淡色库蚊 (Culex pipiens pallens Coquillett)的抗性酯酶表现型及其在杀虫剂压力下的变化趋势(英文)

对来自杭州、临海和金华三个城市的淡色库蚊种群进行了抗性酯酶表现型频率分布的测定和分析 ,同时对三个种群进行双硫磷、敌百虫、毒死蜱和马拉硫磷等四种有机磷杀虫剂的抗性品系筛选 ,逐代测定和分析各种群在不同杀虫剂压力下 ,其抗性酯酶表现型频率分布的变化。结果表明 ,三个自然种群中都存在酯酶B1 、B2 纯合表现型及酯酶B1 /B2 杂合表现型 ,其中酯酶B1 纯合表现型占优势。各自然种群中的抗性酯酶表现型频率分布有差异。经过杀虫剂的逐代筛选 ,各种群相对于某一杀虫剂的压力 ,表现出选择较为单一的抗性酯酶表现型的趋势 :双硫磷有利于酯酶B1 纯合表现型的选择 ,敌百虫和毒死蜱有利于酯酶B2 纯合表现型的选择 ,马拉硫磷则似乎有利于酯酶B1 纯合表现型和酯酶B1 /B2 杂合表现型的选择 ,但酯酶B1 纯合表现型相对于B1 /B2 杂合表现型来说 ,对马拉硫磷抗性更强一些。根据研究结果 ,就蚊虫的抗性酯酶基因对不同杀虫剂的选择优势及相应的蚊媒控制策略进行了讨论。     

淡色库蚊有机磷抗性品系实验种群的生命表分析(英文)

本文在敌百虫、双硫磷和毒死蜱三种抗性品系筛选的基础上,通过抗性品系和敏感品系的吸血、繁殖、存活和发育等生物学特性的测定和比较,组建实验种群生命表,分析抗性品系的适合度。结果表明：三种抗性品系的吸血率、产卵率和发育速率与敏感品系相比都有所降低;抗敌百虫品系、抗双硫磷品系和抗毒死蜱品系相对敏感品系分别具有0．542、0．631和0．618的适合度。     

混配杀虫剂毒杀淡色库蚊的增效作用

溴氰菊酯是一种高效,广谱的拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂。长期使用可使昆虫产生抗药性,为了解杀虫剂复配增效潜力,提高药效,延缓抗性,降低农药成本发展我国新的农药制剂。我们用溴氰菊酯兑马拉硫磷混配增效杀虫剂作试验。结果表明溴氰菊酯对马拉硫磷有明显的增效作用。     

竹提取物对淡色库蚊Culexpipienspallens幼虫的活性评价(英文)

报道了竹提取物对淡色库蚊Culex pipiens pallens幼虫的毒杀作用。研究结果表明,巨县苦竹(Pleioblastus juxianensis)、白纹短穗竹(Brachystachyum albostriatum)、灰水竹(Phyllostachysplatyglossa)和苦竹(Pleioblastus amarus)提取物对淡色库蚊幼虫的24h致死中浓度(LC50)分别为30.65mg／L、53.94 mg／L、41.21mg／L、54.49mg／L。巨县苦竹索氏抽提物对淡色库蚊幼虫的毒杀作用明显强于间歇振荡提取物,前者对淡色库蚊幼虫的LC50为30.65 mg／L,95％置信限27.12~34.63 mg／L;后者的LC50为48.34 mg／L,95％置信限为40.37~59.62 mg／L。巨县苦竹乙醚浸提物对淡色库蚊幼虫的毒杀作用效果显著,125mg／L浓度时12h校正死亡率为56.67％,24h后达92.90％;石油醚浸提物及甲醇浸提物对淡色库蚊幼虫的毒杀作用则不明显, 24h校正死亡率均不超过40％。研究结果将有助于综合利用竹类资源,开发新型环境友好农药。     

论淡色库蚊敌百虫抗性品系的抗药性机理

分别测定了淡色库蚊(Culex pipiens pallens)敏感品系(SEN)及敌百虫抗性品系(RD)雌成蚊的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)对硫代乙酰胆碱(Atch)的米氏常数(K_m)和最大反应速度(V_max).SEN雌成蚊头部AchE的K_m=1.2×10^-4mol/L,V_max=7.7×10^-3mol/L(产物);胸部的K_m=0.8×10^-4mol/L,V_max=6.5×10^-3mol/L(产物).RD雌成蚊头部AchE的K_m=5.7×10^-4mol/L,V_max=25×10^-3mol/L(产物);胸部的K_m=0.8×10^-4mol/L,V_max=9.5×10^-3mol/L(产物).结果表明:1.SEN和RD二者的雌成蚊,它们自身头、胸间AchE是不同质的,是以同工酶的形式存在,因此RD雌成蚊头部AchE的性质与SEN雌成蚊的头部有显著差异也是由AchE同工酶的变异所造成.2.RD雌成蚊头部AchE在量上与SEN间也存在明显的差异.因此可以认为RD雌成蚊对有机磷产生抗性的主要机理是头部AchE在质和量上产生了变异.由于羧酸酯酶不是对具有磷酸酯键的有机磷制剂作用的靶子酶,因而不是敌百虫抗性产生的主要原因.     

