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1.
Summary The detailed fine structure of a pigmented marine member of the Cryptophyceae is reported for the first time. The flagella are similar to those of other cryptomonads which have been studied but the root system is probably less complicated. The ejectosomes (trichocysts) have the typical structure but are present in fewer numbers than in many other members of the class. The chloroplasts contain numerous lamellae each composed of two rather dense thylakoids. A single large pyrenoid is attached to a chloroplast and on a short spur beyond this is the centrally placed eyespot. The chloroplasts, pyrenoid and eyespot are all enclosed by an endoplasmic reticulum sheath and starch grains are laid down between this sheath and the chloroplasts. The interphase nucleus is irregular in shape but has the typical eucaryotic appearance. At the anterior end of the cell are numerous coated vesicles which may have an excretory function. The fine structure of Chroomonas is discussed in relation to the ultrastructure of other algae.
Zusammenfassung Zum ersten Male wird der Feinbau einer Cryptomonadacee des Meers in seinen Einzelheiten geschildert. Die Geißeln gleichen denen der anderen, bisher untersuchten Cryptomonaden; nur die Art der Einfügung ist vielleicht etwas einfacher. Die Ejectosomen (Trichocysten) haben die übliche Struktur, sind aber weniger zahlreich als bei den anderen Mitgliedern der Familie und Klasse. Die Chromatophoren enthalten zahlreiche Lamellen, deren jede aus zwei ziemlich dichten Thylakoiden zusammengesetzt ist. Ein einzelnes pyrenoid sitzt an den Chromatophoren. Ein zentraler Augenfleck ist an einem kurzen Fortsatz derselben befestigt. Chromatophoren, Pyrenoid und Augenfleck sind gemeinsam von einer endoplasmatischen netzigen Hülle (endoplasmatisches Reticulum) umhüllt. Zwischen dieser Hülle und den Chromatophoren werden Stärkekörner abgelagert. Der Zellkern ist in der Interphase unregelmäßig gestaltet. Er hat das übliche Aussehen der eukaryotischen Lebewesen. Am Vorderende sind zahlreiche umhüllte Bläschen, die wohl Abscheidungsorganellen sind. Der Feinbau von Chroomonas wird mit dem anderer Algen verglichen.相似文献
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Summary An overview of recent molecular analyses regarding origins of plastids in algal lineages is presented. Since different phylogenetic analyses can yield contradictory views of algal plastid origins, we have examined the effect of two distance measurement methods and two distance matrix tree-building methods upon topologies for the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit nucleotide sequence data set. These results are contrasted to those from bootstrap parsimony analysis of nucleotide sequence data subsets. It is shown that the phylogenetic information contained within nucleotide sequences for the chloroplast-encoded gene for the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, integral to photosynthesis, indicates an independent origin for this plastid gene in different plant taxa. This finding is contrasted to contrary results derived from 16S rRNA sequences. Possible explanations for discrepancies observed for these two different molecules are put forth. Other molecular sequence data which address questions of early plant evolution and the eubacterial origins of algal organelles are discussed.
Offprint requests to: W. Martin 相似文献
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The flagella in Cryptomonas ovata Ehrenberg and two other un-named strains of Cryptomonas both bear stiff hairs with fine distal filaments of the same type as those found in the Xanthophyceae, the Chrysophyceae sensu stricto, the Phaeophyceae, the Bacillariophyceae, the Eustigmatophyceae and the Oomycetes. On the longer of the two flagella the hairs are 2·5 µm long and in two opposite rows whereas on the shorter flagellum they measure only 1 µm, are arranged in a single row and are more closely spaced. The long flagellum also bears a characteristic lateral swelling with a tuft of hairs of the same type as on the remainder of the flagellum, at approximately the level at which it emerges from the gullet. The hairs on the flagella of Hemiselmis rufescens Parke are distributed in a similar manner to those in Cryptomonas but they are more flexible and the swelling and tuft of hairs appear to be absent from the long flagellum. Hairs are apparently absent from the short flagellum of Chroomonas sp. The periplast in Cryptomonas ovata shows a hexagonal pattern in surface view and in sections of all three Cryptomonas strains appears as a typical plasmalemma underlain by a discontinuous layer of electron-dense material with variable substructure. The distribution of flagellar hairs and the structure of the periplast appear to be characters unique to the Cryptophyceae and these features emphasise the isolated position of this class of algae. 相似文献
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Phylogenetic relationships among genera of Massonieae (Hyacinthaceae) inferred from plastid DNA and seed morphology 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The tribe Massonieae Baker (Hyacinthaceae-Hyacinthoideae) presently consists of about 19 genera and 230 species distributed
