太湖流域河流与湖泊间主要水质指标的空间关联特征

基于2006—2012年太湖流域主要观测断面水质监测资料,应用冗余分析法,研究分析了流域上游入湖河流、下游出湖河流与太湖湖体间水质在5、10、20、40和80 km等不同观测尺度上的关联性。研究表明,2006—2012年,太湖流域水质总体较差,但不同观测尺度内主要水质指标超标率存在较大差异,太湖湖体水质好于上游入湖河流,上游入湖河流水质总体好于下游出湖河流;上游入湖河流是太湖湖体营养盐输入的主要来源,其溶解氧、总磷和氨氮对太湖湖体相应指标超标率的累计方差贡献率均超过50%,分别达到75.9%、67.4%和57.4%;在单尺度上,太湖湖体水质主要对上游0~5 km内环湖河流水质变化的响应较显著,而对其他尺度河流水质无明显响应。在下游出流区,太湖湖体主要水质指标对出湖河流相应水质指标超标率的累计尺度和单尺度方差贡献率均低于7%,河流水质受太湖湖体水质的影响总体较小,且尺度效应不明显,下游出流区河流主要水质指标的高超标率更多受陆源污染的影响。     

艾比湖区域景观格局空间特征与地表水质的关联分析

为进一步明确区域土地利用/覆被—景观格局对河流水质影响的空间尺度。选择新疆艾比湖区域为研究对象,以25个水质采样点为中心,建立5种尺度的河流缓冲区并提取不同尺度下的土地利用/覆被-景观格局数据。首先,通过主成分分析获得水环境的主要水质变量。其次,利用冗余分析(RDA)方法探讨研究区不同宽度缓冲区土地利用/覆被—景观格局对河流水质的影响,获得水质管理的有效缓冲区。最后,引入突变点分析方法进一步寻找导致水质变量沿景观梯度突变的特定位置。结果表明:(1)土地利用/覆被—景观格局在不同宽度缓冲区内对河流水质的影响不同。4 km缓冲区土地利用/覆被—景观格局对区域水质有较强的分异解释能力,因此4 km缓冲区的景观格局合理配置对河流水质管理尤为重要。(2)通过偏RDA分析发现4 km缓冲区中,影响区域水质的主要环境变量为景观水平斑块密度、类型水平耕地斑块密度和森林聚集度。(3)在偏RDA分析的基础上,对4 km缓冲区内的景观指数进行突变点分析研究,发现区域景观水平斑块密度为90—105 m/hm~2,类型水平耕地的斑块密度ED值在90—110 m/hm~2、林草地的AI值在70%—90%,是艾比湖区域水质保护的最佳突变值,该值为艾比湖区域水质保护的阈值。本研究从多个角度对新疆艾比区域的土地利用/覆被—景观格局对区域水质的影响进行定量分析,揭示该地区景观生态变化的规律,为区域景观格局优化和土地合理规划提供理论依据,并对改善"丝绸之路经济带"生态环境、实现资源可持续利用具有重要的现实意义和理论价值。     

不同时空尺度下土地利用对洱海入湖河流水质的影响

土地利用与入湖河流水质的关系存在时空差异。以洱海西部入湖河流及其小流域为研究对象,综合空间分析和数理统计手段,探讨两者随空间尺度和时间变化的关系,结果表明:选取的小流域、河岸带30m缓冲区、河岸带60m缓冲区和河岸带90m缓冲区4种尺度下,对入湖河流水质影响显著的土地利用类型为建设用地和植被(包括林地和牧草地),影响最大的空间尺度为小流域尺度,河岸带30m缓冲区次之;小流域尺度下,建设用地面积百分比与入湖河流COD和TP浓度呈正相关,植被面积百分比与NH_4~+-N浓度呈负相关,响应土地利用的主要水质指标为TN和TP,回归调整系数分别为0.624和0.579;季节性关联分析表明建设用地与COD、NH_4~+-N、TP的回归关系在雨季强于旱季,植被与COD、TP的回归关系在雨季强于旱季,雨季建设用地和植被面积变化引起COD浓度变化更快。在流域管理中,针对植被覆盖率低、建设用地占比高的白鹤溪和中和溪应重点加强雨季土地利用管控,增加植被覆盖率,合理开发建设用地。     

