推迟拔节水灌溉对宽幅精播麦田冠层温度与叶片水分利用效率的影响

为了探讨冬小麦高效节水灌溉模式,于2012—2013年在山东农业大学试验站采用两种种植模式(宽幅精播种植和常规种植),每种种植模式设3种灌溉处理(全生育期不灌溉、拔节期灌溉60 mm和拔节后10 d灌溉60 mm),研究了推迟拔节水灌溉对宽幅精播麦田冠层温度、光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶片水分利用效率(WUEL)和籽粒产量等的影响。结果表明,推迟拔节水灌溉显著提高了宽幅精播麦田生育后期的冠层温度、旗叶光合速率和蒸腾速率,且在冬小麦生长后期推迟拔节水灌溉显著提高了宽幅精播麦田的WUEL,有利于实现宽幅精播麦田的节水高产;产量构成因素中,推迟拔节水灌溉对两种种植模式的千粒重均没有显著影响,但推迟拔节水灌溉显著提高了宽幅精播麦田的穗粒数和籽粒产量。统筹考虑冬小麦的WUEL和籽粒产量,推迟拔节水灌溉对宽幅精播麦田实现节水高产具有一定的现实意义。     

灌溉与施氮对紫花苜蓿干草产量及水分利用效率的影响

在甘肃省河西绿洲灌区石羊河流域设计大田试验,研究了不同灌溉量[常规灌溉(330mm)、节水20%灌溉(264mm)和节水40%灌溉(198mm)]和施氮量(0、40、80和120kgN.hm-2)对紫花苜蓿(Medicagosativa)株高、干草产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:灌溉与施氮对紫花苜蓿植株高度产生一定的影响,但其效果不明显;各茬紫花苜蓿干草产量随灌溉量增加而增加,不同灌溉之间的干草产量相差显著,节水40%灌溉、节水20%灌溉和常规灌溉的全生育期(3茬)平均干草产量分别为7232、7603和7796kg.hm-2;节水40%灌溉的水分利用效率(15.56kg.hm-2.mm-1)显著高于节水20%灌溉(13.86kg.hm-2.mm-1),节水20%灌溉的水分利用效率显著高于常规灌溉(12.60kg.hm-2.mm-1),水分利用效率随灌溉量增加而显著降低;当施氮量达到40kgN.hm-2时,紫花苜蓿干草产量(8223kg.hm-2)和水分利用效率(15.18kg.hm-2.mm-1)达到最大值,总干草产量比0、80和120kgN.hm-2施氮处理分别提高15%、16%和7%,水分利用效率分别提高14%、14%和8%。在河西绿洲灌区石羊河流域第一年种植紫花苜蓿,从经济、生态和环境方面考虑,节水40%灌溉和施氮40kgN.hm-2处理是较高干草产量和高水分利用效率取得一致的处理,应大面积推广。     

施氮及豆-禾混播对草地群落及土壤呼吸的影响

豆-禾混播是提高水土资源保持和利用效率、抑制土地退化和维持土壤健康的重要栽培措施。本实验以紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)、羊草(Leymus chinensis)、紫花苜蓿+无芒雀麦、紫花苜蓿+羊草5种不同类型的人工草地为研究对象,以施氮水平为辅因素,通过对地上生物量、光合特性和土壤呼吸强度的比较研究,探明施氮条件下豆-禾混播草地群落动态及土壤呼吸日变化特征,以期为内蒙古东部地区人工草地合理建植与利用提供理论依据。结果表明:与苜蓿单播和羊草单播的生物量相比,混播对提高草地总体的生物量效果不显著;与苜蓿混播能在不同程度上提高禾本科牧草的净光合速率,其中无芒雀麦提升效果显著,3种牧草单播的净光合速率表现为紫花苜蓿无芒雀麦羊草;施氮提高了不同建植方式下人工草地的平均土壤呼吸强度;与苜蓿混播能显著提高禾草草地的土壤呼吸强度,且最高点一般出现在10:00—12:00。     

