横断山区的蝶类资源与珍稀蝴蝶的保护

横断山区的蝶类561种,隶属于12科,208属.在12科中,种类最多的是蛱蝶科148种,其次是眼蝶科117种,灰蝶科65种,凤蝶科63种,粉蝶科60种,弄蝶科60种,蚬蝶科18种,绢蝶科12种,斑蝶科9种,环蝶科6种,喙蝶科2种,珍蝶科1种.分布于横断山区的珍稀蝴蝶有44种,其中国家Ⅰ级保护的1种,Ⅱ级保护的3种.     

稀有种和常见种对植物群落物种丰富度格局的相对贡献

物种丰富度格局的形成不仅依赖于群落的构建过程, 同样也依赖于群落中的物种组成(如稀有种和常见种)。本文以黄土高原子午岭林区的辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)林为研究对象, 根据频度大小对物种进行排序, 形成稀有-常见种和常见-稀有种两条物种序列, 通过逐一添加(去除)物种, 分析引起的总体物种丰富度及其成分(α多样性和β多样性)的变化, 确定稀有种和常见种对物种丰富度格局的相对贡献。结果表明: (1)常见-稀有种序列与群落总体物种丰富度的相关性呈先剧增后平稳的对数增长曲线, 而稀有-常见种序列与群落总体的相关性与前者刚好相反, 呈先平稳后剧增的指数增长曲线; (2) α多样性在常见-稀有种序列中呈明显的对数变化曲线, 而在稀有-常见种序列中呈指数增长曲线; (3)与α多样性变化相反, β多样性在常见-稀有种序列中随物种的进入先迅速降低后逐渐平稳, 而在稀有-常见种序列中先平稳后急剧降低。可以看出, 常见种不仅主导群落的总体物种丰富度格局, 同时也是α多样性和β多样性格局的重要贡献者。因此, 常见种是群落物种丰富度格局的指示者, 也应该是优先保护的物种。     

中国红树林湿地物种多样性及其形成

目前中国红树林湿地共记录了2854种生物,包括真菌136种、放线菌13种、细菌7种、小型藻类441种、大型藻类55种、维管束植物37种、浮游动物109种、底栖动物873种、游泳动物258种、昆虫434种、蜘蛛31种、两栖类13种、爬行类39种、鸟类421种和兽类28种。这些动物中有8种国家一级保护动物,75种二级保护动物。中国红树林湿地是中国濒危生物保存和发展的重要基地,并在跨国鸟类保护中起着重要作用。中国红树林湿地单位面积的物种丰度是海洋平均水平的1766倍。从初级生产物质基础、食物关系多样性、宏观尺度和微观尺度的空间异质性、生境利用的时序性等方面分析了中国红树林湿地物种多样性极其丰富的原因。     

贵州省翼手类名录修订

参考翼手目动物分类学和分子系统学的最新研究成果, 在《贵州兽类志》的基础上, 结合近年来有关翼手类研究的资料, 对贵州省翼手类名录进行整理, 并列出了贵州省翼手类的分布地点。截止到2015年10月31日, 贵州省共有蝙蝠7科17属51种, 占中国现有蝙蝠种类(134种)的38.1%。其中, 我国特有种8种(贵州特有种2种)。与《贵州兽类志》中记载的翼手类相比, 增加了14种, 3个物种未被列入, 更改了10个物种的名称。按照中国动物地理区划, 贵州省蝙蝠以东洋界种类占绝对优势, 共有42种, 古北界种类仅2种, 广布种7种。列入IUCN红色名录各濒危等级的有44种, 列入《中国脊椎动物红色名录》的有48种。     

农田烟粉虱寄主植物调查初报

2001～2002年通过调查福州、漳州农田烟粉虱寄主范围,记录农田烟粉虱寄主植物17科62种(变种)．其中豆科7种、茄科6种、十字花科8种、葫芦科9种、菊科10种、苋科4种、藜科4种、旋花科2种、锦葵科2种、、大戟科2种、柳叶草科2种、蓼科1种、玄参科1种、番杏科1种、大麻科1种、免丝子科1种、伞形花科1种。农田烟粉虱寄主植物主要以蔬菜作物和农田阔叶杂草为主。     