不同河岸缓冲区尺度下土地利用方式对嘎呀河流域水质的影响

土地利用是影响河流水质的重要因素之一，量化不同河岸缓冲区尺度下土地利用方式及空间格局与水质因子之间的关系，对土地利用合理规划及水质改善具有重要意义。本研究以嘎呀河流域为例，基于2021年5月共91个点位的水质调查数据，从河岸缓冲区尺度分析流域土地利用及景观空间分布格局，并采用冗余分析(RDA)和广义加性模型(GAM)探讨土地利用方式及空间分布格局对河流水质的影响。结果表明：总氮是影响嘎呀河水质的首要因素。50、100和500 m河岸缓冲区以耕地为优势土地利用类型，将点位划分为耕地优势组和耕地其他组；1000、1500和2000 m河岸缓冲区以林地为优势土地利用类型，将点位分为林地优势组和林地其他组。100 m河岸缓冲区是对嘎呀河水质指标的最强影响尺度，其次为1000 m河岸缓冲区。林地优势组中，铵氮、电导率、溶解氧、磷酸盐和高锰酸盐指数均受土地利用类型面积占比的显著影响，其中，铵氮浓度随着林地面积占比和耕地面积占比的增加而增大，磷酸盐浓度与Shannon多样性指数(SHDI)显著相关，高锰酸盐指数受SHDI和最大斑块指数(LPI)影响明显。耕地优势组中，总氮浓度受林地面积占比、草地面积...     

不同空间尺度景观特征对南流江水质的影响差异

流域景观特征决定了非点源污染物来源与地表景观削减消纳能力,但尚缺乏全流域不同空间尺度对二者关联性的认识。以广西北部湾南流江为例,分别在子流域、河岸缓冲带以及监测点圆形缓冲区三种尺度上,基于2020年Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像解译的土地利用类型特征,结合水质监测数据,运用数理统计和GIS空间分析方法,探讨了流域景观特征在不同空间尺度上对河流水质的影响。结果表明：(1)在子流域尺度,土地利用类型以林地为主,而在河岸缓冲带与监测点圆形缓冲区均以耕地为主;(2)水质指标高锰酸盐指数、生化需氧量与景观特征相关性最为显著,耕地、建设用地、其他用地和园地与其呈正相关,是南流江水质污染负荷的重要来源区;景观格局指数中,斑块密度、蔓延度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数是引起河流水质指标变化的主要景观因子;(3)受流域内或不同子流域间景观特征差异,景观组成面积占比和景观格局指数均在河岸缓冲带尺度对水质状况影响最大,分别可解释57.0%和64.7%的水质指标变化;子流域尺度次之,圆形缓冲区尺度最小,且景观格局指数对水质状况的影响大于景观组成面积占比。建议在河岸带50 m范围内严格控制耕地面积,建设河岸缓...     

不同空间尺度的景观格局对流溪河水质的影响

为探究不同空间尺度的景观格局对流溪河水质的影响,于2020年6月和2021年1月在流溪河干流15个采样点进行了水样的采集,测定了水温、溶解氧、pH、氨氮、硝态氮、硫酸盐和氯化物等水质指标。结合遥感解译所得的土地利用数据,提取了不同空间尺度(子流域和河岸带缓冲区)的景观格局指数,采用Bioenv分析、Mantle检验、方差分解和层次分割理论等方法揭示了景观格局对水质变化的影响。研究结果表明：氨氮是流溪河的主要污染物。土地利用结构与空间格局特征对水质的影响存在空间尺度效应。在100 m河岸带缓冲区,水域是影响水质的主要贡献源;而在其他空间尺度建设用地是影响水质的主要贡献源。在子流域尺度,林地和建设用地的斑块密度(PD指数)是影响水质变化的核心特征;而在河岸带缓冲区尺度,水域和建设用地的连通性(CONTAG指数)和林地的多样性(SHDI指数)是影响水质变化的关键特征。在各个空间尺度,土地利用与空间格局的交互作用对驱动水质变化起主导作用,尤其在1000 m河岸带缓冲区对水质的贡献率最高。因此,加强1000 m缓冲区尺度土地利用的管理和减少建设用地成片建设规划等对保护流域水质具有重要意义。     

