用性信息素诱捕法防治梨小食心虫的研究

用性信息素诱捕法防治梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)的试验于1978—1980年在辽宁省绥中县的梨园中进行。1978、1979和1980三年的诱捕防治面积分别为2、100和780公顷。在田间试验中每公顷使用10—15个梨小食心虫性信息素水碗诱捕器。在对照区,每年8月至9月喷2次杀虫剂防治梨小食心虫,在诱捕区不喷这两次药。 试验是成功的。1978、1979和1980年,诱捕区梨小食心虫的虫果率分别为1.4—4.4％、0.4—2.0％和0—1.2％,而化学防治对照区分别为7.6—8.6％、3.3％和0.3—2.7％。诱捕区梨小卵的寄生率为32.6—75.9％;在化学防治对照区只有10—26.6％。诱捕区的防治费用比化学防治区节省78—89％。     

苹果蠹蛾性信息素对梨小食心虫的诱集和迷向作用

【背景】在中国,苹果蠹蛾和梨小食心虫经常混合发生,但有关苹果蠹蛾迷向设置对梨小食心虫影响的研究却较少。【方法】在苹果蠹蛾和梨小食心虫同时发生的果园中设置2种迷向发散器,使用三角胶粘式信息素诱捕器监测2种昆虫的发生动态,以观察苹果蠹蛾性信息素是否会对梨小食心虫产生诱捕效果或类似的迷向作用。【结果】无论是否设置性信息素迷向发散器,苹果蠹蛾性信息素诱捕器均能诱集到梨小食心虫的雄性成虫。在2009~2011年的田间试验中,苹果蠹蛾性信息素诱捕器对梨小食心虫雄性成虫的诱集量最多能达梨小食心虫性信息素诱捕器的1.1倍,占2种诱捕器诱集总量的51.7%。在设置性信息素迷向发散器的果园中,梨小食心虫雄性成虫的诱集量受苹果蠹蛾性信息素迷向发散器的影响而下降:相比无迷向设置的对照果园,同时设置2种昆虫迷向发散器的果园中,苹果蠹蛾性信息素诱捕器内的梨小食心虫雄性成虫诱集总量最高下降了90.9%,梨小食心虫自身性信息素诱捕器内的梨小食心虫雄性成虫诱集总量最高下降了92.4%;在仅设置苹果蠹蛾性信息素迷向发散器的果园中,苹果蠹蛾性信息素诱捕器内的梨小食心虫雄性成虫诱集总量最高下降了87.5%,梨小食心虫性信息素诱捕器内的梨小食心虫雄性成虫诱集总量最高下降了60.6%。【结论与意义】苹果蠹蛾迷向发散器对于梨小食心虫雄性成虫存在"迷向"作用。在2种害虫同时发生的情况下使用2种迷向发散器,对于2种害虫能够达到比较好的防治效果。     

性信息素诱捕下害虫Logistic增长及经济阈值数学模型

为更准确地对性信息素监测下田间害虫的发生量进行测报并指导有效防治,建立了基于性信息诱捕下种群的Logistic增长模型,并与通常诱捕模式进行了比较分析。在性信息素诱捕环境下利用种群增长平衡点获得诱捕强度(E)与害虫的自然增长率(r)的数学关系,建立了诱捕量与田间害虫发生虫量的数学模型,明确了性信息素诱捕与害虫自然增长平衡时的各变量间的关系,同时根据害虫发生规律研究了性信息素诱捕时的防治害虫的经济阈值(Es)模型。以性信息素诱捕梨小食心虫为实例,通过田间调查梨小食心虫成虫的发生,拟合Logistic模型并测定3种性信息诱捕强度下梨小食心虫的自然增长率,据模型求解不同性信息素诱捕下的诱捕强度(E),确定了防控梨小食心虫的经济阈值(Es),明确达到经济阈值时的持续诱捕数量。本模型为有效测报和诱捕防治害虫提供了基础理论与依据。     