The efficacy of common species as indicators: avian responses to disturbance in British Columbia,Canada

Common species can be major drivers of species richness patterns and make major contributions to biomass and ecosystem function, and thus should be important targets for conservation efforts. However, it is unclear how common species respond to disturbance, because the underlying reasons for their commonness may buffer or amplify their responses to disturbance. To assess how well common species reflect changes in their community (and thus function as indicator species), we studied 58 bird species in 19 mixed conifer patches in northern British Columbia, Canada, between 1998 and 2010. During this time period two disturbance events occurred, stand level timber harvest and a regional-scale bark beetle outbreak. We examined relationships among densities of individual species, total bird density and overall species richness, correlations in abundance among species, and responses to disturbance events. We found three broad patterns. First, densities of common species corresponded more strongly with changes in total bird density and overall species richness than rare species. These patterns were non-linear and species with intermediate-high commonness showed similar or better correspondence than the most common species. Second, common species tended to be more strongly correlated with abundances of all other species in the community than less-common species, although on average correlations among species were weak. Third, ecological traits (foraging guild, migratory status) were better predictors of responses to disturbance than species commonness. These results suggest that common species can collectively be used to reflect changes in the overall community, but that whenever possible monitoring programs should be extended to include species of intermediate-high commonness and representatives from different ecological guilds.     

广西金钟山鸟类保护区鸟类多样性初步研究

本文共记录到金钟山鸟类274种,分别隶属于18目57科,其中陆生鸟类251种,水鸟23种;以留鸟为主,共157种;候鸟、旅鸟分别为104种、13种;东洋种为优势类群,共有171种,古北种和广布种分别为4种、27种。这些鸟类中有国家重点保护鸟类39种,中国特有种鸟类3种,列入世界自然保护联盟红皮书名录中的鸟类5种,列入中国濒危动物红皮书名录中的鸟类20种,列入CITES附录中的鸟类34种。本文还对金钟山鸟类保护区的5种不同生境类型的鸟类种类组成作了比较,结果表明灌丛＋农田的鸟种多样性指数最高,为3．04;水域的鸟种多样性指数最低,为2．14。     

庐山蛾类区系研究

庐山,地处中亚热带北沿,北纬29.35°,东经115.59°,属亚热带东部季风区域。庐山襟江带湖,雨量充沛,植物种类繁多,种子植物有1800余种,隶属158科642属。因此,庐山蛾类也较丰富。笔者于1975年5月开始,对庐山蛾类进行了调查,共鉴定出蛾类455种。现将庐山蛾类区系报告如下。 区系分析 庐山蛾类已鉴定出32科340届455种。区系情况如表。 从表可以看出:     

四川省湿地水鸟资源现状与保护

为保护四川省湿地生境及生物多样性提供科学依据,于2014年12月至2018年12月对四川省湿地水鸟资源与栖息地进行了调查。在川西高原区、川西南山地区和四川盆地区共设置调查区域(点) 27个。调查记录湿地水鸟141种,加上以前有记录而本调查没有记录到的24种,四川湿地鸟类共计165种。实地调查到的141种湿地鸟类隶属于11目、23科,分别占全国水鸟目、科、种的73. 33%、65. 71%和43. 79%,其中国家一级保护鸟类7种,二级保护鸟类9种,四川省保护鸟类19种,CITES附录Ⅰ有3种,附录Ⅱ有8种。留鸟20种,夏候鸟23种,冬候鸟41种,旅鸟56种,迷鸟1种。区系组成包括古北界79种(59.57%)、东洋界33种(23.40%)、广布种29种(20.57%)。四川盆地区的物种数和种群数量最丰富,其次为川西高原区。四川盆地区与川西南山地区主要以冬候鸟和旅鸟为主,川西高原区则以夏候鸟为主。四川省湿地水鸟物种丰富,但人类活动导致湿地资源遭到破坏,影响了物种多样性,必须加强保护。     