淡色库蚊红眼(r)突变的遗传

在淡色库蚊(Culex pipiens pallens Coq.)中,分离出红眼(r)突变型。其眼睛的颜色,从幼虫,蛹到成虫表现了完全地外显和一致。正常黑眼(+)和红眼(r)杂交,不论正交或反交,F₁(子一代)个体全部为黑眼(+)(表1③④)。F₁的个体互交,F₂(子二代)则按黑眼(+):红眼(r)=3∶1分离(表1⑤⑥及表2的正交和反交项)。正交与反交的F₁个体,分别与红眼(r)本的雌、雄个体回交,其黑眼(+)与红眼(r)都按1∶1进行分离(表1⑦⑧⑨及表2回交栏三项)。实验证明,黑眼(+)对红眼(r)为显性,而红眼(r)则为隐性。它们完全符合一对孟德尔显、隐性关系基因的遗传规律。从F₂分离出来的红眼(r)个体,不管是来自F₁的互交,还是正交与反交的F₁雄蚊个体与红眼(r)亲本雌蚊个体的回交,它们的表现是:凡正交,红眼(r)个体都是雄的(表1⑤⑧);凡反交,红眼(r)个体都是雌的(表1⑥⑦)。唯有正交与反交的F₁雌蚊个体,当与亲本红眼(r)雄蚊个体回交时,其F₂的红眼(r)个体雌、雄都有,且红眼(r)雌:红眼(r)雄呈1∶1的比例(表1⑨),这主要是由红眼(r)雄蚊具有两类配子所遗成。上述现象说明,红限?是一种性连锁的突变。但由于出现一定比例的交换(表1⑤⑥⑦⑧),因此是属于不完全的性连锁。     

淡色库蚊对敌百虫抗性的研究——水解酶同敌百虫抗性关系

本文利用离体水解酶测定和聚丙烯酰胺圆盘电泳技术研究了淡色库蚊(Culex pipiens pallensCop.)对敌百虫抗性和水解酶的关系。实验结果表明:(1)抗性品系的羧酸酯酶活力远比敏感的大,并随着对敌百虫抗性水平的升降而增减。(2)酯酶同功酶谱表明,抗性品系有一染色强度很深的特征性羧酸酯酶带E₅,该带在抗性和敏感品系的杂交子代F₁中也发现,但强度不如抗性品系,这同F₁代的抗性水平下降相平行。(3)无论胆碱酯酶或是磷酸酯酶活力,在二品系中未见到明显差异。抗性和敏感品系的胆碱酯酶对敌百虫和敌敌畏的敏感度相似。     

淡色库蚊生物学的实验研究

<正> 淡色库蚊Culex pipiens pallens Coquillett在我国不少地区已形成不同程度的抗药性。为了解它的正常(敏感性)品系和抗药性品系幼虫发育所需要的时间、雌雄性别的比例、成虫在不同温度时的寿命以及其产卵等情况,我们进行了此项实验研究。     

中美有机磷杀虫药剂抗性库蚊复合种群酯酶基因扩增的研究(英文)

用脉冲电场凝胶电泳技术,从北京和美国加州的有机磷杀虫药剂抗性库蚊复合品系中分离出一条49kb的酯酶基因扩增片段。该片段可能是一个完整的扩增单元,也是迄今分离出的最大的一条昆虫酯酶基因扩增片段,扩增基因结构的研究正在进行之中。本文还重点讨论了DNA大片段的制备方法和脉冲电场电泳分离技术。     