from Africa (south of the Sahara) to Madagascar and India. Based on atpB and trnL-F DNA sequences the tribe is monophyletic only when the genus Pseudoprospero is excluded from Massonieae. In most trnL-F trees, this genus occupies a basal position within subfamily Hyacinthoideae and is sister to the rest of the subfamily. Molecular
data suggest that the remaining genera of Massonieae do not share common ancestry with the Eurasian/North-African tribe Hyacintheae
Dumort. (Scilla, Hyacinthus and allies), and thus a narrow concept of the essentially Eurasian genus Scilla is supported. Members of well-supported clades in Massonieae usually show similarities in seed characteristics as determined
by scanning electron microscopy. Phylogenetic position and seed morphology indicate that Massonia angustifolia and M. zeyheri do not belong to the genus Massonia but fall into a clade together with Daubenya, Androsiphon and Amphisiphon. The genus Whiteheadia appears paraphyletic in the 50% majority rule trnL-F tree and occupies a basal position next to Massonia. However, in the strict consensus tree neither monophyly nor polyphyly can be excluded for this genus. Seed appendages are
documented for members of the genera Ledebouria and Lachenalia. Within the genera of Massonieae there is a tendency towards bending of the seed axis. This phenomenon is most obvious within
the genus Lachenalia. Delimitation of genera based on seed morphology largely agrees with the results of molecular studies. Correlation between
number, size and color of seeds, geographical distribution and phylogenetic position of the genera are discussed.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
5.
Summary A detailed account of the ultrastructure of mitosis in a member of theCryptophyceae is given for the first time. The initial indication of mitosis is the duplication of the flagellar bases. The nucleus migrates towards the anterior of the cell and its envelope and nucleolus break down. The chromatin which at interphase is in the form of scattered clumps, condenses into a solid mass through which run narrow tunnels. Each tunnel allows the passage of one to four microtubules. At metaphase the dense plate of chromatin is situated on the equator and the spindle has a rectangular shape. Individual chromosomes cannot be recognized and no morphologically differentiated kinetochores have been observed. The flagella remain functional, their bases stay at the anterior side of the nucleus and do not move to the poles. At anaphase two plates of chromatin separate and these move apart until they come to lie against the ER sheath surrounding the chloroplasts. The new nuclear envelope starts to form on the opposite side of the daughter nucleus. Cytokinesis may commence early in mitosis and consists of a constriction of the parent cell, starting from the posterior end, followed by separation of the two daughters. The present work supports earlier views that only one chromosome is evident during the nuclear division of these organisms. The mitosis is completely different from that of theDinophyceae with which theCryptophyceae were formerly linked. 相似文献
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Isabella A. Abbott 《欧洲藻类学杂志》2013,48(2):143-149
Grallatoria Howe (1920) (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta), with a single species, G. reptans, was described from the Bahamas and has not been reported upon again. Recent collections of fertile material from St Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, show that the genus is identical with and its name antedates Callithamniella Feldmann-Mazoyer (1938). The two described species of Callithamniella, C. tingitana (Schousboe ex Bornet) Feldmann-Mazoyer and C. flexilis Baardseth (1941) are transferred to Grallatoria. Grallatoria is distinguished by a dorsiventral construction where nearly every cell of a decumbent axis bears conspicuous coloured haptera on the ventral surface, and opposite these on the dorsal surface one branch of determinate and one of indeterminate growth. Tetrasporangia, either cruciately or tetrahedrally divided, were known in the described species of Callithamniella and in G. reptans, and spermatangia were known only in C. flexilis. Cystocarps are described here for the first time. The reproductive and vegetative characters suggest relationship to the tribe Sphondylothamnieae of the Ceramiaceae (Ceramiales). 相似文献
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Specificity of Chroomonas (Cryptophyceae) as a source of kleptochloroplast for Nusuttodinium aeruginosum (Dinophyceae) 下载免费PDF全文
The unarmoured dinoflagellate Nusuttodinium aeruginosum retains a kleptochloroplast, which is a transient chloroplast stolen from members of the cryptomonad genus, Chroomonas. Both N. aeruginosum and the closely related N. acidotum have been shown to restrict their diet to a limited number of species of this blue‐green genus of cryptophyte. However, it is still unclear how flexible the predators are with regard to the ingestion and utilization of Chroomonas spp. as a source of kleptochloroplast. To address specificity of cryptomonad in N. aeruginosum, we collected the cells of N. aeruginosum from several ponds in Japan, and analysed the phylogeny of the kleptochloroplasts based on their plastidial 16S rDNA sequences. All sequences obtained in this study were restricted to only one (the subclade 4) of four subclades known to comprise the Chroomonas/Hemiselmis clade. Therefore, N. aeruginosum is specific in its dietary requirements, selecting their prey within the subclade level. 相似文献
