黑光灯诱集麦红吸浆虫成虫的数量及性比的变化

在河南省洛宁县小麦田夜间用黑光灯诱集麦红吸浆虫Sitodiplosis mosellana（Gehin）成虫,结果表明黑光灯对麦红吸浆虫成虫有极强的吸引作用,2010年4月30日至2010年5月19日之间日累计灯诱数量在9～5661头之间。5月7日是麦红吸浆虫发生的最高峰,当晚从20：00-23：30累计灯诱数量多达5661头;20：00以前天未完全黑,麦红吸浆虫成虫对黑光灯灯光不太敏感,灯诱数量较少;21：00-21：30时间段是麦红吸浆虫成虫夜间灯诱的高峰期,监测期间该时间段累计灯诱4134头;22：30以后吸浆虫活动显著减少。每晚灯诱数量与当日田间黄色粘板捕捉数量、网捕数量具有显著的相关关系,诱集到的红吸浆虫性比偏向雌性,表明黑光灯可以用作麦红吸浆虫成虫的监测工具。     

小麦品种抗麦红吸浆虫鉴定与抗性分析

利用一套较完整的田间自然感虫鉴定法,对183份小麦品种进行了抗麦红吸浆虫鉴定.鉴定结果表明,小麦不同品种对麦红吸浆虫的抗性存在着显著差异:高抗、中抗、低抗、感虫、高感的小麦品种,分别占参试品种的24.59%、16.94%、18.58%、14.21%、25.68%.不同抗性类型的小麦品种其穗被害率、粒被害率、估计损失率、抗性指数均有较大的差异,其中表现高抗类型45份,中抗类型31份.这些品种既可作为麦红吸浆虫发生区控制麦红吸浆虫危害的主推品种和后备品种,也可作为亲本材料提供给育种单位利用.     

麦红吸浆虫在我国的发生、危害及防治

麦红吸浆虫Sitodiplosis mosellana是我国的一种重要农业害虫, 以幼虫危害小麦正在发育的籽粒, 可造成小麦严重减产, 甚至绝收。该害虫具有虫体小, 滞育时间长, 为害隐蔽等特点。近些年来, 受全球气候变化、 耕作制度改变、 小麦品种更换、 人类活动等多种因素的影响, 麦红吸浆虫在我国的发生危害情况发生了很大变化, 出现了北扩东移的现象。麦红吸浆虫主要分布在我国的北方麦区, 发生为害具有隐蔽性、 间歇性、 局部性和暴发性的特点。这种害虫的发生危害受虫源基数、 生态因子、 农业生产措施及人类活动等多种因素的影响。进入21世纪后, 麦红吸浆虫在我国的发生范围发生了很大的变化, 且主要分布在43°N以南到27°N以北的冬小麦主产区。有关麦红吸浆虫滞育的多态性、 小麦对麦红吸浆虫的抗性机理、 抗性品种的选育和天敌资源的开发等方面的研究将是今后的主要研究方向; 未来仍需加强对麦红吸浆虫滞育的分子机制、 发生危害规律、 预测预报、 综合防治和寄主植物 麦红吸浆虫 天敌三级营养关系等方面研究。本综述可为今后了解麦红吸浆虫在我国的发生危害规律、 预测预报及综合防治等提供参考。     

麦红吸浆虫成虫对线偏振光的趋性

【目的】本研究旨在探索麦红吸浆虫Sitodiplosis mosellana对线偏振光的趋光效果。【方法】在室内采用自行设计的Y-型管装置,测试了麦红吸浆虫成虫对线偏振光与非偏振光的选择差异,并利用线偏振光诱捕装置进行了田间对比试验。【结果】结果显示,麦红吸浆虫成虫对线偏振光与非偏振光的趋光选择率分别为47.23%和20.31%,且二者之间差异显著;田间设置线偏振光与非偏振光紫外灯对麦红吸浆虫成虫的诱集量分别为:水平线偏振光(60.20)垂直线偏振光(37.60)非偏振光(25.60),且水平线偏振光与非偏振光源对麦红吸浆虫的诱集量具有显著差异。【结论】麦红吸浆虫对线偏振光具有较强的偏好性;水平线偏振紫外光诱捕装置与非偏振相比,对麦红吸浆虫有较强的诱集效果。     