Phylogenetic relationships and climatic adaptations in the Drosophila takahashii and montium species subgroups

We analyze phylogenetic relationships among temperate, subtropical highland, and subtropical lowland species of the Drosophila takahashii and montium species subgroups based on sequence data of COI and Gpdh genes and discuss the evolution of temperate species in these subgroups with reference to their climatic adaptations. In the takahashii subgroup, D. lutescens (the temperate species) branched off first in the tree based on the combined data set, but D. prostipennis (the subtropical highland species) branched off first in the trees based on single genes. Thus, phylogenetic relationships in this subgroup are still ambiguous. In the montium subgroup, the cool-temperate species are phylogenetically close to the warm-temperate species, and these cool- and warm-temperate species form a cluster with the subtropical highland species. This suggests that perhaps the cool-temperate species derived from the warm-temperate species and the warm-temperate species derived from the subtropical highland species. In comparison with the subtropical lowland species, the subtropical highland species may be better able to colonize temperate areas since, as in the temperate species, they have an ability to develop their ovaries at moderately low temperature. However, the subtropical highland species, as well as the subtropical lowland species, were much less cold tolerant than the temperate species. Therefore, considerable genetic reformation would be required for both the subtropical highland and the subtropical lowland species to adapt to temperate climates.     

内蒙古高原锦鸡儿属植物的形态和生理生态适应性

比较研究内蒙古高原锦鸡儿属(Caragana)中生种,旱生种和强旱生种的叶片形态结构、渗透调节、气孔调节和保护酶,目的是揭示锦鸡儿属不同类型植物的生态适应策略。中生种叶片平展,被稀疏绿色短柔毛;旱生种叶片平展或呈瓦状,被灰色柔毛;强旱生种叶片呈瓦状或卷成筒状,被直立或伏帖绢毛。叶片厚度强旱生种>旱生种>中生种,叶片面积、生物量和比叶面积(SLA)强旱生种<旱生种<中生种。叶片长宽比,强旱生种和旱生种大于中生种。这些形态结构导致保水能力强旱生种>旱生种>中生种,光能利用能力中生种>旱生种>强旱生种。渗透调节物质含量、细胞质离子浓度和细胞渗透势强旱生种>旱生种>中生种。渗透调节物质含量的差异主要表现在强旱生种可溶性糖和无机离子含量远高于旱生种,后者又远高于中生种。叶含水量、自由水含量、叶水势和气孔导度中生种>旱生种>强旱生种,束缚水含量、束缚水/自由水比值、POD和SOD活性正好相反,CAT活性旱生种>中生种>强旱生种。这些生理特性导致抗旱能力强旱生种>旱生种>中生种,但代谢速率正好相反。旱生种和中生种表现出较少的日水分亏缺,强旱生种水分亏缺从清晨到傍晚持续大幅增加。细胞膜相对透性和MDA含量强旱生种>旱生种>中生种。自由基含量表现为旱生种>中生种>强旱生种。这些数据说明虽然旱生种和强旱生种形成了多种特点来适应干旱环境,但仍然是不充分的。结论:(1)分布于半湿润至半干旱区的锦鸡儿属中生种依靠活跃的代谢、大量的水分消耗和快速生长使其在生物环境中取得竞争优势;生活在干旱地区和强干旱地区的旱生种和强旱生种依靠低代谢、节水和高抗旱性来抵抗苛刻的非生物环境。(2) 旱生种和强旱生种主要通过可溶性糖和无机离子的积累,调节细胞质渗透势,保持水分平衡,这是一种相对节省能量的适应对策。     

The effects of protection from fishing on species richness: distinguishing between alternative explanations

