐射增强复合处理对大豆叶绿素含量的影响存在协同作用,且O3胁迫起了主导作用。光合作用下降的主要原因均是非气孔因素,复合处理对大豆光合作用的影响比两因子单独胁迫有所加深,是O3和UV-B共同作用的结果。     

基于植被羰基硫通量估算陆地生态系统总初级生产力研究进展

羰基硫(COS)是大气中的长周期痕量气体,其分子结构、对流层大气混合比的昼夜和季节动态类似于二氧化碳(CO₂)。植物光合作用及其水解过程中,受扩散通路导度和酶活性影响,气孔的COS与CO₂吸收紧密相关,同时,植物自养呼吸并不释放COS。最新研究中,采用植被COS通量直接指示生态系统总初级生产力(GPP)。综述了植被COS通量与光合作用中碳固定过程的关联机制,以及采用涡度相关观测、整合大气COS监测和生态系统过程模型等方法开展植被COS通量与GPP研究的最新进展,探讨了关键生态过程和参数,发现方法存在以下瓶颈：(1)生理过程、尺度效应和解析效应影响了COS与CO₂的叶片相对吸收率,(2)观测与模拟手段有待进一步耦合,(3)全球COS观测密度限制了方法验证,(4)硫循环过程影响了多区域模拟精度。方法发展的前沿领域包括：(1)开展重点地区植被COS通量观测,(2)提高COS卫星柱浓度的覆盖范围,(3)完善生态系统过程模型的COS吸收机理。展望未来研究关注的科学问题是：对于亚热带等尚待开展COS连续观测的区域,采用植被COS通量...     

施氮对桉树人工林生长季土壤温室气体通量的影响

施肥是维持短期轮伐人工林生产量的重要手段,为了提高肥料利用效率,缓释氮肥逐渐成为广泛采用的氮肥种类。评估缓释肥施用对人工林生长季土壤温室气体通量的影响对于全面评估人工林施肥的环境效应具有重要意义。以我国南方广泛种植的桉树林为对象,采用野外控制实验研究了4种施氮处理(对照CK:0 kg/hm2;低氮L:84.2 kg/hm2;中氮M:166.8 kg/hm2;高氮H:333.7 kg/hm2)对土壤-大气界面3种温室气体(CO2、N2O和CH4)通量的影响,结果表明:(1)4种施氮水平下CO2排放通量、N2O排放通量和CH4吸收通量分别为276.84—342.84 mg m-2h-1、17.64—375.34μg m-2h-1和29.65—39.70μg m-2h-1;施氮显著促进了N2O的排放(P0.01),高氮处理显著增加CO2排放和显著减少CH4吸收(P0.05),且CO2排放通量与CH4吸收通量随着施氮量的增加分别呈现增加和减少的趋势;(2)生长季CO2和N2O排放呈现显著正相关(P0.01),CO2排放和CH4吸收呈现显著负相关(P0.05),N2O排放和CH4吸收呈现显著负相关(P0.01);(3)土壤温度和土壤水分是影响CO2、N2O排放通量和CH4吸收通量的主要环境因素。结果表明:施用缓释肥显著增加了桉树林生长季土壤N2O排放量,且高氮处理还显著促进CO2排放和显著抑制CH4吸收,上述研究结果可为人工林缓释肥对土壤温室气体通量评估提供参数。     

臭氧胁迫对大豆叶片抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的影响

由于城市化的加剧导致近地面臭氧（O3）浓度日益增加,对植物生长和生态系统的功能产生了显著影响,因此准确评估近地层O3浓度升高对植物的影响具有重要意义。本文利用开顶式气室（OTCs）,系统探讨了模拟O3胁迫下大豆抗氧化系统抗坏血酸（AsA）-谷胱甘肽（GSH）循环清除活性氧（ROS）的机制及其对植株生长发育的影响。结果表明,在整个生育期内,与对照相比, 80?10 nL?L-1和110?10 nL?L-1 O3可以使大豆叶片丙二醛（MDA）含量、相对电导率增大,超氧阴离子（O2 ）产生速率、过氧化氢（H2O2）含量升高,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性减弱; AsA-GSH循环中的AsA、GSH含量减少,脱氢抗坏血酸（DHA）、氧化型谷胱甘肽（GSSG）含量增加,过氧化物酶（APX）、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（MDHAR）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性呈现出前期增强后期减弱趋势,而脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）活性呈现出增强-减弱-增强的趋势。以上结果说明,O3浓度升高促进了大豆叶片ROS的代谢速率,降低了AsA-GSH循环效率,表明抗氧化系统不能长时间忍受高浓度O3带来的氧化伤害,从而使膜脂过氧化程度加重,对大豆表现为伤害效应。     