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A species of Chroomonas that forms blue-green patches in the ikaite columns in the Ikkafjord, SW-Greenland near Iviituut, has been investigated by means of electron microscopy. It has a conspicuous eyespot, two distinct adjacent refractile bodies and a large pyrenoid. The flagellar branch of the gullet is provided with a ligula. A comparison with previously investigated species shows that this combination of characters is unique, and accordingly the Chroomonas is described as a new species, C. ikaitensis . Further details of its ultrastructure and of its ecology are discussed. 相似文献
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Christopher C. Tudge David M. Scheltinga Barrie G. M. Jamieson Danièle Guinot Bertrand Richer de Forges 《Acta zoologica》2014,95(1):1-20
Comparative ultrastructure of majoid spermatozoa belonging to 23 species, in 19 genera and five families, is considered, with new data on Schizophrys aspera; S. rufescens (Majidae, Majinae); Camposcia retusa (Inachidae); Pyromaia tuberculata (Inachoididae); and Huenia heraldica and Menaethius monoceros (Epialtidae, Epialtinae). The oregoniid Chionoecetes opilio, and inachids Cyrtomaia furici, Platymaia rebierei, Macropodia longirostris and Inachus phalangium, possibly with Camposcia retusa, but not Podochela riisei, appear to form a group. Within the inachids, Macropodia and Inachus are especially close. A domed central acrosome zone, seen in most inachid sperm, in majines (both Schizophrys species), in pisines (Oxypleurodon orbiculatus and O. stuckiae) and epialtines (Huenia heraldica and Menaethius monoceros), appears to be an autapomorphy of these majoids. A peripheral acrosome zone is seen in the inachid Grypacheus hyalinus, two inachoidids (P. tuberculata and Stenorhynchus seticornis) and the majid Maja squinado. Pyromaia tuberculata differs from other inachoidids in having a slightly dome‐shaped operculum. The mithracine Macrocoeloma trispinosum (Majidae) sperm more closely resembles Inachoididae, than Inachidae. Spermatologically, the family Majidae and the subfamily Majinae are not homogeneous. Spermatozoal ultrastructure does not support a majoid–hymenosomatid relationship and is equivocal with regard to the placement of Cryptochiridae in either the Thoracotremata or Heterotremata, the prominent operculum strongly differentiates cryptochirids from Majoidea. 相似文献
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用12S rRNA基因序列研究斑腿蝗科二属六种的进化关系 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
采用DNA测序技术测定了中国斑腿蝗科昆虫6种和斑翅蝗科的红胫小车蝗线粒体12S rRNA基因长约345 bp片段的序列。在获得的345 bp的序列中,A+T约占71.8%,其中135个核苷酸位点存在变异 (约占39.1%)。PAUP4.0b数据分析软件构建该6种蝗虫的MP和NJ分子系统树显示,稻蝗属和蔗蝗属各为独立的一支。在稻蝗属一支中,中华稻蝗与山稻蝗关系很近,而与小稻蝗关系较远,这与形态学结果相吻合;在蔗蝗属一支中,异歧蔗蝗与斑角蔗蝗亲缘关系较近,而与等歧蔗蝗关系较远,这与形态学研究结果并不吻合,有待进一步的研究。 相似文献
14.
The phylogenetic positions of three systematically controversial genera of ciliates, Spirotrachelostyla, Uroleptopsis and Tunicothrix, have never been established by molecular data. The small subunit rRNA genes of three species, S. tani, U. citrina and T. wilberti, were sequenced and added to existing sequences of stichotrichs and other ciliates to construct phylogenetic trees. Results indicate the following: (1) Uroleptopsis is most closely related to species of Pseudokeronopsis, supporting its assignment to the family Pseudokeronopsidae; (2) one sampled Tunicothrix branches sister to the two sampled Parabirojimia, and this supports the placement of Tunicothrix in the Parabirojimidae; (3) Spirotrachelostyla clusters consistently with Trachelostyla to form a distinct, divergent clade that associates with Amphisiella at the base of the entire sporadotrich-urostylid clade, confirming the hypothesis that Spirotrachelostyla should be placed in the family Trachelostylidae. 相似文献
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Summary The cryptomonadPyrenomonas salina presumably has arisen from a symbiotic event involving a flagellated phagotrophic host cell and a photosynthetic eukaryote
as the symbiont. Correspondingly, in this unicellular alga there are four different genomes, e.g., the nuclear and the mitochondrial
genomes of the host cell as well as the plastid genome and the genome contained in the vestigial nucleus of the endocytobiont
(nucleomorph). To analyze the orgin of one of the symbiotic partners the small subunit rRNA gene sequence of the host cell
nucleus was determined, and a secondary structure model has been constructed. This sequence is compared to those of 40 other
eukaryotes. A phylogenetic tree constructed using the neighborliness method revealed a close relationship between the host
cell ofP. salina and the chlorophytes, whereas the rhodophytes diverge more deeply in the tree. 相似文献
17.
