遮荫对牡丹光合特性及观赏品质的影响

于2008～2011年对牡丹栽培品种进行了不同程度的长期遮荫处理(100%、65%、45%及15%自然光强),并对其中5个品种(‘傲阳’、‘粉中冠’、‘蓝宝石’、‘迎日红’及‘朱光墨润’)进行了光合特性及观赏品质的测定。结果表明:牡丹各品种光饱和点及光补偿点较高,遮荫处理下光饱和点与光补偿点有不同程度降低。65%光照下,所有品种的净光合速率较对照明显提高,成花率高,花朵直径明显增大;45%光照下,各品种成花率高,‘傲阳’、‘蓝宝石’、‘迎日红’及‘朱光墨润’4个品种的净光合速率较对照明显提高,‘粉中冠’、‘蓝宝石’、‘迎日红’及‘朱光墨润’的花朵直径较对照不同程度增大;15%光照下,所有品种的净光合速率及成花率较对照显著降低,花朵直径显著减小。‘蓝宝石’在不同程度遮荫下花色较对照没有明显变化,‘傲阳’在轻中度遮荫下花色较对照没有明显变化;‘粉中冠’及‘迎日红’在65%光照下花色变深变红,45%光照下花色开始变浅;‘朱光墨润’在45%光照下花色开始变蓝变红。研究发现,牡丹是阳生植物,但光照生态幅较宽,适度遮荫能促进光合作用,成花率高,花朵直径增大,花色鲜艳,提高观赏品质,但不同色系品种的适宜遮荫程度各异。     

Effect of sunlight on enumeration of indicator bacteria under field conditions.

The effect of sunlight on the enumeration of fecal coliform (FC) and fecal streptococcal (FS) bacteria when water samples are collected in containers and brought back to the laboratory for analysis or when the water samples are filtered through membranes on site was determined. FC and FS in raw sewage stored in clear glass or translucent polyethylene containers were resistant to the effects of sunlight. However, under the same conditions of storage and exposure to sunlight, 90% of FC and FS in sewage diluted 1:100 in seawater were inactivated within 13 to 32 min. When sewage was similarly diluted in stream water and exposed to sunlight, 90% of FC were inactivated after 28 to 38 min, whereas 90% of FS were not inactivated even after a 2-h exposure to sunlight. Other experiments showed that 90 to 99% of FC and FS retained on membranes were inactivated when these membranes were exposed to sunlight for 10 to 15 min. FS were inherently more resistant to sunlight inactivation than were FC. Finally, evidence was obtained to show that sunlight initially stresses the bacteria but eventually causes cell death.     

Effect of sunlight on survival of indicator bacteria in seawater.

The stability of the natural populations of fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci in raw sewage diluted 1:1,000 in seawater or phosphate-buffered water at 24 +/- 2 degrees C was markedly affected by the absence or presence of sunlight. In the absence of sunlight, these bacteria survived for days, whereas in the presence of sunlight 90% of the fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci were inactivated within 30 to 90 min and 60 to 180 min, respectively. The bactericidal effect of sunlight was shown to penetrate glass, translucent polyethylene, and at least 3.3 m of clear seawater, suggesting that the visible rather than the ultraviolet light spectrum of sunlight was primarily responsible for the observed bactericidal effect. However, these same sewage-borne bacteria were relatively resistant to the bactericidal effect of sunlight when diluted in fresh mountain stream waters. These results indicate that the presence of sunlight is a major factor controlling the survival of fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci in seawater.     