四种常见树木叶片光合模型关键参数对臭氧浓度升高的响应

随着城市化进程的加快, 臭氧(O₃)已经成为中国夏季首要大气污染物。已有研究表明O₃通过气孔进入叶片显著抑制光合作用, 影响陆地生态系统碳水循环过程。但是O₃浓度升高对植物光合和气孔导度模型关键参数影响的研究仍然缺乏。该研究利用开顶式气室, 设置两个O₃处理(CF, 过滤空气; E-O₃, 未过滤空气+ 60 nmol·mol^-1 O₃), 选用4种常见的树木(茶(Camellia sinensis)、复叶槭(Acer negundo)、栾树(Koelreuteria paniculata)和蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)), 通过测定叶片气体交换参数, 探究O₃浓度升高对植物光合和气孔导度模型关键参数的影响。结果表明: O₃浓度升高显著降低了4种植物的饱和光合速率和光合生化模型参数叶肉导度, 但是O₃对光合生化模型参数最大羧化速率和最大电子传递速率的负效应在不同树种间存在差异。此外, 不同植物气孔导度对O₃的响应也存在差异。通过对最优化气孔导度模型进行参数化, 结果表明O₃显著提高了蒙古栎和复叶槭的斜率参数(g₁), 并显著增加了茶的气孔导度模型截距参数(g₀), 但降低了复叶槭的g₀。在不同O₃处理下4种树木的内源水分利用效率与g₁呈显著线性负相关关系。综上所述, O₃浓度升高显著影响光合生化和气孔导度模型关键参数。     

FACE实验技术和方法回顾及其在全球变化研究中的应用

化石燃料的燃烧和城市化进程的加快导致大气中二氧化碳(CO₂)和臭氧(O₃)浓度日益升高, 大气气体浓度的变化会对植物个体和陆地生态系统结构与功能产生影响。CO₂浓度升高增加了陆地生态系统碳汇能力, 而O₃导致作物减产和生态系统固碳损失。自由空气中气体浓度增加(FACE)系统是最接近自然的一种模拟大气气体浓度增加对生态系统影响的研究平台, 已广泛应用于各种生态系统, 为理解陆地生态系统生态过程对全球变化的响应及评估未来情景的生态风险提供了重要科学依据。该文从FACE技术特点出发, 介绍了国内外建成的大型CO₂/O₃-FACE系统, 分析了FACE系统的不同布气方式在不同生态系统研究过程中的优点与缺点, 概述了全球FACE运行的现状和取得的主要成果, 并指出了FACE系统存在的主要问题和前沿研究方向。     

Comparing concentration‐based (AOT40) and stomatal uptake (PODY) metrics for ozone risk assessment to European forests

Tropospheric ozone (O₃) produces harmful effects to forests and crops, leading to a reduction of land carbon assimilation that, consequently, influences the land sink and the crop yield production. To assess the potential negative O₃ impacts to vegetation, the European Union uses the Accumulated Ozone over Threshold of 40 ppb (AOT40). This index has been chosen for its simplicity and flexibility in handling different ecosystems as well as for its linear relationships with yield or biomass loss. However, AOT40 does not give any information on the physiological O₃ uptake into the leaves since it does not include any environmental constraints to O₃ uptake through stomata. Therefore, an index based on stomatal O₃ uptake (i.e. PODY), which describes the amount of O₃ entering into the leaves, would be more appropriate. Specifically, the PODY metric considers the effects of multiple climatic factors, vegetation characteristics and local and phenological inputs rather than the only atmospheric O₃ concentration. For this reason, the use of PODY in the O₃ risk assessment for vegetation is becoming recommended. We compare different potential O₃ risk assessments based on two methodologies (i.e. AOT40 and stomatal O₃ uptake) using a framework of mesoscale models that produces hourly meteorological and O₃ data at high spatial resolution (12 km) over Europe for the time period 2000–2005. Results indicate a remarkable spatial and temporal inconsistency between the two indices, suggesting that a new definition of European legislative standard is needed in the near future. Besides, our risk assessment based on AOT40 shows a good consistency compared to both in‐situ data and other model‐based datasets. Conversely, risk assessment based on stomatal O₃ uptake shows different spatial patterns compared to other model‐based datasets. This strong inconsistency can be likely related to a different vegetation cover and its associated parameterizations.     