山东省麦红吸浆虫发生环境的初步分析

本初步分析丁山东省麦红吸浆虫发生的环境条件．结果表明．毗邻四省是麦红吸浆虫的高发区．为扩散到我省提供了虫源条件．鲁南各有虫县常年的4月上旬～5月上旬的温度和麦田湿度有利于麦红吸浆虫的化蛹和羽化．麦红吸浆虫成虫峰期和小麦抽穗期相吻合．为麦红吸浆虫产卵提供了条件．小麦品种混杂,增加了田间感虫机会．地膜蒜地形成了麦红吸浆虫的早期虫源．田间种群数量的积累．666停用后没有很好的替代土壤处理药剂．也是有利于麦红吸浆虫发生的条件．     

小麦品种（系）对麦红吸浆虫抗性指标筛选与抗性评价

【目的】筛选小麦对麦红吸浆虫Sitodiplosis mosellana抗性的准确鉴定方法, 明确生产上栽培小麦品种（系）对吸浆虫的抗性, 为抗虫小麦品种的筛选和利用提供科学依据。【方法】2012-2014年在陕西周至县建立麦红吸浆虫抗性鉴定圃, 调查并分析各参试小麦材料的估计损失率、粒被害率、穗被害率、单穗虫口和实际产量损失率及其相关性, 筛选出较准确的指标; 并以筛选到的指标为依据, 评估参试材料的抗性。【结果】估计损失率连续两年与其他3个抗性指标及实际产量损失率的相关性最强, 且均达到极显著水平。2012-2013年参试的85份和2013-2014年评估的80份材料中, 高抗、中抗和低抗材料合计分别为25份和40份; 重复种植的16份材料中, 14份两年均表现为抗性, 其中科农1006和晋麦47连续表现为高抗。【结论】估计损失率为具代表性且较准确的吸浆虫抗性鉴定指标。筛选出的抗性材料可作为抗吸浆虫的主推品种或后备品种, 也可作为亲本材料进行抗性育种研究。     

耕作方式对麦红吸浆虫种群动态的影响

为了解不同耕作方式对麦红吸浆虫Sitodiplosis mosellana （Géhin）种群动态的影响, 2010年和2011年, 在中国科学院河北省栾城农业生态系统试验站不同耕作方式的小麦样地中, 通过淘土、 成虫网捕和剥穗等方法对麦红吸浆虫进行了调查研究。结果表明： 两年取土筛检出的幼虫数量依次为秸秆还田免耕田>秸秆站立免耕田>秸秆还田旋耕田, 但2011年网捕调查显示, 秸秆还田旋耕田中的成虫数量高于另外两种样地。两年剥穗检查出的幼虫数量的排序与取土筛检出的幼虫数量的排序相反, 依次为秸秆还田旋耕田>秸秆站立免耕田>秸秆还田免耕田。分析表明免耕有利于幼虫的越冬, 但免耕田麦穗受害较轻。旋耕对幼虫越冬不利, 但抽穗后受害较严重。在耕种方式是旋耕的情况下, 漫灌可加重吸浆虫的危害。研究结果有助于进一步了解大范围耕作方式的变迁对麦红吸浆虫发生的影响。     

