海藻有性繁殖生态学研究进展

由于研究技术与方法的不断改进 ,人们对海藻 (seaweeds)早期生活史方面的研究兴趣日益增大。评述了近年来海藻有性繁殖过程中配子释放和受精生态学问题。到达一定生理状态的海藻 ,通过对环境暗示应答而诱导配子形成。海藻生殖器官感受另一些特定的环境条件 ,通过有关信号传递机制 ,触发配子释放。海藻配子释放的时间及其所需的环境条件 ,依不同的种类而变化。配子同步释放以及各种适当的环境条件提高了受精频率和受精成功率 ,有利于受精的各种生物的和非生物的因素组合 ,形成了“机会窗 (the window of opportunity)”的概念。近年来的研究表明 ,海藻 (特别是红藻 )的自然受精成功率比以前所认为的要高得多。受精后合子 (胚 )的散布、集落与附着显著地影响其生存以及种群动态。对今后值得进一步研究的方面作了展望     

天麻室内有性繁殖技术

天麻室内有性繁殖技术蔡义荣（安徽省金寨县双河职业高中２３７３８１）天麻（Ｇａｓｔ。ｄｉ４ｅｌａｔａＢｌｕｍｅ）属寄生性兰科植物,无根无绿叶,依靠分解吸收蜜环菌卜。。ｌｉａｎａｍｅｌｌｅａ（ＶａｈｌｅｘＦｒ）ＱｕｅｌＪ而生存。应用箭麻（即成熟的天麻块茎...     

蓝睡莲有性繁殖栽培研究

蓝睡莲（延药睡莲）NymphaeastellataWilld．是一种具有园林水体绿化的重要观赏水生植物。根据我们调查、收集的结果看,现仅在海南省万宁县境内的丘陵湿地中发现有自然分布。中国植物志第二十七卷记载湖北有分布,但到目前为止,尚未有人报道发现实物;海南植物志记载海口市附     

蕨菜有性繁殖与无性繁殖技术

蕨菜有性繁殖与无性繁殖技术冯玉斌，何允波，赵占美，洪永刚（通化市园艺研究所１３４００１）蕨菜（ＰｔｈａｉｕｌｎａｑｕｆｆＩｎｕｍ）是凤尾蕨科的多年生草本植物。适应性强，分布极为广泛。近年来，我国对蕨菜进行大量出口。主要是由于其新鲜可口，营养价值高，含...     

南海北部沿海夜光藻赤潮的生态模式研究

本文根据１９８０～１９９１年南海北部沿海发生的夜光藻赤潮资料,介绍了夜光藻的生物学特征．生态学特征,从夜光藻发生赤潮的起始、发展、维持和消亡四个阶段分析和探讨其发生机制,提出了夜光藻赤潮的生态模式。研究表明：夜光藻赤潮各阶段的消长过程受到物理、化学和生物因素的制约．这些因素在夜光藻赤潮发生的不同阶段所起的作用是不一样的,其发生机制仍然存在着生物地理学的差异等。     

黄海太平角鼠尾藻有性繁殖分配

以位于黄海的青岛太平角自然生长的鼠尾藻为对象,研究其有性繁殖分配动态及相关环境因子.结果表明:鼠尾藻于6月初开始进入有性繁殖期,于7月中旬海水温度22℃左右达到繁殖高峰,7月19日平均繁殖分配(RA)达76.7%,8月末有性繁殖结束.鼠尾藻繁殖分配与平均分枝长度呈显著线性相关(r=0.855,P<0.01).长度在10cm以下的藻体在整个繁殖期内的RA较低,而长度在10cm以上的藻体在成熟高峰期的RA在70.0%以上.析因方差分析表明,潮位和浪冲击度均对鼠尾藻有性繁殖分配有显著影响(潮位:F=175.62,P<0.001,浪冲击度:F=95.35,P<0.01),且二者之间存在交互作用(F=9.14,P<0.05).其对RA的影响大小依次为潮位>浪冲击度>潮位×浪冲击度.     