Marine reserves that prohibit fishing often result in greater densities of individuals and more species than adjacent fished areas. However, simple conclusions about their effects on species richness are confounded, because more species are expected to occur wherever there are more individuals. Here, there is an important distinction between the number of species per sampling unit (species density), and species richness measured as the number of species per given number of individuals. When conservation of species richness is an important goal, analyses need to discriminate between the alternative explanations for differences in the number of species. We used rarefaction to test whether species richness was higher in two ‘no-take’ marine reserves after controlling for differences in the density of individuals. We surveyed each reserve in three different years. There was a higher density of individuals and species in each reserve than in adjacent fished areas. However, rarefaction analyses indicated that effects on species richness were weak after controlling for the number of individuals: slightly higher species richness was recorded inside each reserve in one of three surveys, but the difference was small, and was apparent only when the maximum number of individuals was approached. Our results therefore indicate that patterns in species density were not reflected by patterns in species richness—the application of rarefaction methods is needed to determine the responses of species richness to protection elsewhere. The distinction between species density and species richness will not be important in all situations, but when it is important, inferences about species richness cannot be reliably deduced from measurements of species density.     

安徽省两栖爬行动物名录修订

参考两栖爬行动物分类学和分子系统学的最新研究成果, 收集了近年来安徽省两栖爬行类相关的研究资料, 整理成安徽省两栖爬行类物种与分布名录。截止到2018年11月30日, 安徽省共记录两栖动物2目9科26属44种, 其中安徽特有种3种; 爬行动物3目11科48属72种, 其中安徽特有种1种。与《安徽两栖爬行动物志》(1991)相比, 共增加了12种, 删除1个物种, 更改了29个物种的名称。区系分析表明, 东洋界种类91种(78.4%), 古北界种类10种(8.7%), 广布型15种(12.9%)。列入《国家重点保护野生动物名录》的有4种, 列入《中国脊椎动物红色名录》的有112种。     

Local versus regional species richness in tropical insects: one lowland site compared with the island of New Guinea

1. The overlap in species composition of Cercopoidea (Aphrophoridae, Cercopidae, and Machaerotidae), Flatidae, and Ricaniidae between two data sets, an almost exhaustive census from 13 Ficus species and a sample from diverse vegetation in the same area, led to the estimate for local species richness of 111 (SE 11.5) species (45 species of Cercopoidea, 36 species of Flatidae, and 30 species of Ricaniidae) at a lowland rainforest site in New Guinea. 2. Samples restricted to 13 species of Ficus contained 66 species, i.e. 59% of the estimated local species richness. This high proportion probably results from the high proportion of polyphagous and tourist (transient) species in the Cercopoidea, Flatidae, and Ricaniidae. 3. The two largest museum collections of New Guinean insects contained 327 species of Cercopoidea from New Guinea, including 23 of the 34 species collected in the field samples. This overlap led to the estimate of 483 (SE 97.2) species of Cercopoidea present in New Guinea. 4. The species found in the field samples were also 2.6 times more likely to be found in the museum collection than other species. This sampling bias can be due to a positive correlation between species local abundance and geographic distribution and/or similar patterns of species abundance at different sites. 5. The estimate of species richness of Cercopoidea in New Guinea increased to 1222 species when corrected for this sampling bias. Thus, only 4% of the New Guinean species were present locally, in the study area. Such high beta diversity is probably a consequence of the exceptional habitat and vegetation diversity in New Guinea, as well as its complex geological history.     

广东丹霞山国家级自然保护区 蝙蝠物种多样性调查

于2017年至2018年对广东丹霞山国家级自然保护区的翼手目动物进行调查,主要采用日栖息地与夜栖息地、捕食区网捕等调查方法,共调查到翼手目5科13属23种,其中蝙蝠科(Vespertilionidae)9属15种,菊头蝠科(Rhinolophidae)1属4种,蹄蝠科(Hipposideridae)1属2种,假吸血蝠科(Megadermatidae)1属1种,犬吻蝠科(Molossidae)1属1种。从区系组成来看,以东洋界为主(19种),其次为广布种(3种),古北界仅1种。从栖息类型上看,分为洞栖型、树栖型及建筑物栖息型,以洞栖型为主(15种),建筑物栖息型其次(12种),树栖型最少(5种),但其中9个物种的栖息地类型同时包含了上述3种栖息类型中的2种。本研究在广东丹霞山发现中国蝙蝠新分布记录1种,为卡氏伏翼(Hypsugo cadornae);而中印鼠耳蝠(Myotis indochinensis)为中国分布的再次确认。     