不同口径陷阱诱捕器诱杀梨小食心虫研究

梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)是重要的蛀果类害虫之一,目前性信息素广泛应用于梨小食心虫防治,为明确性信息素陷阱诱捕器的诱捕效果,针对开口方式设计四面开口和两面开口两种处理的陷阱诱捕器;针对口径的大小下设计2、3、4、5、6 cm的5种口径的对口瓶陷阱式诱捕器,分别在桃园对梨小食心虫进行诱捕试验,诱捕结果显示两面开口的诱捕器诱捕效果比四面开口的诱捕器效果显著,口径为2 cm和3 cm的陷井式诱捕器诱捕效果最佳,诱捕量显著高于5 cm和6 cm,诱捕量达34.6头/日和20.4头/日。通过试验明确了陷阱诱捕器的最佳诱捕效果的参数,同时为测报及田间大量诱杀的诱捕器使用提供依据,为防控梨小食心虫性信息素诱捕器提供标准化参数。     

梨小食心虫性信息素田间应用技术研究

梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)是梨园、桃园重要的果树害虫。本文比较研究了梨小食心虫性信息素在梨园、桃园悬挂不同高度、设置不同密度对梨小食心虫雄性成虫诱捕效果的影响,结果表明:在梨树树冠范围内,梨小食心虫性信息素最佳设置高度为2 m;在桃树树冠范围内,梨小食心虫性信息素最佳设置高度为1.5 m;同时,田间诱捕效果与性信息素设置密度密切相关,梨园中,每0.067 hm2设置密度为6¹0个诱芯时,对梨小食心虫的诱捕效果影响不大,而桃园中每0.067 hm2设置8个诱芯时,有最好的诱集效果。本研究可为梨小食心虫性信息素田间应用提供指导。     

梨小食心虫迷向液剂的制备及应用研究

【目的】解决梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)迷向丝和迷向管在田间防治使用时悬挂数量多、人工费时等问题,并实现梨小食心虫性信息素在整个防治区域均匀释放。【方法】采用相分离法制备获得了稳定的梨小食心虫迷向液剂,并参考《农药田间使用准则》进行了田间应用技术研究。【结果】在6月下旬至7月下旬,使用两次梨小食心虫迷向液剂后,150 g/667m2和200 g/667m2处理区的平均蛀果率分别为0.17%和0.13%,对照处理的平均蛀果率为1.75%,而未施药果园的平均蛀果率为5.04%。梨小食心虫迷向液剂150 g/667m2和200 g/667m2处理对梨小食心虫的防治效果显著好于对照处理和未施药处理。【结论】相分离法可制备稳定的梨小食心虫迷向液剂。6月下旬至7月下旬,使用两次梨小食心虫迷向液剂150²00 g/667m2对梨小食心虫成虫进行防治,可获得良好的迷向和防治效果,梨小食心虫迷向液剂的成功制备对于生产无公害和有机水果具有较好的经济和社会效益。     

糖醋酒液与性诱剂结合对梨园梨小食心虫的最佳诱捕效果研究

【目的】糖醋酒液能有效诱集梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta(Busck),而性诱剂辅助正好使糖醋酒液诱捕效果得以补充。【方法】本文对6种配方的糖醋酒液、3种窗口形状诱瓶、有无性诱剂辅助、4种高度、5种间距在梨园对梨小食心虫的诱捕效果进行了研究,总结出糖醋酒液对梨小食心虫最佳诱捕效果的设计方案。【结果】结果表明,在梨园利用糖醋酒液防治梨小食心虫时,选择红糖∶食用醋∶白酒∶清水=3∶1∶3∶80的糖醋酒液配方,窗口形状为长方形的诱瓶,辅以性信息素诱芯,挂瓶高度为1.5 m,间距为4 m时诱捕效果最佳。【结论】合理利用糖醋酒液防治梨小食心虫是一种简便有效的方法。     

我国梨小食心虫综合防治研究进展

近年来,由于农业产业结构的调整,我国北方果树栽培种类日益增多、种植面积不断扩大。重要果树害虫梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)为害大幅回升、危害逐年增加。针对这一情况,在西北、东北和华北3个北方果树生产代表区域建立50余个监测示范点,开展了梨小食心虫的生物生态学规律及综合防治技术的研究、集成与示范。研究结果表明,气候变化和种植结构对梨小食心虫发生规律有显著影响。全球气候变暖条件下,梨小食心虫年发生世代呈增加趋势;在果树混栽区域,晚熟桃为梨小食心虫的主要越冬场所。防治技术方面,在对梨小食心虫常规农业防治、物理防治、生物防治、化学防治技术组装配套的基础上,重点开展了高效节水诱捕器、国产迷向产品研发及标准化应用技术、优势天敌饲养及释放技术、专用农药研发及农药减量化技术等研究工作。前瞻性地研发了植物源诱捕剂及迷向新剂型等贮备技术。最后针对当前梨小食心虫防治工作中存在的问题和不足,确定了下一步的研究方向:(1)全球气候变暖对梨小食心虫发生动态的影响;(2)梨小食心虫成虫不同寄主间的转移规律;(3)梨小食心虫的抗性监测技术和快速诊断试剂盒研制;(4)梨小食心虫的抗性分子机理与抗性治理技术。     