The gene encoding 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA (ssu rRNA) was sequenced in the sessiline peritrichs Opisthonecta minima and Opisthonecta matiensis, whose free-swimming, paedomorphic trophonts resemble telotrochs. Using these new sequences, phylogenetic trees were constructed with four different methods to test a previously published association between Opisthonecta henneguyi and members of the families Vorticellidae and Astylozoidae. All trees had similar topologies, with O. minima, O. henneguyi, Vorticella microstoma, and Astylozoon enriquesi forming a well-supported, certainly monophyletic clade. On the basis of genetic evidence, genera of the families Opisthonectidae and Astylozoidae are assigned to the family Vorticellidae, which already includes some species with free-swimming morphotypes. The ssu rRNA sequence of O. matiensis places it in the family Epistylididae; its taxonomic revision will be left to another group of authors. A close association of Ophrydium versatile with members of the family Vorticellidae was confirmed, casting doubt on the validity of the family Ophrydiidae. Epistylis galea, Campanella umbellaria, and Opercularia microdiscum are confirmed as comprising an extremely distinct, monophyletic, but morphologically heterogeneous clade that is basal to other clades of sessiline peritrichs. 相似文献
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Cochliopodium is a very distinctive genus of discoid amoebae covered by a dorsal tectum of carbohydrate microscales. Its phylogenetic position is unclear, since although sharing many features with naked gymnamoebae, the tectum sets it apart. We sequenced 18S ribosomal RNA genes from three Cochliopodium species (minus, spiniferum and Cochliopodium sp., a new species resembling C. minutum). Phylogenetic analysis shows Cochliopodium as robustly holophyletic and within Amoebozoa, in full accord with morphological data. Cochliopodium is always one of the basal branches within Amoebozoa but its precise position is unstable. In Bayesian analysis it is sister to holophyletic Glycostylida, but distance trees mostly place it between Dermamoeba and a possibly artifactual long-branch cluster including Thecamoeba. These positions are poorly supported and basal amoebozoan branching ill-resolved, making it unclear whether Discosea (Glycostylida, Himatismenida, Dermamoebida) is holophyletic; however, Thecamoeba seems not specifically related to Dermamoeba. We also sequenced the small-subunit rRNA gene of Vannella persistens, which constantly grouped with other Vannella species, and two Hartmannella strains. Our trees suggest that Vexilliferidae, Variosea and Hartmannella are polyphyletic, confirming the existence of two very distinct Hartmannella clades: that comprising H. cantabrigiensis and another divergent species is sister to Glaeseria, whilst Hartmannella vermiformis branches more deeply. 相似文献
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Suparp Artjariyasripong Julian I. Mitchell Nigel L. Hywel-Jones Evan B. Gareth Jones 《Mycoscience》2001,42(6):503-517
A molecular phylogenetic study of selected species of three sub-genera of the genusCordyceps was undertaken, along with representatives of the generaAkanthomyces, Aschersonia, Gibellula, Hymenostilbe, Hypocrella, Nomuraea andTorrubiella, to examine their inter-relationship. Phylogenetic analyses of the data indicated that the Clavicipitaceae form a monophyletic
group within the Hypocreales, while the monophyly ofCordyceps was not supported. Four clades were identified:Cor. militaris/Cor. pseudomilitaris; Cor. iranginesis/Cor. sphecocephala; Cor. intermedia/Cor. capitata; andCor. cylindrica/Nom. atypicola. The sub-genusNeocordyceps was shown to be monophyletic while the sub-generaEucordyceps andOphiocordyceps do not form monophyletic groups. The genusHypocrella appeared monophyletic, and radiated after the formation of the generaCordyceps, andTorrubiella. Akanthomyces arachnophilus andGi. pulchra, anamorphs ofTorrubiella species, formed a distinct clade that was separate from one formed by the scale insect pathogens,To. luteorostrata andPaecilomyces cinnamomeus, suggesting that this genus may be polyphyletic. 相似文献