藕莲有性繁殖栽培

根据莲(Nelumbo nucifera)生物学特性,既可用藕作种进行无性繁殖,也可用种子播种进行有性繁殖。藕莲在我国有数千年的栽培历史,但素以无性系栽培。尚未见到有性繁殖栽培的报道。作者自1980年起进行了有性繁殖栽培试验。1982-1984年先后在武汉市、河南省封丘县、进行大田小区栽培试验,并列入湖北省科委农林牧副渔综合基点县推广研究项目,在广济县试验推广,已获成功。     

野生有性繁殖物种首次证明可单性繁殖

通常都是2条蛇——一雌一雄——合作生下一窝蛇宝宝。然而最新的研究表明,美洲蝮蛇（Agkistrodon contortrix）及其有毒的表亲水蝮蛇（Agkistrodon piscivonus）却并非总是需要一个伴侣才能够创造下一代。这些毒蛇具有单．性繁殖的能力。     

Noctiluca scintillans may act as a vector of toxigenic microalgae

Noctiluca scintillans food vacuoles containing toxigenic microalgae of the genera Dinophysis and Pseudo-nitzschia are reported in samples from the Galician Rías Baixas (NW Spain). N. scintillans may play an important role in the population dynamics of toxigenic microalgae blooms, and may act as a vector of phycotoxins to higher trophic levels. The harmful effects of Noctiluca in natural shellfish beds and/or aquaculture sites may be magnified if cells are loaded with toxigenic microalgal prey.     

Cycle of gonadal development in Eunicella singularis (Cnidaria: Octocorallia): trends in sexual reproduction in gorgonians

Abstract. Eunicella singularis is a gorgonian species whose members are abundant in hard-bottom sublittoral communities of the Mediterranean Sea. The reproductive biology in this species has been examined to better understand the ability in this species to recover from recent mass mortality events. Eunicella singularis is a stable, gonochoric, iteroparous species that reproduces annually and exhibits a seasonal pattern of gametogenesis characterized by a single annual maturation of the gametes. The sex ratio did not significantly differ from 1:1. Oogenesis lasted 13–17 months, beginning between February and June, and ending with the release of 0.7 planula larvae per polyp between late May and July of the following year. The diameter of mature oocytes ranged 450–860 μm. Spermatogenesis was much shorter than oogenesis and occurred over 5–6 months. Gonadal production of both sexes increased in spring and culminated with the spawning of male colonies in late May–June. Fertilization of oocytes and development of the planula larvae occurred within the polyps of female colonies. Planula release was observed in June and July. The patterns emerging from this and previous studies on sexual reproduction of Mediterranean gorgonians suggest that investment in gonad development appears to be related to resource availability.     

The role of sexual and clonal reproduction in maintaining population in Fritillaria camtschatcensis (L.) Ker-Gawl. (Liliaceae)

Fritillaria camtschatcensis can reproduce by means of both sexual reproduction and clonal multiplication. Despite prolific seed production, no seedlings have been found for several years in natural populations on Mt Hakusan. The purposes of this paper are to clarify: (i) whether population size is maintained mainly by clonal multiplication; and (ii) if this is the case, to what extent occasional seedling establishment affects population growth rate and population structure. Two permanent quadrats were placed in subalpine meadows in 1992 on Mt Hakusan. Plant size, location and reproductive states for all ramets in the quadrats were recorded every year. Projection matrices were created based on field census, and computer simulation experiments were performed. Fritillaria camtschatcensis had two types of flower, male flower and cosexual flower, and they were changeable. This is the first report on sex lability in Fritillaria. Clonal growth was more closely correlated with life-history stages, especially with sexual states than with plant size. The population growth rate, , was 1.006 for the Mizuyajiri population and 1.047 for the Nanryu population, respectively. Seedlings were found in 1996 for the first time. These facts indicate that populations of F. camtschatcensis on Mt Hakusan can usually be maintained by clonal multiplication. However, it is not yet certain whether seeds germinate every year or whether a flush of seedling emergence occurs once in every few years in natural populations. Computer simulation revealed that: (i) there was a critical germination rate above which population growth rate suddenly increased; and (ii) occasional seedling establishment could provide almost the same contribution to population growth rate as that of annual seedling establishment. These results suggest that population size can be maintained mainly by clonal multiplication, and the role of sexual reproduction lies beyond maintaining the population size in F. camtschatcensis.     