湖北老河口梨小食心虫成虫发生规律及综合防治效果

【目的】为了寻找湖北省老河口梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta(Busck)的最佳防治时期,推广使用无公害防控技术,减少化学药剂的使用。【方法】分别调查了梨小食心虫在梨园及桃园的发生规律,释放赤眼蜂的生物防治效果,糖醋酒液、三角形诱捕器、黄板的物理防治效果,以及性信息素迷向防治效果。【结果】结果表明,桃园梨小食心虫最佳防治时期在4月中下旬,梨园梨小食心虫最佳防治时期在5月下旬、6月上旬、8月中旬前。防治效果上,释放赤眼蜂生物防治措施、配比为红糖∶白酒∶食用醋:水=3∶1∶3∶80的糖醋酒液诱捕器的物理防治措施、迷向丝及迷向素的迷向措施均有替代化学防治措施的潜力。【结论】综合防治能够有效控制梨园梨小食心虫发生量,减少化学防治频次,为建立稳定的梨园生态系统及生产无公害水果提供了帮助。     

梨小食心虫生物防治研究进展

梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta(Busck)是世界性分布的果树主要害虫之一,可危害多种果树。多年来,过度依赖化学农药防治梨小食心虫效果并不理想,且杀伤天敌、污染环境、导致农药残留。利用自然天敌防治梨小食心虫高效、无毒、无污染,符合当前社会对环保的要求。本文结合前人工作,从病原微生物、寄生性天敌、捕食性天敌、性信息素、化学信息物质等方面,综述了梨小食心虫生物防治的研究进展,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

Sprayable microencapsulated sex pheromone formulation for mating disruption of oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Australian peach and pear orchards

Areawide mating disruption treatments have been effective in controlling infestation of oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Australian pome and stone fruit orchards. Although successful, the areawide mating disruption program has been an expensive approach by using hand-applied Isomate dispensers. Sprayable microencapsulated (MEC) pheromone formulations that can be applied with standard spray equipment could substantially reduce the cost of application. Field trials conducted during two consecutive seasons (2002-2004) demonstrated that monthly applications of MEC-OFM phase V (3M Canada, London, Ontario, Canada) at a rate of 125 ml/ha (37.1 g [AI]/ha) in replicated 2-ha blocks of both peaches and pears reduced oriental fruit moth shoot tip and fruit damage as effectively as a single application of Isomate OFM Rosso hand-applied dispensers (500 dispensers per ha) and as or more effectively than standard broad-spectrum insecticide sprays. Fruit protection was achieved despite high oriental fruit moth population densities in both crops as measured by moth catches in terpinyl acetate food and pheromone traps. Similar numbers of oriental fruit moths were captured among all treatments in food traps but captures of males in pheromone traps were disrupted (96-99%) in pheromone-treated blocks relative to controls. The results of this study suggest that microencapsulated formulations of pheromone could be effectively used in areawide mating disruption programs for oriental fruit moth in Australia as a cost-saving alternative to reservoir-style dispensers requiring labor-intensive hand application.     

Comparison of mating disruption with pesticides for management of oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in North Carolina apple orchards

The efficacy of mating disruption by using Isomate-M 100 pheromone dispensers and two formulations of microencapsulated sprayable pheromone for management of oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), was compared with conventional insecticides in large plot studies in Henderson County, North Carolina, in 2000 and 2001. In addition, experiments were conducted in small and large plots to test the response of oriental fruit moth males to different application rates of sprayable pheromone. Pheromone trap catches were significantly reduced in mating disruption blocks compared with conventional and abandoned orchards. Pheromone traps placed in the upper canopy captured significantly more moths than traps placed in the lower canopy across all treatments, and lures loaded with 100 microg of pheromone caught more moths than traps with 300 microg, but the difference between doses was statistically significant at only one location in 2001. Isomate-M 100 provided excellent trap shutdown and was significantly more effective than sprayable pheromone formulations. Fruit damage by oriental fruit moth larvae was very low (< or = 1%) in mating disruption blocks and was generally lower than in conventional and nonmanaged blocks. Based on male moth response to pheromone traps in small plots, there was little difference among doses of sprayable pheromone, ranging from 12.4 to 49.1 g (AI)/ha, but efficacy declined at 2.4 g (AI)/ha. With the exception of one orchard, there was no significant difference between 12.4 and 37.1 g (AI)/ha under low and high oriental fruit moth population pressure in large plot studies. Mating disruption proved to be an alternative to organophosphate insecticides for managing oriental fruit moth populations in North Carolina apple orchards.     