杀虫剂在不同水温中对淡色库蚊幼虫毒效变化的观察

一、前言 在进行杀虫剂生物测定时,各种环境因子对毒效有很大影响。Busvine (1957) 对此有较全面的评述。在各种环境因子中,早在1945年 Liadquist就注意到DDT在不同温度下对家蝇的击倒率有显著差异。1948年Fan等报告用埃及伊蚊Aedes aegypti幼虫作浸液法测定,不但进一步证实DDT在低温下毒效较好,且发现剂量的高低,对温度系数有很大影响。例如测试浓度在0.1 ppm时是正温度系数,而0.002 ppm时即呈负温度系数。1961年Das等以光反应方法研究DDT在不同温度下对埃及伊蚊幼虫的毒效,其结果大致与Fan等的相同。近年来我们在进行有关影响蚊幼虫对药剂敏感度变异因子的研究中,发现温度确为重要因     

STABILITY OF ORGANOPHOSPHATE RESISTANCE IN CULEX PIPIENS PALLENS COQUILLETT UNDER RELAXATION OF INSECITICDE SELECTION*

Abstract The stability of resistance in the organophosphate resistant strain of Culex pipiens pallens with amplification of single gene coding for esterase B₂ was determined under relaxation of insecticide selection. Insecticide resistance and amplification of esterase were both lost when strains were not homozygous for the presence of amplified gene, probably due to biological disadvantage of the esterase gene. LC₅₀ and LC₉₅ of chlorpyrifos for this strain were 0. 2099 mg/L and 0.9036 mg/L in the F₀ generation respectively, but 0. 0207 mg/L and 2. 8027 mg/L respectively in the F₁₆ generation. In the homozygous strain, insecticide resistance was still stable and amplification of esterase remained after 16 generations under relaxation of insecticide selection, which indicated that copy of esterase gene was not lost in the offspring of this strain. The evolution of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes is discussed.     

ESTERASE PHENOTYPES IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF CULEX PIPIENS PALLENS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) AND THEIR VARIATIONS UNDER INSECTICIDE SELECTION*

Abstract Three populations of Culex pipiens pallens Coquillett, from Hangzhou, Linhai and Jinhua, were determined for their probability of resistant esterase phenotypes. Further, each population was selected with dipterex, chlorpyrifos, temephos and malathion at a given dose of 60%‐70% mortality and was determined for the variation of resistant esterase phenotypes in its offspring. The results indicated that esterase B₁ phenotype was dominant in three populations although different natural populations have a different probability distribution of esterase B phenotypes. Insecticide selection showed that various esterase loci seemed to have different selective advantages under different insecticide pressures. The esterase B₁ phenotype was selected under temephos, and the esterase B₂ phenotype was selected under dipterex and chlorpyrifos. Except for the esterase B₁ phenotype, the heterozygote of B₁/B₂ phenotypes was detected under malathion pressure. These results are discussed in relation to the selective advantages of esterase genes to OP pressure and mosquito control strategies.     

淡色库蚊酯酶等位基因及其在自然种群中的频率分布

酯酶基因扩增所产生的酯酶活性升高是库蚊Culex pipiens对有机磷杀虫剂抗性的主要机理之一。采用分子杂交技术和限制性酶切片段长度多态性(RFLP)分析,已鉴定出多种酯酶等位基因类型。该文通过酯酶基因特异性片段的PCR扩增及扩增片段的酶切片段分析,对淡色库蚊Culex pipiens pallens四种有机磷抗性品系的酯酶等位基因进行分型,并测定分析自然种群中不同酶型的频率分布。研究结果表明：PCR分型方法具有快速、准确的特点。不同的有机磷杀虫剂对酯酶等位基因具有明显的选择作用。双硫磷品系为B₁型;毒死蜱和敌百虫品系为B₂型;马拉硫磷品系为B₁型和B₁/B₂杂合型。不同地区采集的种群表现出不同的酶型频率分布。该文就杀虫剂对酯酶等位基因选择作用及自然种群的酶型频率分布进行了讨论。     

ANALYSIS ON LIFE TABLE OF ORGANOPHOSPHATE-RESISTANT STRAINS OF CULEX PIPIENS PALLENS

Abstract  Effects of dipterex, temephos and chlorpyrifos resistance on the relative fitness in Culex pipiens pallens were evaluated in terms of developmental and reproductive characteristics. Life tables of Dip-R (dipterex), Tem-R (temephos), Chl-R (chlorpyrifos) resistant strains and susceptible strain (S) were also constructed to determine the relative fitness by the net reproductive rates (r). The results indicated that three OP-resistant strains possessed reproductive and developmental disadvantages involving in bloodsucking ratio, average oviposition rate and survival ratio relative to the S strain. The Dip-R, Tem-R and Chl-R strains had the relative fitness value of 0. 542, 0. 631 and 0.618, respectively.     