Flux-based ozone risk assessment for adult beech forests

Tropospheric ozone (O₃) is a critical threat to forest ecosystems. A stomatal flux-based risk evaluation methodology at the leaf level was established recently in the context of the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP). This study demonstrates improvement and validation of the stomatal flux-effect approach for adult beech with results from the 8-year free-air O₃ enrichment experiment at “Kranzberger Forst” (Germany). The risk assessment module of the SVAT model FO₃REST, being under development for local scale O₃-risk assessment of adult beech stands, was parameterized according to the LRTAP Convention’s Mapping Manual. Mean maximum stomatal conductance for water vapour of 245?mmol H₂O m^?2 PLA s^?1, as suggested in the LRTAP Convention’s Mapping Manual for beech, was affirmed by assessment at “Kranzberger Forst”, resulting in 162?mmol O₃ m^?2 PLA s^?1 upon recommended adjustment of the O₃/water vapour diffusivity ratio to 0.663. Based on this ratio, a provisional corrected flux-effect function was deduced. Modelled Phytotoxic O₃ Doses (POD ₁) and potential O₃-caused losses in biomass formation estimated with a site-specific stomatal conductance algorithm differed slightly only from estimates by the original LRTAP parameterisation. Analysis-derived POD ₁ target value within the meaning of Article 2 of the European Council Directive 2008/50/EC of 10?mmol O₃ m^?2 corresponded to potential loss in biomass formation of about 10?% in ambient air relative to “pre-industrial” conditions. However, exceedance occurred by about a factor of two during the study period, indicating high risk at “Kranzberger Forst” under ambient air. Assessment for doubled O₃ exposure indicated potential underestimation even of the O₃ risk because modelled losses in biomass formation are in the lower range of the standard deviation of the observed ones.     

Crop responses to ozone: uptake, modes of action, carbon assimilation and partitioning

The inhibitory effects of tropospheric O₃ on crop photosynthesis, growth, and yield have been documented in numerous studies over the past 35 years. In large part, the results of this research supported governmental regulations designed to limit tropospheric O₃ levels to concentrations that affected crop production at economically acceptable levels. Recent studies have brought into question the efficacy of these concentration-based O₃ standards compared with flux-based approaches that incorporate O₃ uptake along with environmental and biotic factors that influence plant responses. In addition, recent studies provide insight into the biochemical mechanisms of O₃ injury to plants. Current interpretations suggest that upon entry into the leaf intercellular space O₃ rapidly reacts with components of the leaf apoplast to initiate a complex set of responses involving the formation of toxic metabolites and generation of plant defence responses that constitute variably effective countermeasures. Plant species and cultivars exhibit a range of sensitivity to O₃, evident as heritable characteristics, that must reflect identifiable biochemical and molecular processes that affect sensitivity to O₃ injury, although their exact makeup remains unclear. Ozone clearly impairs photosynthetic processes, which might include the effects on electron transport and guard cell homeostasis as well as the better-documented effects on carbon fixation via decreased Rubisco activity. Translocation of photosynthate could be inhibited by O₃ exposure as well. Further, the influence of tropospheric O₃ needs to be considered when assessing potential effects of rising concentrations of atmospheric CO₂ on crop production. Advances in O₃ flux modelling and improved understanding of biochemical and molecular effects of O₃ on photosynthetic gas exchange and plant defence processes are leading to more complete, integrated assessments of O₃ impacts on crop physiology that continue to support the rationale for maintaining or improving current O₃ air quality standards as well as providing a basis for development of more O₃-tolerant crop lines.     