羊草和紫花苜蓿人工草地光合特性

为探究单播与混播人工草地对羊草和紫花苜蓿光合特性的影响,测定2种牧草光合特性日变化进程,比较不同处理下羊草和紫花苜蓿光合特征。结果表明：单播处理下,羊草和紫花苜蓿的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶片温度呈单峰型,紫花苜蓿的气孔导度呈单峰型,羊草的气孔导度和水分利用效率呈双峰型。混播处理下,羊草和紫花苜蓿的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶片温度日变化呈单峰型,羊草的气孔导度和水分利用效率呈单峰型,紫花苜蓿的气孔导度呈双峰型。混播处理下,羊草净光合速率峰值显著高于单播,分别为17.72和13.65μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1。单播和混播处理下,羊草叶绿素含量均高于紫花苜蓿,羊草叶片氮含量均低于紫花苜蓿,且混播羊草叶片氮含量显著高于单播羊草,二者分别为27.60和22.55 g·kg^-1。不同种植方式下,羊草和紫花苜蓿的净光合速率与气孔导度、蒸腾速率呈显著正相关,与胞间CO₂浓度呈显著负相关,紫花苜蓿的净光合速率与叶片温度、水分利用效率呈显著正相关。混播处理有利于增加羊草叶片氮含量。试验结果为牧...     

宁夏中部半干旱区苜蓿水分利用效率研究

为比较不同苜蓿品种的水分利用效率(WUE)并筛选出节水品种,在宁夏中部半干旱地区选择试验地,采用灌溉和品种2因素裂区试验,主裂区为灌溉量,副裂区为苜蓿品种。对3种灌溉量下10个苜蓿品种(包括5个国外引进品种和5个国内育成品种)的产量、水分利用效率以及农艺性状进行研究。结果表明,水分处理、刈割茬次、品种对苜蓿产量、水分利用效率、株高、茎叶比有显著影响。2012年第1茬各苜蓿品种产量最高,其次为2012年第2茬,2012年第3茬最低;2011年产量略高于2012年第3茬产量。在控水条件下,固原紫花和宁苜1号水分利用效率较高,而CW400和柏拉图在充分灌水条件下水分利用效率较高。在3种灌溉量下,中苜1号和宁苜1号的耗水量较低,属于节水品种,三得利和宁苜2号耗水量较高,属于耗水品种。因此,中苜1号和宁苜1号可以作为节水抗旱品种,用于宁夏中部干旱带苜蓿人工草地的建植。     

不同膜下滴灌方式对设施黄瓜生理特性及水分利用效率的影响

为了探明黄瓜膜下分根交替滴灌的节水效果,为设施黄瓜节水灌溉提供理论依据和技术参数,以‘津优3号’黄瓜为试材,采用随机区组设计,以土壤田间持水量的65%为灌水下限,田间持水量的90%为灌水上限,研究了分根交替滴灌(APDI)、固定1/2根区滴灌(FPDI)和传统滴灌(CDI)3种灌溉模式对黄瓜生长、生理特性、产量与品质及水分利用效率的影响,结果表明:(1)随灌溉处理时间的延长,3种灌溉模式的单株叶面积和株高的差异越来越显著,而茎粗和叶片数差异不显著;(2)与传统滴灌相比,分根交替滴灌模式下黄瓜叶片净光合速率略有下降而蒸腾速率显著降低,水分利用效率显著提高;(3)分根交替滴灌处理下黄瓜可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量与传统滴灌相比差异不显著,Vc含量却显著增加;(4)分根交替滴灌模式下黄瓜产量比传统滴灌下降1.5%,而灌水量减少17%,水分利用效率提高18.6%,节水效果显著。综上所述,分根交替滴灌可以在保证设施黄瓜产量没有显著下降的前提下,改善品质和显著提高水分利用效率,可作为设施节水提质增效的一种灌溉模式,推广应用前景广阔。     

优质牧草水分利用效率提高技术研究综述

水资源短缺是干旱半干旱区草地牧草生长的核心限制因子。在有限的水资源基础上,研发提高牧草的水分利用效率和提高牧草生产力的技术,是牧区草业持续稳定发展的关键途径。本文综述了国内外相关进展,系统阐述了提高牧草水分利用效率的灌溉调控、地表覆盖、耕作调控、微生物调控和植物蒸腾抑制等措施和技术;对目前中国北方草地在牧草水分利用效率提高方法研究领域存在的问题、未来需要加强的研究方向进行了分析。未来研究需要从加强抗旱优质牧草品种的筛选和培育、重视牧草水分利用效率田间原位实验和加强抗旱机理与水分利用率提高机制研究、应用先进的研究技术和方法、建立水分高效利用的综合技术体系和复合管理模式等4个方面开展。     