麦红吸浆虫随气流远距离扩散的轨迹分析

为了解麦红吸浆虫Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin)种群随气流远距离扩散的可能性和扩散方向, 本研究于2010年5月在河南省洛阳市洛宁县, 利用系留气球携带取样器调查了麦红吸浆虫种群在5~75 m高空的分布以及活动节律, 应用HYSPLIT-4大气扩散模型模拟了2010年以洛宁县(34.35°N, 111.52°E)为起始点, 空中不同高度层麦红吸浆虫种群的扩散轨迹, 以及2007年麦红吸浆虫种群在我国北方麦区的扩散轨迹。结果表明: 在成虫发生期, 麦红吸浆虫在空中5, 45, 50和65 m 4个高度层种群密度较大, 表现出了明显的成层效应。2010年河南洛宁迁入的种群来自西南方的河南南阳地区, 迁出种群能够随气流进入东北方向的河南省宜阳县境内。2007年麦红吸浆虫种群能够随小麦发育期的先后, 随西南气流逐步向东北方向扩散。成虫随气流扩散是麦红吸浆虫种群远距离扩散的一种重要方式。研究结果有助于了解我国麦红吸浆虫远距离扩散方式, 同时对优化发生动态监测和综合治理提供参考。     

河南濮阳市小麦吸浆虫发生规律的调查与防治

调查了河南省小麦吸浆虫病的发生和分布情况,分析了小麦吸浆虫的发生与小麦品种、土质的关系,并成功地防治了小麦吸浆虫的大面积发生。     

麦红吸浆虫蜕皮激素受体（EcR）基因的克隆与表达分析

为了研究蜕皮激素受体（EcR）在麦红吸浆虫Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin)滞育活动中的作用, 利用RT PCR和RACE技术克隆得到了麦红吸浆虫蜕皮激素受体基因cDNA全长, 并通过Real-time quantitative PCR研究了其表达情况。该cDNA全长序列被命名为SmEcR （GenBank登录号： KC491135）, 其开放阅读框长1 386 bp, 编码461个氨基酸残基。其蛋白预测分子量52.90 kD, 理论等电点6.24。该蛋白与其他已报道的昆虫EcR蛋白具有很高的同源性, 其中与迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia coprophila中相应蛋白的氨基酸序列一致性高达92%。SmEcR在麦红吸浆虫不同滞育时期和不同虫态中均有表达, 且在不同滞育时期、 不同虫态中的表达量差异很大。在滞育不同时期以11月表达量最高, 12月表达量最低; 在不同虫态以麦穗幼虫中的表达量较低, 而成虫中的表达水平很高。本研究为进一步明确SmEcR在麦红吸浆虫滞育调控中的作用奠定了基础。     

基于判别分析预测马铃薯甲虫发生与出土时间

【目的】马铃薯甲虫是马铃薯生产过程中的毁灭性害虫。温度是影响马铃薯甲虫发生的重要因素,明确马铃薯甲虫越冬期及发生期的温度对其发生的影响,可为该害虫未来发生情况的预测和防治提供理论支持。【方法】采用逐步判别分析法对1994—2021年马铃薯甲虫越冬及发生期（上一年12月—当年9月）新疆察布查尔县马铃薯甲虫发生等级及出土时间进行判别分类,建立发生预测模型。【结果】在训练组中,马铃薯甲虫的发生等级、出土时间判别准确率分别为100.00%、80.00%;在预测组中,马铃薯甲虫的发生等级、出土时间总判别准确率分别为69.23%、76.92%,认为判别结果较可信。【结论】通过对影响发生程度、出土时间判别的因素筛选发现,察布查尔县马铃薯甲虫的出土和发生判别均受到4月温度的影响。     

水稻茎线虫病研究进展

水稻茎线虫病是水稻主要病害之一,能造成水稻严重减产。在我国水稻茎线虫属于检疫对象。该病害在孟加拉国、印度及缅甸等危害严重。本文结合国内外研究现状,从水稻茎线虫病原、形态、分布、症状等方面综述了水稻茎线虫病的研究进展,以期为我国开展检疫和防治提供参考。     