Density-dependent sexual reproduction in natural populations of the rotifer asplanchna girodi

The monogonont rotifer Asplanchna girodi was continuously present in daily and bi-daily plankton samples of Golf Course Pond during the spring of 1977. Two cycles of sexual reproduction occurred during this period. By isolation and culture of females it was possible to determine the reproductive type of collected individuals. Data thus obtained suggest that environmental cues associated with population density are responsible for the production of sexual females.     

盐度对沙蜇有性繁殖阶段早期发育的影响

近几十年来,沙蜇的频繁暴发给东亚海域的海洋生态系统带来了广泛影响。在秋季,沙蜇成熟的雌雄水母体在沿岸水域聚集产卵,有性繁殖产生的受精卵发育成新的底栖螅状体,为螅状体种群数量进行补充。河口浅滩海域为沙蜇的繁育地,沿岸盐度较低,在秋季降雨期盐度多变,较低、多变的盐度可能对沙蜇有性繁殖阶段的早期发育产生重要作用,从而影响螅状体种群数量的补充。实验设置了4种不同盐度(15、20、25、30)试验组,在不同盐度下对沙蜇受精卵进行培养,探讨盐度对沙蜇早期发育过程中受精卵、浮浪幼虫发育以及早期螅状体生长及存活的影响。试验结果:沙蜇受精卵胚胎发育的适宜盐度为20,发育基本与盐度25、30同步,盐度15受精卵细胞发育迟缓,发育率显著降低;浮浪幼虫发育适宜盐度为20和25,两组浮浪幼虫附着变态率高于盐度15、30,盐度15时浮浪幼虫活力明显降低、发育迟缓,浮浪幼虫在盐度15时水中存活时间较长可达8 d,但附着时间集中在培养后的3、4天,与其他组相同;早期螅状体幼体适宜盐度为20、25、30,早期螅状体存活率、相对增长率及特定生长率均显著高于盐度15,三组间差异不显著。结果表明,盐度显著影响沙蜇有性繁殖阶段...     

云南秋海棠属植物有性杂交特性

通过云南秋海棠属植物属下5个系统分类组的种类及外来园艺品种共109个组合的有性杂交试验,以系统分类组合、园艺分类组合(不同茎的形态类型组合)分别进行方差分析。结果表明:云南秋海棠属植物属下等级的系统分类组内、组间的有性杂交,以及不同茎的形态类型的有性杂交均无显著差异,亲和力较强而可育性高,可在云南秋海棠属植物属内进行广泛地远缘杂交; 云南产秋海棠属植物原种与外来园艺品种间的有性杂交亲和性弱而可育性低,需选择花粉粒和胚囊正常发育的外来园艺品种大量杂交,并采用切实可行的技术措施克服远缘杂交不育,以期培育新颖奇特的秋海棠属植物新品种。     

Resource allocation to sexual and vegetative reproduction in a forest herbSyneilesis palmata (Compositae)

The balance between sexual and vegetative reproduction inSyneilesis palmata was examined in relation to environmental conditions and the amount of reproductive resources, which is defined here as the total quantity of dry matter invested in both modes of reproduction. The allocation balance was measured for individual plants of two populations, with different densities in an open habitat, for 2 years, and those of two other populations, under different light intensities in a plantation forest (forest floor and edge), for 3 years. Relative allocation to sexual reproduction decreased with increasing reproductive resources in all populations except for the forest edge, which showed a constant allocation balance. The high density population showed lower relative allocation to sexual reproduction than the low density population, irrespective of the amount of reproductive resources. However the between-year comparison of the high density population suggested that under extremely high density, plants with a small amount of reproductive resources enhanced sexual reproduction, while plants with a large amount of reproductive resources reproduced vegetatively. On the forest floor, plants with small amounts of reproductive resources had higher relative allocation to sexual reproduction than the forest edge population, while plants with large amounts of reproductive resources had a somewhat lower one. The adaptive significance of such allocation patterns are discussed, based on qualitative data on the characteristics of both types of offspring.     