半干旱黄土丘陵区垄沟集雨对紫花苜蓿人工草地土壤水分和产草量的影响

研究了黄土丘陵区垄沟集雨技术对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)人工草地生产力以及土壤水分的影响。垄和沟的宽度均为30或60 cm,且垄上覆膜的处理水分利用效率分别比平作对照显著提高了13%和41%。垄和沟的宽度均为30 cm且垄上覆膜的处理4年的干草产量和平作对照无显著差异,而垄和沟的宽度均为60 cm,且垄上覆膜的处理干草产量比平作对照显著提高了41%,并且使紫花苜蓿草地产草高峰期提早了1~2年。垄和沟的宽度均为30或60 cm,且垄面裸露的两个处理产草量比平作对照有不同程度的降低。紫花苜蓿草地生长的第三年,深度为150 cm左右的土层是降水补充和水分消耗的平衡点。所有处理在紫花苜蓿生长4年后,200~500 cm 深度的土壤水分已经接近萎蔫系数。     

黄土高原地区不同草地退耕模式水分利用效率的比较

研究了半干旱黄土高原区不同退耕模式下植被恢复的比较,对3种不同人工豆科牧草多年生紫花苜蓿alfalfa(Medicago sativa)、多年生沙打旺erect milkvetch(Astragalus adsurgens)、2年生草木樨sweetclover(Melilotus officinalis))和一种自然撂荒(fallow)进行了实地种植比较。通过3a研究发现:紫花苜蓿是耗水最严重的牧草,水分利用效率仅高于撂荒;沙打旺具有最高的地上总生物量和水分利用效率。紫花苜蓿和沙打旺地块中杂草生物量逐年降低,物种数量最低且没有增加。2年生草木樨地物种数和地上生物量逐年增高,草木樨对暴雨的入渗贮存能力最大,显著高于自然撂荒。草木樨结束生活史后第1年地上总生物量(和撂荒一样全为杂草)是撂荒地的两倍,且略高于紫花苜蓿的地上总生物量,同时物种数量也和物种数目最多的撂荒地没有显著差异(p<0.05)。草木樨显著降低了10～40cm土壤剖面的容重,草木樨结束生活史后残留根系有助于深层土壤水分恢复,水分状况恢复良好且优于紫花苜蓿和沙打旺。可见短期的人工干扰下两年生草木樨的种植有利于促进自然植被的恢复,优于自然撂荒和其他牧草种植的方式,容易推广且实际可行。     

不同灌水模式对冬小麦籽粒产量和水、氮利用效率的影响

在田间试验条件下,以冬小麦品种泰农18为材料,设置灌底墒水(CK)、底墒水+拔节水(W1)、底墒水+拔节水+越冬水与灌浆水交替灌溉(越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式,W2)、底墒水+拔节水+开花水(优化传统灌溉模式,W3)、底墒水+越冬水+拔节水+灌浆水(传统灌溉模式,W4)5种灌溉模式,每处理每次灌水量均为600 m3·hm-2,研究了山东泰安偏旱年份(2009-2010年)不同灌溉模式对小麦籽粒产量、水分利用效率和氮素利用效率的影响.结果表明:在小麦全生育期119.7 mm降水量条件下,越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式(W2)与传统灌溉模式(W4)籽粒产量差异不显著,但水分利用效率显著高于传统灌溉模式,与灌水量相同的优化传统灌溉模式(W3)相比,其小麦籽粒产量明显提高,水分利用效率无显著差异;越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式和传统灌溉模式的氮肥偏生产力最高,且籽粒收获后越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式在0 ～100 cm土层的硝态氮积累量显著高于传统灌溉模式和优化传统灌溉模式,降低了硝态氮的淋溶损失.在本试验条件下,越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式(W2)是可以兼顾小麦籽粒产量、水分利用效率和氮素利用效率的最佳灌溉模式.     

Establishment of Native Semidesert Grasses into Existing Stands of Eragrostis lehmanniana in Southeastern Arizona

The semidesert grassland in southern Arizona has changed from a native grassland to a scattered Prosopis juliflora var. velutina (mesquite) woodland with an understory of African Eragrostis lehmanniana (Lehmann lovegrass) on many sites. To determine native grass restoration potential, seven species were direct seeded into E. lehmanniana stands that were left alive, burned, sprayed with an herbicide and then either left standing, or mowed. Initial native grass establishment was limited in the live standing treatment but was successful for all other treatments when either June or August sowing was followed by consistent summer precipitation and soil water availability. Four species, Bothriochloa barbinodis (cane beardgrass), Bouteloua curtipendula (sideoats grama), Digitaria californica (Arizona cottontop), and Leptochloa dubia (green spangletop) initially established most successfully, while only Muhlenbergia porteri (bush muhly) had consistently limited or no establishment. E. lehmanniana establishment from the seed bank was increased by canopy removal associated with burning. Densities of native grasses one year after successful initial establishment were much lower than that of E. lehmanniana. A possible revegetation strategy would be to spray emergent E. lehmanniana seedlings and surviving plants with an herbicide during the summer rainy season after spring burning. Native grasses could then be established by sowing in early August of that year or June and August of subsequent years until consistent precipitation produces a native grass stand.     