Ozone effects on plants in natural ecosystems

Tropospheric ozone (O₃) is an important stressor in natural ecosystems, with well‐documented impacts on soils, biota and ecological processes. The effects of O₃ on individual plants and processes scale up through the ecosystem through effects on carbon, nutrient and hydrologic dynamics. Ozone effects on individual species and their associated microflora and fauna cascade through the ecosystem to the landscape level. Systematic injury surveys demonstrate that foliar injury occurs on sensitive species throughout the globe. However, deleterious impacts on plant carbon, water and nutrient balance can also occur without visible injury. Because sensitivity to O₃ may follow coarse physiognomic plant classes (in general, herbaceous crops are more sensitive than deciduous woody plants, grasses and conifers), the task still remains to use stomatal O₃ uptake to assess class and species’ sensitivity. Investigations of the radial growth of mature trees, in combination with data from many controlled studies with seedlings, suggest that ambient O₃ reduces growth of mature trees in some locations. Models based on tree physiology and forest stand dynamics suggest that modest effects of O₃ on growth may accumulate over time, other stresses (prolonged drought, excess nitrogen deposition) may exacerbate the direct effects of O₃ on tree growth, and competitive interactions among species may be altered. Ozone exposure over decades may be altering the species composition of forests currently, and as fossil fuel combustion products generate more O₃ than deteriorates in the atmosphere, into the future as well.     

Concentration‐ and flux‐based dose–responses of isoprene emission from poplar leaves and plants exposed to an ozone concentration gradient

Concentration‐ and flux‐based O₃ dose–responses of isoprene emission from single leaves and whole plants were developed. Two poplar clones differing in O₃ sensitivity were exposed to five O₃ levels in open‐top chambers for 97 d: charcoal‐filtered ambient air (CF), non‐filtered ambient air (NF) and NF plus 20 ppb (NF + 20), 40 ppb (NF + 40) and 60 ppb (NF + 60). At both leaf and plant level, isoprene emission was significantly decreased by NF + 40 and NF + 60 for both clones. Although intra‐specific variability was found when the emissions were up‐scaled to the whole plant, both leaf‐ and plant‐level emissions decreased linearly with increasing concentration‐based (AOT40, cumulative exposure to hourly O₃ concentrations >40 ppb) and flux‐based indices (POD_Y, cumulative stomatal uptake of O₃ > Y nmol O₃ m^?2 PLA s^?1). AOT40‐ and POD₇‐based dose–responses performed equally well. The two clones responded differently to AOT40 and similarly to POD_Y (with a slightly higher R² for POD₇) when the emission was expressed as change relative to clean air. We thus recommend POD₇ as a large‐scale risk assessment metric to estimate isoprene emission responses to O₃ in poplar.     

Photosynthetic responses of Monarch birch seedlings to differing timings of free air ozone fumigation

To study the effects of different periods of ozone (O₃) fumigation on photosynthesis in leaves of the Monarch birch (Betula maximowicziana), we undertook free air O₃ fumigation to Monarch birch seedlings at a concentration of 60 nmol mol^?1 during daytime. Plants were exposed to O₃ at early, late or both periods in the growing season. The light-saturated net photosynthetic rate (A _sat) in July and August was reduced by O₃ exposure through a reduction in the maximum rate of carboxylation (V _c,max). In early September, on the other hand, despite a reduction in V _c,max, A _sat was not reduced by O₃ due to a counteracting increase in the stomatal conductance. Through the experiment, there was no difference in sensitivity to O₃ between maturing and matured leaves. We analyzed the relationship between A _sat, V _c,max and accumulated stomatal O₃ flux (AF_st). Whereas V _c,max decreased with increasing AF_st, the correlation between A _sat and AF_st was weak because the response of stomatal conductance to O₃ was affected by season. We conclude photosynthetic response of Monarch birch to O₃ exposure changes with season. This is due to the inconstant stomatal response to O₃ but not due to the respose of biochemical assimilation capacity in chloroplasts.     

Complexities in Understanding Ecosystem Response to Ozone

Ecological risk assessment of O₃ impact requires consideration of many factors that, perhaps, are not of concern in human health risk assessment. The episodic nature of O₃ exposure, functional complexity of species assemblages, and the broad spatial and temporal scales characteristic of natural ecosystems make ecological risk assessment extremely difficult. The majority of exposure studies using plants have examined the sensitivity of individual species, growing under controlled conditions. Research has shown that individuals growing in plant mixtures may not respond the same way to O₃ as when growing alone. In addition, other naturally occurring stresses can modify plant response to O₃. Understanding the effect of O₃ on natural systems and protecting vegetation resources represent significant scientific and regulatory challenges. Here we review several factors that need to be considered when evaluating ecosystem response to O₃. Then we briefly present two examples of controlled seedling studies that were conducted to better understand mechanisms of tree response to O₃. In the first example controlled exposure studies revealed responses in tree roots that led to hypothesis testing in the field in ponderosa pine ecosystems. Field experiments have confirmed a similar response in root biomass and carbohydrates across a natural O₃ gradient in S. California, suggesting at least a partial role for O₃ in the response. The second example illustrates the difficulty of understanding mechanistic interactions to O₃ stress even in controlled chamber studies. The second example also illustrates the difficulty of using chamber studies to understand responses in the field. While our knowledge of vegetation response to O₃ is extensive and compelling, important questions remain about how to quantify these effects in the field, assess their magnitude, and establish a suitable standard that is protective of ecosystems.     