太湖流域河流水质状况对景观背景的响应

为探索流域水质对景观背景的响应,以太湖流域为研究对象,在0.5—24 km共9个尺度上运用冗余分析研究了土地利用、河网密度、降水量、地形等景观背景因子与河流水化学指标的关系。结果表明:2006—2010年太湖流域河流水质状况总体较差,但整体有逐渐改善的趋势,超标水质指标主要包括总磷(TP)、氨氮(AN)、生化需氧量(BOD)、化学需氧量(COD)和溶解氧(DO),上游地区主要表现为林区和平原水网区的差异,下游地区主要表现为河段上下游间的差异。河流水质受到多种景观背景因子的综合影响,并表现出尺度依赖性和区位差异性。AN、TP、DO在流域上游与聚落用地正相关,在下游则与耕地、河网密度正相关。COD、BOD在流域上游主要与自然湿地负相关,与人工湿地正相关,在下游则与坡度负相关,与河网密度正相关。总方差贡献率在上下游表现出一致的尺度依赖特征,均在较小(0.5—1 km)和较大(16 km)两个尺度上具有较高的解释能力。自然湿地和坡度,河网密度和耕地分别为上游、下游地区在较小和较大尺度上解释能力最高的景观因子。     

流域景观格局与河流水质的多变量相关分析

流域内的景观格局改变是人类活动的宏观表现,会对河流水质产生显著影响,因此明确影响水质变化的关键景观因子,对于深入了解景观对水质的影响机制具有重要的研究价值。选择广东省淡水河流域为研究对象,以2007年ALOS卫星影像以及水质监测数据为基础,运用空间分析和多变量分析方法,分析淡水河流域景观格局与河流水质的相关关系。用包括流域和河岸带尺度的景观组成和空间结构信息的景观指数表征景观格局,用Spearman秩相关分析、多元线性逐步回归模型和典型相关分析(CCA)研究景观指数和水质指标的相关关系。研究结果表明:林地、城镇用地和农业用地占淡水河流域总面积超过90%,其中城镇用地超过20%。多元线性逐步回归分析和CCA结果说明水质指标受到多个景观指数的综合影响,反映了景观格局对水质的复杂影响机制。流域景观格局对河流水质有显著影响,流域尺度的景观指数比河岸带尺度的景观指数对水质影响更大。城镇用地比例是影响耗氧污染物和营养盐等污染物浓度最重要的景观指数,林地和农业用地对水质的影响较小。另外,景观破碎化对pH值、溶解氧和重金属等水质指标有显著影响。CCA的第一排序轴解释了景观指数与水质指标相关性的54.0%,前两排序轴累积能解释景观指数与水质指标相关性的87.6%,前两轴分别主要表达了城市化水平和景观破碎化水平的变化梯度。淡水河流域的景观格局特征从上游到下游呈现出城市—城乡交错—农村的景观梯度,水质变化也对应了这个梯度的变化,说明人类活动引起的流域土地覆盖及土地管理措施变化会对水质变化产生显著影响。     

城市景观组分影响水质退化的阈值研究

运用景观格局与水质监测方法评价城市景观变化对河流水质的影响,是当前景观格局-效应研究的热点问题.为实现城市发展目标与水环境保护目标的统一,需要科学判断城市景观变化对水质的影响程度与范围,特别是以城市不透水表面为代表的景观组分变化,是目前水质退化研究中的核心对象,而对水质退化的景观阈值研究目前尚存争论.基于截面数据进行统计分析,构建阈值判定方法,选择深圳市为案例研究区,研究快速城市化地区的河流水质退化的景观阈值水平.结果表明,在深圳市,河流缓冲区宽度为100-200 m时,景观变化对水质显著性影响最高(P＜0.001).缓冲区内,景观变化与耗氧、营养盐等类指标呈指数关系,具有显著性,是这类指标变化的最主要影响因素;同时,景观变化与有毒物质及重金属等类指标呈指数关系,具有显著性,但并非这类指标变化的最主要因素.影响水质退化的不透水表面比例阈值水平介于38.2％-50％之间,最小阈值水平为38.2％,即当流域缓冲区内不透水表面百分比超过38.2％时,河流水质显著退化.     