The impact of an invading alien grass (Agropyron cristatum) on species turnover in native prairie

Abstract. Alien invasions typically reduce species richness of habitats, but few studies have examined their effects on species turnover, the difference in species composition between localities. Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. (crested wheat grass) has been planted on 6–10 million ha of North American prairie, and is invading native prairie. We studied the invasion of A. cristatum into native prairie by measuring species composition along a gradient from maximum to minimum A. cristatum abundance. As A. cristatum increased, the abundance of most common native species decreased, but one appeared to be unaffected (Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag.), and another (Poa sandbergii Vasey) increased. The effect of A. cristatum on species turnover was investigated by examining species–area curves for areas from 0.5 m² to 8.0 m². Species diversity was reduced by 35% at high A. cristatum abundances at all areas. A. cristatum reduced the intercept of the species–area curve, but not the slope, suggesting that A. cristatum affected species turnover proportionally in all areas and habitats. This unusual result may indicate a homogeneous environment where species are distributed randomly. A. cristatum produced almost twice as many seeds as all native grasses combined. The number of seeds collected of native grasses and A. cristatum was highly correlated with the number of seed heads immediately nearby, but not with transect position. This suggests most seeds were dispersed over distances less than 5 m. In sum, the invasion of native prairie by A. cristatum might be related to high rates of seed production, and has the effect of decreasing species turnover by reducing the intercept of the species–area curve.     

Traits of Chlorophyll Fluorescence in 99 Plant Species from the Sparse-Elm Grassland in Hunshandak Sandland

Sparse-elm grassland is the remarkable landscape of Hunshandak Sandland in Inner Mongolia Autonomic Region of China. Maximum quantum efficiency (F_v/F_m) of 99 native plant species (85 grasses, 11 shrubs, and 3 trees) of different plant functional Types (PFTs) distributed in fixed sand dune, lowland, and wetland was investigated. Deep-rooted plant species (tree, shrub, and perennial grass) had higher F_v/F_m values than the shallow-rooted species (annual grasses), suggesting that soil drought is the major environmental stress. Annual C₄ grasses had higher F_v/F_m values than annual C₃ or CAM ones, indicating that C₄ photosynthesis is more ecologically adaptive than CAM and C₃ grasses. According to the habitats with annual C₃ grass distribution, F_v/F_m values were in the order of fixed dune>lowland>wetland, suggesting that salt and pH value may enhance irradiance or heat stress for those distributed in pickled and watery habitats. Based on such characteristics, Ulmus pumila, Salix gordejevii, Caragana microphylla, Agriophyllum pungens, and Agropyron cristatum are recommended as ideal species for ecological restoration in degraded sand-land ecosystems.     

降水差异对内蒙古温带草原植物根系和叶片功能性状的影响北大核心CSCD

植物能够调整叶片或根系功能性状的变化来适应气候变化,从而形成多样性的环境适应策略。该研究以内蒙古温带草原降水量存在差异的草原群落(较为湿润的多伦草原和较为干旱的正镶白旗草原)为研究对象,分别测定两个草原群落优势种(多伦20种和正镶白旗13种)和共有种(8种)的根系功能性状(根直径、比根长和根组织密度)和叶片功能性状(叶面积、比叶面积、叶干物质含量、叶碳含量、叶氮含量),分析根叶性状的变异规律及其关系,以探究草种对不同降水环境的适应策略,为不同降水区域草种的选择以及草原经营管理提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)随着降水量的变化,草种的根性状在两个群落间无显著差异,多伦草原植物的比叶面积显著高于正镶白旗草原,而叶干物质含量和叶碳含量则呈相反趋势;两个草原群落的单子叶禾草类植物根直径最小,比根长最大,叶干物质含量最高;单子叶百合科类植物的根组织密度最小,叶干物质含量和叶氮含量最低;双子叶非禾草类植物的根组织密度最大,比叶面积最高而叶面积最低。(2)随降水量的减少,两个群落共有种的叶面积、比叶面积降低,叶干物质含量和叶碳含量增加;其中,羊草、冰草、糙隐子草的直径增加,比根长和根组织密度降低,而猪毛蒿的直径和比根长则呈相反的趋势;糙隐子草、羊草、猪毛蒿的叶氮含量增加,冰草、克氏针茅叶氮含量降低。(3)主成分分析表明,单个草原或综合两个草原的植物根与叶性状几乎不相关。研究表明,单子叶禾草类植物的根系性状在降水变化中差异较为明显,而双子叶非禾草类植物基本没有变化;干旱对植物叶性状的影响大于根性状;在不同降水环境下,草原植物根系存在独特的资源获取方式,根与叶性状对环境变化的适应策略均具有独立性。     