江苏无锡梨小食心虫发生动态及性诱剂防治

利用性诱剂调查江苏无锡地区三个水蜜桃Prunus persica种植区梨小食心虫Gtapholitha molesta成虫的年发生动态,并比较不同时间挂放诱芯的诱集效果。结果表明,在无锡地区,梨小食心虫年发生5代,部分发育较快的五代幼虫在越冬前发育为成虫,但因无法找到合适的产卵场所而成为无效虫口。越冬代成虫和一代成虫发生较为整齐,可以使用性诱剂集中诱杀,但从二代成虫开始,发生呈现多个高峰,田间世代重叠明显。对梨小食心虫的性诱剂防治试验表明,在无锡地区,需高密度放置诱芯并2周更换1次诱芯方能达到防治效果。     

梨小食心虫成虫性比、日羽化节律及活动规律

梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)是我国重要的果树害虫,本文利用室内饲养观察、室外田间模拟、果园采集饲养等方法系统研究了梨小食心虫成虫的性比及日羽化节律;并利用性诱剂、糖醋液、黑光灯等诱集梨小食心虫成虫,研究了梨小食心虫成虫的活动规律。结果表明:1、田间采集调查表明,梨小食心虫成虫雌雄比例为1∶1.143,室内饲养雌雄比例为1∶1.708。2、梨小食心虫成虫羽化时间主要集中在4:00—10:00,其中以6:00—8:00羽化率最高;梨小食心虫在室外羽化时间比室内推迟2 h左右,室外梨小食心虫比室内普遍晚4 d羽化,这可能与室外温度和光照条件有关;雌虫羽化较雄虫早1² d;3、性诱剂和糖醋液诱集成虫高峰时间均为晚上20:00—22:00,说明梨小食心虫无论雄虫还是雌虫都在此期间活动;夜间各个时间段利用黑光灯都能诱到梨小食心虫成虫,说明梨小食心虫具有趋光性。结论:梨小食心虫雌雄比例为1∶1.12 d;3、性诱剂和糖醋液诱集成虫高峰时间均为晚上20:00—22:00,说明梨小食心虫无论雄虫还是雌虫都在此期间活动;夜间各个时间段利用黑光灯都能诱到梨小食心虫成虫,说明梨小食心虫具有趋光性。结论:梨小食心虫雌雄比例为1∶1.1¹.7,主要在早晨及上午羽化,雌虫较雄虫先羽化;在果园活动时间主要为晚上20:00—22:00。本结果可为梨小食心虫的田间性诱剂监测和诱捕、迷向防治提供指导。     

Control of Cydia pomonella L. and Cydia molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) in pome-fruit orchards with Ecodian sex pheromone dispensers

A mating disruption approach using high densities of pheromone dispensers, has been recently proposed for codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and oriental fruit moth, Cydia molesta (Busck.), (Lepidoptera Tortricidae), control. Ecodian Star dispensers, made of low-cost biodegradable material and easy to apply, were formulated with 10 mg of codlemone (E8,E10-12OH) and 10 mg of grapamone (Z8-12OH) and placed at a rate of 1,400-2,000 dispensers/ha. The pheromone release rates from new and field aged dispensers were evaluated by hexane extraction of the residual attractant (indirectly) and gas-chromatographic analysis. The release rate of field-aged dispensers decreased over time with a good linearity; they released a significant amount of synthetic sex pheromones over the entire season. Dispensers elicited close-range approaches of codling moth males in wind tunnel irrespective of their age. Field trials carried out from 2003 to 2004 confirmed the efficacy of Ecodian Star dispensers for codling moth and oriental fruit moth control, regardless the size of the treated area. Our results demonstrate that Ecodian dispensers achieved a good level of activity and longevity over the season. The potential of this strategy for the control of the moths is discussed.     