流域尺度上的景观格局与河流水质关系研究进展

利用景观生态学原理研究流域尺度上土地利用及其空间格局对河流水质的影响,已成为流域环境研究中的热点问题。在综合评价国内外土地利用变化与河流水质关系研究的基础上,阐述了景观格局在流域水环境研究中的重要性,并根据国内外研究进展,对景观格局与水质关系的研究方法和手段进行了分类分析,同时也对流域尺度上的景观-水质模型研究进展也进行了分析总结,最后指出了景观格局与水质关系研究的核心问题和未来研究的热点方向。     

Catchment morphometric characteristics,land use and water chemistry in Pampean streams: a regional approach

The Pampean region covers a large surface in central Argentina, but despite the extensive agricultural activities and the high nutrient levels recorded in streams of the region, few authors have analysed the influence of land use on water quality. Here, we evaluated the relationships among catchment attributes (size, morphometry and land cover) and water chemistry in 23 Pampean streams in different seasons (autumn, spring and summer) and at three spatial scales: whole catchment and two scales of riparian buffers (200 and 500 m adjacent to both stream margins). Chloride concentration was positively related to catchment area and negatively related to drainage density. Nitrate level was strongly associated to cropland, but soluble phosphorus concentration showed no relationships with any type of land cover. Land cover at the buffer scale seemed to be more influential than land cover at the whole catchment for nitrogen concentration. The main impact of cropland was the increase of nitrate concentration, while cattle breeding was negatively associated to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in autumn and summer and to dissolved oxygen concentration in spring. Our results highlighted the importance of local land use and riparian conservation on streamwater quality.     

Changes in the impact of anthropogenic effects on river water quality during the last 50 years in Japan

Japan’s rapid urbanisation over the last 50 years has resulted in land use and lifestyle changes, all of which are likely to have changed the quality of river water, and consequently the wetland and coastal environment. We examined changes in river water quality over this period by means of a review of previous studies. Around the 1950s, the weighted average of chloride using discharge of Japan’s 30 major rivers was 6.1 mg/l while in the 2000s it was 11.3 mg/l. Because there were no significant changes in the natural conditions, we have attributed the increase to the urbanisation of the last 50 years. Nitrate levels in the mountain streams of southern Japan have increased, particularly in the western part of the Kanto region. As this area is located on the leeward side of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, depositions from aerosols are thought to be the main cause of the increased nitrate concentration. These two findings suggest that certain uses of land may affect river water quality differently over time, and that changes in land use may also affect river water quality in remote areas.     

Denitrification in the river network of a mixed land use watershed: unpacking the complexities

River networks have the potential to permanently remove nitrogen through denitrification. Few studies have measured denitrification rates within an entire river network or assessed how land use affect rates at larger spatial scales. We sampled 108 sites throughout the network of the Fox River watershed, Wisconsin, to determine if land use influence sediment denitrification rates, and to identify zones of elevated sediment denitrification rates (hot spots) within the river network. Partial least squares regression models identified variables from four levels of organization (river bed sediment, water column, riparian zone, and watershed) that best predicted denitrification rates throughout the river network. Nitrate availability was the most important predictor of denitrification rates, while land cover was not always a good predictor of local-scale nitrate concentrations. Thus, land cover and denitrification rate were not strongly related across the Fox River watershed. A direct relationship between denitrification rate and watershed land cover occurred only in the Wolf River sub-watershed, the least anthropogenically disturbed of the sub-watersheds. Denitrification hot spots were located throughout the river network, regardless of watershed land use, with hot spot location being determined primarily by nitrate availability. In the Fox River watershed, when nitrate was abundant, river bed sediment character influenced denitrification rate, with higher denitrification rates at sites with fine, organic sediments. These findings suggest that denitrification occurring throughout an entire river network, from headwater streams to larger rivers, can help reduce nitrogen loads to downstream water bodies.