干旱胁迫下四倍体刺槐幼苗水分利用效率及稳定碳同位素组成的研究

在模拟自然干旱的条件下,测定2个四倍体刺槐品种(K2、K3)和普通二倍体刺槐(K1)一年生组培苗的长期和瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)及其稳定碳同位素组成(δ13C),以探讨四倍体刺槐的抗旱机理.结果表明,K2、K3的长期水分利用效率(WUEL)在不同水分胁迫条件下都显著高于K1,它们在同等供水条件下比K1具有更大的生物量产出;3个材料叶片的瞬时水分利用效率(WUEI)均随干旱胁迫的加剧表现先升后降的趋势,且胁迫处理均高于适宜水分处理.随水分胁迫的加剧,各品种刺槐苗木叶片的δ13C显著升高;K2、K3的δ13C在各水分条件下均高于K1;各材料叶片的δ13C与其WUEL有良好的正相关性,可以作为筛选高WUE刺槐品种的指标.     

Responses to fertility and disturbance in a low-diversity grassland

We examined variation in species composition in a low-diversity, anthropogenic grassland in response to 11 years of nitrogen (N) manipulation and disturbance. The species-poor grassland (2–3 species/0.5 m²) represents a wide spread vegetation type (>10 million ha in North America) dominated by the introduced perennial grasses Bromus inermis and Agropyron cristatum. Four levels of N and three of soil disturbance were applied in all combinations to plots (5 × 15 m, N = 120) in a completely randomized design each year. Seeds or transplants of 47 species were added to ensure that dispersal was not a barrier to changes in species composition. After 11 years of treatment, all but the most disturbed plots continued to be dominated by B. inermis. The cover of the second-most abundant species, A. cristatum, decreased with disturbance but did not vary significantly with N. Despite the lack of changes in the identity of the dominant species, our environmental manipulations strongly influenced ecosystem characteristics. Added N increased soil available N, and decreased the cover of bare ground and light availability. Soil disturbance decreased aboveground biomass, and increased the cover of bare ground and light availability. Sawdust application, designed to decrease N availability, significantly reduced community biomass, and increased light availability and the cover of bare ground, but did not alter nutrient availability or species composition. The results highlight the difficulty of restoring diversity in species-poor, anthropogenic communities dominated by introduced species, and thus the importance of conserving remnants of diverse natural grasslands.     

Extirpation or Coexistence? Management of a Persistent Introduced Grass in a Prairie Restoration

Abstract Introduced perennial grasses are one of the greatest constraints to prairie restoration. Herbicides suppress but do not eliminate introduced grasses, so we explored the interaction of herbicide with two additional controls: heavy clipping (to simulate grazing) and competition from native species. A 50‐year‐old stand of the introduced perennial grass Agropyron cristatum (crested wheatgrass) in the northern Great Plains was seeded with native grasses and treated with herbicide annually for 7 years in a factorial experiment. Clipping was applied as a subplot treatment in the final 3 years. Both herbicide and clipping significantly reduced the cover of A. cristatum, but clipping produced an immediate and consistent decrease, whereas herbicide control varied among years. The cover of A. cristatum decreased significantly with increasing cover of a seeded native grass, Bouteloua gracilis (blue grama), suggesting that both top‐down (i.e., grazing) and bottom‐up (i.e., resource competition) strategies can contribute to A. cristatum control. No treatment had any effect on the seed bank of A. cristatum. Even in the most effective control treatments, A. cristatum persisted at low amounts (approximately 5% cover) throughout the experiment. The cover of B. gracilis increased significantly with seed addition and herbicide, and, after 7 years, was similar to that in undisturbed prairie. The total cover of native species increased significantly with clipping and herbicide, and species richness was significantly higher in plots receiving herbicide. Clipping season had no effect on any variable. In summary, no method extirpated A. cristatum, but clipping reduced its cover by 90% and doubled the cover of native species. Extirpation might not be a realistic goal, but relatively simple management allowed coexistence of native species.     