Integrated control of oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in peach orchards using insecticide and mating disruption

The efficacy of an integrated and a conventional oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), control program was compared using 4-ha blocks of peach at three Niagara Peninsula farms during 1997-1999. In the integrated program, chlorpyrifos was used to control first-generation larvae and mating disruption using Isomate M100 pheromone dispensers was used to control the second and third generations. In the conventional program, chlorpyrifos was used to control first-generation larvae and pyrethroids were used to control larvae of the later generations. The average release rate of pheromone was 23.7-26.4 mg/ha/h over a period of 86-91 d. The pheromone treatment reduced the capture of moths in pheromone-baited traps on average by 98%, suggesting a high level of disruption. The integrated program provided control of oriental fruit moth similar to the control provided by a conventional program. The mean percentage of peach shoots infested with first- and second-generation larvae, and fruit infested with third-generation larvae was not significantly greater in the integrated-program blocks during the 3-yr study. The elimination of insecticide sprays from the integrated-program blocks did not result in an increase in damage caused by plant bugs. The incidence of damage caused by other pests was negligible in both the integrated and conventional blocks.     

Oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) phenology and management with methoxyfenozide in North Carolina apples

The phenology of oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), on apple (Malus spp.) in North Carolina was studied using pheromone traps and egg sampling in abandoned and commercial orchards in 2000 and 2001, with subsequent development of an oviposition degree-day model and management studies in relation to codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), phenology. Oriental fruit moth eggs were found in greater numbers on leaves early and on fruit later in the growing season, on the top versus the bottom of the leaf surface, and on the calyx area versus the side or stem end of the fruit. A degree-day (DD) model to predict oriental fruit moth oviposition was developed based on temperature accumulations from peak moth trap capture of the first (overwintering) generation, by using 7.2 and 32.2 degrees C as the temperature limits. The model predicted four ovipositing generations of oriental fruit moth with the second beginning 507 DD after peak moth catch. Using predictions of the oriental fruit moth and codling moth degree-day oviposition models, an experiment was conducted to determine the level of second generation oriental fruit moth control with methoxyfenozide applied under different scenarios for first generation codling moth. Methoxyfenozide was equally effective in managing codling moth and oriental fruit moth for all treatment timings.     

不同栽培管理梨园梨小食心虫发生程度研究

梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)是梨园中的一种重要害虫。本论文采用性诱剂诱集法研究了不同栽培管理条件下梨园梨小食心虫发生的情况。结果表明,在5种不同种植模式的果园中,梨小食心虫在单植桃园中发生最重,试验期间梨小食心虫的日平均诱蛾量为10.9头/盆,与其他4种栽植模式果园的诱捕量均呈显著差异,且混有桃树的果园中梨小食心虫的发生数量多,而单植梨园、梨苹果混栽园、单植苹果园的梨小食心虫发生相对较轻。果实套袋的管理方法也可以显著降低梨小食心虫的发生数量,非套袋梨园的日平均诱捕量为13.8头/盆,是套袋梨园的1.52倍。试验还表明,不同品种和不同树龄的梨树对梨小食心虫的抗虫性均存在显著差异。酥梨比巴梨的抗虫性差,试验期间酥梨园的日平均诱捕量为12.6头/盆,是巴梨园的2.21倍,而40年老酥梨园日平均诱蛾量为12.5头/盆,是20年酥梨园诱蛾量的2.5倍。     

梨小食心虫和苹小卷叶蛾在桃园的发生规律与防治

通过对山西临汾桃园苹小卷叶蛾(以下简称苹小)Adoxophyes orana(Fischer von Rosslerstamm)、梨小食心虫(以下简称梨小)Grapholita molesta(Busck)的调查,明确山西临汾桃园苹小和梨小的发生规律,苹小和梨小均是临汾桃园的重要害虫,梨小和苹小不仅种群数量在年度间波动较大,而且种群动态的趋势在年度间也不一致。首次指明梨小的化蛹场所,梨小在树上寻找多种类型的隐蔽处化蛹。苹小对糖醋液的趋性显著强于对性诱剂的趋性,梨小对性诱剂的趋性显著强于对糖醋液的趋性,根据苹小梨小对糖醋液和性诱剂的趋性特点和他们各虫态的发育历期,对桃园苹小和梨小的防治提出较为合理的思路。