鼎湖山南亚热带天然针阔叶混交林臭氧吸收特征

针阔叶混交林是我国南亚热带针叶林向地带性常绿阔叶林演替的中间林分类型,为我国南亚地区主要森林类型,发挥着重要的生态系统服务功能。基于树干液流技术和对臭氧浓度的连续监测,评价该森林类型的臭氧吸收特征和能力有着重要的环境生态学意义。对鼎湖山天然针阔叶混交林优势种马尾松(Pinus manssoniana)、锥栗(Castanopsis chinensis)、木荷(Schima superba)和华润楠(Machilus chinensis)在自然环境条件下的臭氧吸收能力进行了分析研究。结果表明:在日尺度上,4个优势树种的冠层气孔对臭氧导度(GO_3)和臭氧吸收通量(FO_3)均呈单峰型曲线,其最大值的时间在干季(10月至竖年3月)比湿季(4月至9月)滞后;季节尺度上,臭氧浓度在湿季达到最大值48.94 n L/L,湿季GO_3、FO_3和年臭氧吸收累积量(accumulative stomatal O_3flux,AFst)均显著高于干季(P 0.01),华润楠的臭氧吸收能力最强,在干季和湿季可分别达1.11 nmol m~(-2)s~(-1)和1.71nmol m~(-2)s~(-1)。随着水汽压亏缺(VPD)增大,优势种GO_3降低。光合有效辐射(PAR)超过1500 umol m~(-2)s~(-1)时,优势树种GO_3和FO_3呈下降趋势。针阔叶混交林的年臭氧吸收累积量超过了保护森林树木所采用的临界阈值,可认为鼎湖山针阔叶混交林受臭氧危害的潜在风险较高。     

Association of the eukaryotic V1VO ATPase subunits a with d and d with A

Owing to the complex nature of V₁V_O ATPases, identification of neighboring subunits is essential for mechanistic understanding of this enzyme. Here, we describe the links between the V₁ headpiece and the V_O-domain of the yeast V₁V_O ATPase via subunit A and d as well as the V_O subunits a and d using surface plasmon resonance and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Binding constants of about 60 and 200 nM have been determined for the a-d and d-A assembly, respectively. The data are discussed in light of subunit a and d forming a peripheral stalk, connecting the catalytic A₃B₃ hexamer with V_O.

Structured summary

MINT-7012054: d (uniprotkb:P32366) binds (MI:0407) to A (uniprotkb:P17255) by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (MI:0052)MINT-7012041: d (uniprotkb:P32366) binds (MI:0407) to A (uniprotkb:P17255) by surface plasmon resonance (MI:0107)MINT-7012028: d (uniprotkb:P32366) binds (MI:0407) to a (uniprotkb:P32563) by surface plasmon resonance (MI:0107)     

我国地表臭氧生态环境效应研究进展

针对当前我国大部分地区夏季出现的高浓度地表臭氧污染,综述了目前在地表臭氧的生态环境效应方面取得的研究进展及未来的研究展望。主要进展包括地表臭氧的污染水平,及其对植物的影响机制,具体包括地表臭氧对植物叶片的表观伤害、光合固碳能力、植物源挥发性有机化合物(BVOCs)释放、土壤微生物和土壤温室气体排放等方面的影响;在此基础上,提出了减少臭氧生态环境效应的管理措施。此外,对我国未来的研究进行了展望,建议加强在农田和森林布设臭氧浓度监测点、开展多因子同时存在的交互作用、气孔臭氧吸收量-响应(生物量或产量)关系以及臭氧对地下生态过程累积效应的长期定位等方面的研究,以期为我国地表臭氧污染的生态环境效应研究起到一定的推动作用。