水稻生育期对稻水象甲成虫种群空间格局影响及抽样技术

[目的] 明确四川省西南浅丘稻区稻水象甲成虫种群在水稻不同生育期的空间格局及抽样技术,为获取准确稻水象甲虫情调查资料和制定有效的综合防控措施提供理论依据。[方法] 调整水稻播栽时间,错开2组试验田水稻的生育期,用聚集度指标法、回归模型法和频次卡方检验法分析稻水象甲成虫种群的空间格局及水稻生育期对空间聚集特性的影响,并对田间序贯抽样技术和抽样方法进行研究。[结果] 不同田块稻水象甲成虫平均密度为0.48~5.83头·丛^-1,分蘖期水稻田虫口密度显著高于抽穗期。稻水象甲成虫在不同水稻生育期稻田间呈负二项聚集分布,基本成分为个体群,个体间相互吸引,聚集强度随种群密度的升高而增加。当种群密度较低时,其聚集由环境因素引起;种群密度较高时,其聚集为其自身的聚集习性与环境因素共同引起。双对角线抽样法是稻水象甲成虫田间抽样的最佳方法,当稻水象甲成虫防治指标为1头·丛^-1时,Iwao序贯抽样模型为T_1（n）,T_0（n）=n±1.96√2.286n,结合Kuno序贯抽样模型建立了用于田间抽样的复序贯抽样图。[结论] 稻水象甲成虫在不同水稻生育期稻田间呈负二项聚集分布,分蘖期水稻田虫口密度显著高于抽穗期,双对角线抽样法是稻水象甲成虫田间抽样的最佳方法。     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

Adaptive photosynthetic strategies of the Mediterranean maquis species according to their origin

In consideration of their origin the adaptive strategies of the evergreen species of the Mediterranean maquis were analysed. Rosmarinus officinalis L., Erica arborea L., and Erica multiflora L. had the lowest net photosynthetic rate (P_N) in the favourable period [7.8±0.6 mol(CO₂) m^–2s^–1, mean value], the highest P_N decrease (on an average 86 % of the maximum) but the highest recovery capacity (>70 % of the maximum) at the first rainfall in September. Cistus incanus L. and Arbutus unedo L. had the highest P_N during the favourable period [15.5±5.2 mol(CO₂) m^–2s^–1, mean value], 79 % decrease during drought, and a lower recovery capacity (on an average 54 %). Quercus ilex L., Phillyrea latifolia L., and Pistacia lentiscus L. had an intermediate P_N in the favourable period [9.2±1.3 mol(CO2) m^–2s^–1, mean value], a lower reduction during drought (on an average 63 %), and a range from 62 % (Q. ilex and P. latifolia) to 39 % (P. lentiscus) of recovery capacity. The Mediterranean species had higher decrease in P_N and stomatal conductance during drought and a higher recovery capacity than the pre-Mediterranean species. Among the pre-Mediterranean species, P. latifoliahad the best adaptation to long drought periods also by its higher leaf mass per area (LMA) which lowered leaf temperature thus decreasing transpiration rate during drought. Moreover, its leaf longevity determined a more stable leaf biomass during the year. Among the Mediteranean species, R. officinalis was the best adapted species to short drought periods by its ability to rapidly recover. Nevertheless, R. officinalis had the lowest tolerance to high temperatures by its P_N dropping below half its maximum value when leaf temperature was over 33.6°C. R. officinalismay be used as a bioindicator species of global change.This revised version was published online in March 2005 with corrections to the page numbers.     

Hypothesis: Transgene establishment in wild relatives of wheat can be prevented by utilizing the Ph1 gene as a senso stricto chaperon to prevent homoeologous recombination

Durum and bread wheat need transgenic traits such as herbicide and disease resistance due to recent evolution of herbicide resistant grass weeds and an intractable new strain of stem rust. Transgenic wheat varieties have not been commercialized partly due to potential transgene movement to wild/weedy relatives, which occurs naturally to closely related Aegilops and other spp. Recombination does not occur in the F₁ hybrid between wheat and its relatives due to the presence of the Ph1 gene on wheat chromosome arm 5BL, which acts as a chaperone, preventing promiscuous homoeologous pairing to similar, but not homologous chromosomes of the wild/weedy species. Thus recombination must occur during backcrossing after the wheat Ph1 gene has been eliminated. Based on these findings, we speculate that Ph1 could be used to prevent gene introgression into weedy relatives. We propose two methods to prevent such transgene establishment: (1) link the transgene in proximity to the wheat Ph1 gene and (2) insert the transgene in tandem with the lethal barnase on any chromosome arm other than 5BL, and insert barstar, which suppresses barnase on chromosome arm 5BL in proximity to Ph1. The presence of Ph1 in backcross plants containing 5BL will prevent the homoeologous establishment of barnase coupled to the desired transgene in the wild population. 5BL itself will be eliminated during repeated backcrossing to the wild parent, and progeny bearing the desired transgene in tandem with barnase but without the Ph1-barstar complex will die.     