红曲霉繁殖相关brlM基因鉴定及功能分析

brlA作为曲霉分生孢子形成的中心调控路径中最上游的转录因子,能够诱导下游特异基因的表达调控分生孢子的产生,brlA缺失将导致曲霉无法产生分生孢子,同时生长代谢发生改变,但对不同菌种的影响有显著差异。【目的】探究brlA同源基因brlM在红曲霉中的基因功能,探索红曲霉繁殖调控机制。【方法】从紫色红曲霉Mp-21菌株中克隆了brlA同源基因brlM。利用同源重组原理,用农杆菌介导转化法构建了brlM基因缺失突变株(△brlM),分析△brlM和野生菌株Mp-21在菌落表型、显微结构、生长速率和次生代谢产物等方面的差异,明确brlM基因在红曲霉中的主要功能。【结果】在形态水平上,brlM基因缺失菌株导致菌丝生长更加旺盛,赋予菌落更加蓬松的表型;显微观察发现△brlM失去了有性繁殖产生闭囊壳的能力,但却提升了无性繁殖产生分生孢子的能力;同时代谢产物红曲色素、莫纳可林K和桔霉素产量显著下降。【结论】红曲霉brlM基因的功能与曲霉属中的brlA并不相同,brlM基因在红曲霉有性繁殖中的作用不可替代。本研究的结果对进一步探索丝状真菌繁殖调控机制提供了新的思路。     

Genes involved in Dictyostelium discoideum sexual reproduction

Macrocyst formation in the cellular slime moulds is a sexual process induced under dark and humid conditions. Normal development life cycle in these organisms involves proliferation by cell division and, upon starvation, formation of multicellular aggregates and fruiting bodies, consisting of spores and stalk cells. Macrocyst formation, cell division by binary fission and spore formation are thus three alternative modes of reproduction, for which it is of interest to understand how a choice is made. The genetic basis of asexual development and fruiting body formation is well known, by contrast information on the genetic control of sexual reproduction during macrocyst formation is scarce. In Dictyostelium discoideum, the most widely used species, several cell-surface proteins relevant to sexual cell fusion have been identified using cell fusion-blocking antibodies, but isolation of the relevant genes has been unsuccessful. Analysis of sexually deficient mutants, some of which are normal for asexual development, has shown that sexual reproduction is regulated by both specific genes and genes that are also involved in asexual development. Reverse genetic analysis of 24 genes highly enriched in a gamete-specific subtraction library has revealed four genes involved in the regulation of sexual cell interactions. One of them was found to be a novel regulator of the cAMP signalling pathway specific to sexual development. Studies on the molecular genetic control of the sexual cycle will be reviewed and their contribution to our understanding of the organization and function of the D. discoideum genome as a whole discussed.     

红霉素对大型溞生殖、生长和基因表达的生态毒理效应

红霉素（ERM）在水环境中广泛检出,并产生生态毒理风险。以大型溞为模式生物,研究了ERM在浮游动物繁殖、生长、抗氧化及神经系统方面的慢性毒理效应。结果表明ERM对大型溞的急性毒性为低毒（48 h-LC₅₀为315.41 mg/L,96 h-LC₅₀为163.08 mg/L）。在2 μg/L和200 μg/L浓度下暴露21 d,ERM会干扰大型溞的繁殖、生长、氧化应激防御及解毒相关基因的表达,诱导丙二醛含量上升,抑制抗氧化系统超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽转移酶及神经系统乙酰胆碱酯酶活性,引起细胞膜损伤和神经传导紊乱,造成大型溞前期产卵率升高,且对生长发育和游泳行为产生不利影响。解析了ERM在浮游动物繁殖、生长及在蛋白和基因水平上的毒理响应,为揭示抗生素对水生生物种群稳定和生态系统安全的影响提供基础数据支撑。