     

Importance of scale,land‐use,and stream network properties for riparian plant communities along an urban gradient

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Comparison of nitrification rates in three branches of the lower river Rhine

The nitrogen cycle in the lower river Rhine was analysed, using data on concentrations of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate, measured in the period from 1972 to 1986. The massive discharge of ammonium in densely populated areas in the Federal Republic of Germany led to microbial nitrification, detectable as decreases in ammonium and nitrite concentrations in the lower river Rhine over reaches 85–133 km long. The distribution of the nitrogen-rich Rhine waters over three different branches in the Netherlands permits some of the factors governing microbial nitrification in the river bed to be discriminated. In the fast-flowing main channel, intensively used by ships, nitrification is more important than in the smaller branches, despite the short residence time of the water in the main channel. Differences in the flow rate of water, in grain size distribution of sediments, and in intensity of shipping (aeration, turbulence) seemed to be responsible for the different rates of nitrification.     

An investigation into the relationship between water beetle (Coleoptera) distribution and land cover in Scotland and northeast England

Aims To determine the relationship between satellite‐derived land cover data and distribution patterns of water beetle species pools. Location A total of 687 British national grid 10 km squares in Scotland and 588 1 km grid squares in 99 10 km grid squares in northeast England. Methods Multivariate classification and constrained ordination analyses were used with water beetle species and land cover data. Results The major variation in both the Scotland and northeast England 10 km species pools was from squares with upland acid water habitats to squares with lowland fens and ponds whilst for the 1 km northeast England data it was from squares dominated by fast‐flowing streams and rivers to those with fens and ponds. The secondary variations in the 10 and 1 km analyses were the primary ones juxtaposed. Constrained ordination of the Scottish 10 km data showed upland land cover types to be most influential in determining species pool distribution whilst lowland covers were more important with both the 10 and 1 km northeast England pools. The three analyses showed that coastal cover had a relatively high influence on species pool distribution but no species pool group was dominated by coastal species. Main conclusions There were strong relationships between water beetle species pool distributions and the satellite‐derived land cover types dominating upland and lowland areas. The major variation in the northeast England species pool data differed at the two scales analysed. Results indicated that there is considerable potential for the synthesis of water beetle distribution and land cover data for use in environmental and conservation monitoring at both the regional and national scales.     

An approach for the identification of exemplar sites for scaling up targeted field observations of benthic biogeochemistry in heterogeneous environments

Headwater streams influence the biogeochemical characteristics of large rivers and play important roles in regional and global carbon budgets. The combined effects of seasonality and land use change on the biogeochemistry of headwater streams, however, are not well understood. In this study we assessed the influence of catchment land use and seasonality on the composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and ecosystem metabolism in headwater streams of a Kenyan river. Fifty sites in 34 streams draining a gradient of catchment land use from 100% natural forest to 100% agriculture were sampled to determine temporal and spatial variation in DOM composition. Gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) were determined in 10 streams draining primarily forest or agricultural catchments. Absorbance and fluorescence spectrophotometry of DOM reflected notable shifts in composition along the land use gradient and with season. During the dry season, forest streams contained higher molecular weight and terrestrially derived DOM, whereas agricultural streams were dominated by autochthonous production and low molecular weight DOM. During the rainy season, aromaticity and high molecular weight DOM increased in agricultural streams, coinciding with seasonal erosion of soils and inputs of organic matter from farmlands. Most of the streams were heterotrophic. However, GPP and ER were generally greater in agricultural streams, driven by higher dissolved nutrient (mainly TDN) concentrations, light availability (open canopy) and temperature compared with forest streams. There were correlations between freshly and autochthonously produced DOM, GPP and ER during both the dry and wet seasons. This is one of the few studies to link land-use with organic carbon dynamics and DOM composition. Measures of ecosystem metabolism in these streams help to affirm the role of tropical streams and rivers as important components of the global carbon cycle and demonstrate that even semi-intensive, smallholder agriculture can have measurable effects on riverine ecosystem functioning.