LETHAL AND SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OF ACETAMIPRID ON THE LARVAE OF CULEX PIPIENS PALLENS

Abstract Acetamiprid is a novel neonicotinoid insecticide invented by Nippon Soda Co., Ltd. To explore the possibility of acetamiprid as larvicide of mosquitoes, lethal and sublethal effects of acetamiprid on the larvae of Culex pipiens pallens were studied by immersion method in the laboratory. The results indicated that the larvae of Culex pipiens pallens were sensitive to acetamiprid. The mortality of larvae peaked at 72 h after treatment. The 1 st instar larvae was the most susceptible to acetamiprid, and the 4th instar larvae was the most tolerant to acetamiprid, the LC, values were 0. 020 mg/L and 0. 296 mg/L at 72 h after treatment, respectively. Sublethal concentrations of acetamiprid could delay the development of larvae and decrease the weight of pupa. We suggested that acetarniprid is a safe and effective substitute for the using larvicides of mosquitoes.     

啶虫脒对淡色库蚊幼虫的致死和亚致死影响

啶虫脒是日本曹达公司新开发的一种氯代烟碱类杀虫剂,为了探讨其用于蚊虫幼虫控制的可能性,我们在室内用浸渍法测定了啶虫脒对淡色库蚊幼虫的致死和亚致死影响,结果表明,淡色库蚊幼虫对啶虫脒较敏感,幼虫的死亡高峰出现在处理后第3天,幼虫的四个龄期中,一龄最敏感,四龄耐药力最强,二在处理后72h时的LC50值分别为0.020mg/L/升和0.296mg/L。幼虫在亚致死浓度的啶虫脒溶液作用下,发育期延长,蛹重下降。说明啶虫脒可用于蚊虫幼虫的控制。     

用溴氰菊酯选育抗敌百虫淡色库蚊的研究

将室内选育成功的抗敌百虫淡色库蚊Culex pipiens pallens Coq.品系(RD)分为二个分系,一个不再用敌百虫处理,称之为RD衰退品系(RD_139-x),34代后对敌百虫的敏感度增加了10倍,对溴氰菊酯的敏感度无显著变化.另一分系改用溴氰菊酯选育,命名为Rde品系,53代后对溴氰菊酯抗性达200倍左右,对敌百虫敏感度上升约10倍,对DDT的交互抗性高达118倍,对马拉硫磷、杀螟硫磷的敏感度与敏感品系(SEN,上海昆虫所保存)比较也有上升,呈负交互抗性现象.用高剂量溴氰菊酯处理幼虫、也证明Rde在20分钟内麻痹率比敏感品系低,可见抗性机制主要是抗击倒因子(Kdr).但增效醚(Pb)对溴氰菊酯明显增效,可见mfo酶也起重要作用,推测抗性为多因子遗传.     

EVALUATION OF EXTRACTS FROM BAMBOO FOR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AGAINST CULEX PIPIENS PALLENS

Abstract The extracts from 7 species of bamboo were tested for larvicidal activity against Culex pipiens pallens . At the tested concentration, the extracts of selected bamboo had different degree of toxic effects on the fourth instar larvae of Culex pipiens pallens . Among them, the extracts of Pleioblastus juxianensis, Brachystachyum albostriatum, Phyllostachys platyglossa and Pleioblastus amarus were found to be effective with LC₅₀values at 24 h of 30.65 mg/L, 53.94 mg/L, 41.21 mg/L and 54.49 mg/L respectively, against Culex pipiens pallens larvae. The extract of Pleioblastus juxianensis by Soxhlet method showed stronger activity than the extract obtained by interval-shaking, the LC₅₀ of which were 30.65 mg/L and 48.34 mg/L, respectively. The diethyl ether extract of Pleioblastus juxianensis exhibited better larvicidal activity than the methanol extract and the petroleum ether extract. The results would help to provide the basis for the study of environment acceptable pesticide for mosquito control, and also help to comprehensively utilize the source of bamboo.     

淡色库蚊生殖滞育的神经内分泌调节

刚羽化的淡色库蚊(Culex pipiens pallens)去首后,其第I卵泡停滞在N期,不能进一步发育。 5天以上日龄滞育蚊去首后,第I卵泡约在去首后24小时即从N期开始发育。 组织切片发现,滞育蚊咽侧体(CA)体积小,形态瘦长,略呈圆锥形,胞核着色深,排列紧密,胞质少,似处于失活状态。 滞育蚊卵巢转种到发育蚊体内,其卵泡可以发育,而转种到滞育蚊体内则不能发育。类保幼激素(JHA,ZR515)及从发育蚊血淋巴液中提取的粗制保幼激素都能使滞育蚊的卵泡发育。