广州市花地湾市场宠物两栖动物调查

通过对广州市花地湾花鸟鱼虫市场两栖类宠物贸易进行为期3年27次调查,共记录贸易两栖类类44种,隶属2目16科35属。有尾目(Caudata)2科7属8种,钝口螈科(Ambystomatidae)1属2种,蝾螈科(Salamandridae)6属6种;无尾目(Anura)14科28属36种,铃蟾科(Bombinatoridae)1属1种,蟾蜍科(Bufonidae)3属3种,角花蟾科(Ceratophryidae)2属5种,其中1种为杂交种,丛蛙科(Dendrobatidae)2属4种,雨蛙科(Hylidae)3属5种,非洲树蛙科(Hyperoliidae)1属1种,角蟾科(Megophryidae)2属2种,姬蛙科(Microhylidae)5属6种,澳雨蛙科(Pelodryadidae)1属1种,叶泡蛙科(Phyllomedusidae)1属1种,负子蟾科(Pipidae)1属1种,箱头蛙科(Pyxicephalidae)1属1种,蛙科(Ranidae)2属2种,树蛙科(Rhacophoridae)3属3种。分布于国内的两栖类16种,外来物种共28种。受保护种类26种,所占比例达59.09%。讨论了两栖类宠物贸易对国内外珍稀濒危种类保护的压力、对生态系统的压力和对两爬类研究的影响。     

THE MACROEVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF ECOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES AMONG SPECIES

Abstract:  In this paper, I examine the dynamics of species richness in a model system in which multiple species compete in a metacommunity (multiple patches linked by dispersal). Patches lie along an environmental gradient, and new species are introduced into the system by speciation of existing species. This model is used to explore how the ecological similarity of species influences the patterns in community structure that result and to determine whether patterns in fossil and systematics data may be signatures for different types of community structure. Making species more similar overall along the entire gradient or making new species that have more similar optimal positions along the gradient to their progenitor both increase the time required to drive species extinction. As a result, making species more similar ecologically to one another increases overall species richness because of an increased frequency of transient species in the system. Having more transient species in systems shifted the longevity distributions of species in the fossil record towards having a greater frequency of shorter duration species, and the age distribution of extant species that would be estimated from molecular phylogenies also had a higher frequency of younger aged species. Comparisons of these results with species longevity distributions extracted from two data sets and with species ages derived from species-level molecular phylogenies strongly suggest that transient species are an important component of real biological communities.     

退田还湖对洞庭湖湿地鸟类的影响

对洞庭湖湿地退田还湖前后湿地鸟类群落结构进行对比分析,阐述了湿地鸟类群落结构的变化趋势.洞庭湖湿地鸟类群落结构的变化表明,鸟类的数量在退田还湖后明显上升,与1992年洞庭湖湿地鸟类名录相比增加2目16科174种,尤其是雁鸭类、鹬鹆类、隼类和鸣禽的种数增加迅速.优势种退田还湖前只有32种,退田还湖后增加到74种.不同的湖区因生态环境异质性,退田还湖前后鸟类的群落结构也有差异.在记录的312种鸟类中,其中东洞庭湖分布有297种,南洞庭湖164种,西洞庭湖217种,共有鸟类138种,东洞庭湖特有鸟类较多(48种).经调查,退田还湖(垸)区鸟类群落结构变化更为明显,青山垸分布13目33科77种,西畔山洲垸分布8目20科37种,两垸共有鸟种33种,青山垸特有鸟类有41种,西畔山洲垸5种.