Laboratory evaluation of two diatomaceous earth formulations against Blattisocius keegani fox (Mesostigmata, Ascidae) and Cheyletus malaccensis oudemans (Prostigmata, Cheyletidae)

Diatomaceous earths (DEs) are very promising natural-origin pesticides against stored-product pests, but there is still inadequate information about the effect of DEs against stored-product mites. For this purpose, laboratory bioassays were conducted to assess the effects of DEs against the predatory mites Blattisocius keegani Fox (Mesostigmata, Ascidae) and Cheyletus malaccensis Oudemans (Prostigmata, Cheyletidae). Two DEs were used: SilicoSec, which contains 92% SiO₂, and PyriSec which contains 95.7% SilicoSec, 1.2% natural pyrethrum and 3.1% piperonyl butoxide. As prey, eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were used. The tests were conducted at three temperatures, 20, 25 and 30 °C, on wheat treated with DEs at two dose rates, 500 and 1000 ppm and mortality of mite individuals was measured after 7 days of exposure. For B. keegani, protonymphs were proved significantly less susceptible in comparison with adults, in most temperature/DE combinations examined. Also, for both DEs, significantly more B. keegani adults were dead at 30 °C than at the other two temperatures. C. malaccensis protonymphs were less susceptible than adults, for both DEs tested, with the exception of PyriSec at 30 °C. In the case of adults, in SilicoSec-treated wheat, significantly fewer individuals were dead at 30 °C in comparison with the other two temperatures, but this was reversed for PyriSec. The results of the present work indicate that both species are susceptible to the two DEs tested, but this susceptibility is highly determined by several factors such as formulation, dose rate and temperature.     

Insecticidal effect of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Ascomycota: Hypocreaes) in combination with three diatomaceous earth formulations against Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The insecticidal effect of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Ascomycota: Hypocreaes) in combination with three diatomaceous earth (DE) formulations against adults of the granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was tested in the laboratory. The three DEs were Insecto™, SilicoSec^® and PyriSec^®. The fungus was applied at 400 ppm alone, or in combination with 200 ppm of each of the three DEs. Mortality was measured after 7 d of exposure. Bioassays were conducted at three temperatures 20, 25 and 30 °C and two relative humidities (rh) 55% and 75%. On wheat treated with B. bassiana alone, mortality was higher at 55% than at 75% rh. Also, the fungus alone was less effective at 20 °C than at the other two temperatures tested, but mortality did not exceed 52% for any of the conditions tested. Similar mortality levels were also noted on wheat treated with each of the three DEs alone. The simultaneous presence of B. bassiana and DE increased weevil mortality. In this combination, mortality was higher at high temperatures and low rh, and this effect was similar for all DEs tested. Progeny production on wheat treated with B. bassiana was higher that the respective progeny counts in the DE-treated wheat. The results indicate that a combination of B. bassiana and DEs is effective against S. granarius, under a broad range of temperature and rh levels in stored wheat.     

First report of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phoma sorghina</Emphasis> (Sacc.) Boerema Dorenbosch &; van Kest on wheat leaves (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum L</Emphasis>.) in Argentina

A new disease caused by Phoma sorghina has been detected for the first time on wheat plants in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The pathogen was isolated from wheat leaves growing under field conditions, cultured on PDA and identified by its morphobiometric and cultural characters. The disease symptoms and morphological characters of the pathogen are described. Pathogenicity of the isolate was confirmed by inoculating 10 wheat cultivars under greenhouse conditions.