Emergence of the Introduced Grass Agropyron cristatum and the Native Grass Bouteloua gracilis in a Mixed-grass Prairie Restoration

Abstract Prairie restoration at the northern edge of the Great Plains can be frustrated by previously established non‐native perennial grasses. We compared the emergence of a widely introduced grass, Agropyron cristatum, and a common native grass, Bouteloua gracilis, in a 4‐year‐old field experiment in which the Agropyron‐dominated vegetation had either been left intact or treated annually with herbicide. This was done at two levels of water supply, reflecting conditions expected in wet and dry years, to examine the effects of among‐year variability in precipitation. Water addition significantly increased the emergence of both surface‐sown and buried (1 cm deep) seeds. Herbicide treatment of neighbors did not increase the emergence of experimentally added seeds. Emergence was much greater for buried (80%) than surface‐sown seeds (20%). Significantly more Bouteloua than Agropyron germinated from experimentally buried seeds. Whereas only a single seedling of Bouteloua emerged from the existing seed bank, the mean density of Agropyron seedlings emerging from the seed bank was 930/m² (range, 0 to 6,455/m²). Surprisingly, the emergence of Agropyron from the seed bank was not decreased by 4 years of herbicide treatment, possibly because herbicide may release Agropyron from intraspecific competition and allow increased seed production to compensate for decreased plant abundance. In summary, we found few differences between Agropyron and Bouteloua in spring and summer emergence at high or low water availability. The persistence of Agropyron stands despite repeated herbicide application may be partly due to increased seed production.     

Effects of fertilization and irrigation on productivity, plant nutrient contents and soil nutrients in southern Mongolia

The study attempts to evaluate the effect of fertilization and irrigation on steppe productivity in dry southern Mongolian desert-steppes. We conducted an irrigation- and NPK fertilization experiment, irrigating at levels of +100 mm and fertilizers at amounts equivalent to 20 gN (m² year)^?1 in a factorial design. We tested the effects on soil nutrients and biomass production. Nutrients in plant tissue were analysed for Stipa krylovii and S. gobica, and for mixed sub-samples of total above- and belowground biomass. Available P and K and total K increased in the soil after fertilization while irrigation reduced total N. Biomass yield almost tripled and inflorescence numbers increased by factors of 4?C8 due to fertilization while irrigation alone had very restricted effects and only increased biomass of Agropyron cristatum. Nutrient content of biomass was elevated on fertilized plots. Results indicate that steppe productivity is severely restricted by nutrient availability even under ambient precipitation levels, raising the question whether nutrient withdrawal caused by current land use practices has detrimental effects on pasture productivity. The anticipated beneficial effect of increasing water availability however could not be confirmed. Whether there is an improvement in productivity due to increasing rainfall, as predicted by some climate change models, will depend on the distribution and intensity of rain events.     

青藏高原冬季枯草生物量遥感估算

草地生物量是高寒草甸生态系统功能状态与生产效益的基础指标。然而,青藏高原冬半年非生育期,包括生物量在内的牧草要素观测全面中止,使得冬季成为牧草观测的一个空白期。通过2020年8月—2021年4月在青海海北高寒草地逐月牧草参数与高光谱野外同步观测试验,进行了牧草不同月份、不同衰减状态下生物量、表观状态、光谱特征的观测及其动态变化过程分析。结果表明,高寒冬季牧草生物量总体呈迅速下降和相对稳定两个阶段。8—10月牧草生物量处于迅速衰减下降阶段,牧草生物量由8月的9225 kg/hm²急剧下降至10月的3536 kg/hm²,降幅近160%,11月—次年4月则进入总体稳定阶段。利用衰减过程牧草生物量与反射光谱间关系,提出了一种修订的归一化枯草植被指数(R-DGVI),该指数在低覆盖与高覆盖植被区均表现出较好的枯草识别能力,具有相比NDVI更强的枯草识别能力与更宽的阈值范围。在此基础上,建立的中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)卫星冬季枯草生物量遥感估算模型R²达到0.5627(P<0.01),进一步,通过给出5个等级枯草生物量...