Local adaptation of a parasite to solar radiation impacts disease transmission potential,spore yield,and host fecundity*

Environmentally transmitted parasites spend time in the abiotic environment, where they are subjected to a variety of stressors. Learning how they face this challenge is essential if we are to understand how host–parasite interactions may vary across environmental gradients. We used a zooplankton–bacteria host–parasite system where availability of sunlight (solar radiation) influences disease dynamics to look for evidence of parasite local adaptation to sunlight exposure. We also examined how variation in sunlight tolerance among parasite strains impacted host reproduction. Parasite strains collected from clearer lakes (with greater sunlight penetration) were most tolerant of the negative impacts of sunlight exposure, suggesting local adaptation to sunlight conditions. This adaptation came with both a cost and a benefit for parasites: parasite strains from clearer lakes produced relatively fewer transmission stages (spores) but these strains were more infective. After experimental sunlight exposure, the most sunlight-tolerant parasite strains reduced host fecundity just as much as spores that were never exposed to sunlight. Sunlight availability varies greatly among lakes around the world. Our results suggest that the selective pressure sunlight exposure exerts on parasites may impact both parasite and host fitness, potentially driving variation in disease epidemics and host population dynamics across sunlight availability gradients.     

Sensitivity of Legionella pneumophila to sunlight in fresh and marine waters.

Studies were carried out to assess the sunlight sensitivity of Legionella pneumophila suspended in fresh and marine waters. Comparison studies on sunlight sensitivity of lake water bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis, were also undertaken. The effects of full sunlight and polyacrylic-screened sunlight were monitored in the study. Results indicate that L. pneumophila cells are slightly more sensitive to sunlight in seawater than in fresh water. Enumeration of sunlight-stressed bacteria in fresh water was found to be dependent on the medium used, and the following order of sensitivity to sunlight, from least to most sensitive, was noted: natural lake water bacteria, L. pneumophila, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and S. faecalis.     

无机碳供应与光照条件对坛紫菜光合功能的影响

海藻群体密度过大常引起海水中CO_2供应和光照强度降低,为探讨这两种环境条件对坛紫菜光合作用的影响,在4种条件下培养坛紫菜,即390μL·L^-1(正常空气)+全日光、20μL·L^-1(低CO_2供应)+全日光、390μL·L^-1+低日光(光照强度为全日光的20%)、20μL·L^-1+低日光,测定藻体的碳酸酐酶活性、光合速率,以及不同温度下开放状态光系统Ⅱ最大量子产量(F_ v'/F _m').结果表明:低CO_2供应和低日光下生长的坛紫菜具有较高的碳酸酐酶活性,并且低日光能够提高海藻最大碳饱和光合放氧速率(V _max).在低日光下,生长在低CO_2海水中的坛紫菜V _max显著低于正常CO_2海水中生长的海藻V _max;在全日光下,低CO_2下生长的海藻V _max却高于正常CO_2下生长的海藻V _max.生长在低CO_2和低日光条件下的海藻在低温(10℃)和高温(30℃)下,藻体的F_ v'/F _m'变化不明显;而生长在390μL·L^-1+全日光环境中的海藻在高温环境下200 min后,藻体的F_ v'/F _m'相比40 min时的F_ v'/F _m'降低76.4%.低CO_2和低日光提高坛紫菜光合无机碳利用能力以及适应短期温度变化的能力,而低CO_2对海藻光合速率的影响与海藻所处光照环境有关.     

Effects of Simulated and Natural Sunlight on the Germination of Conidia of Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal and Interactions with Temperature

The effects of natural and simulated sunlight on conidia of Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal formulated in oil were investigated. The germination responses of conidia exposed to simulated sunlight usually followed an exponential pattern, but a cubic relationship was better in one instance when the conidia were allowed a longer time to germinate. Conidia exposed to natural sunlight in West Africa showed cubic relationships in their germination responses and greater inactivation/increment of ultraviolet (UV) dose compared with that from simulated sunlight. This was probably due to the greater intensity of UV irradiation compared with simulated sunlight, but an interaction with temperature occurs naturally in the field. Under laboratory and field conditions, UV light caused increasing levels of damage as the temperature rose; with simulated sunlight, UV levels that caused a 20% reduction in germination at 20 C caused an 80% reduction at 50 C.     

Studies on the Sunlight Flavour of Beer

In order to establish the mechanism of occurrence of sunlight flavour of beer in continuation of the preceding paper, humulone, lupulone, and their analogues and degradation compounds, i.e., cohumulone, adhumulone, 5-acetyl-3-methylfilicinic acid including analogues, tetrahydrohumulone, hexahydrolupulone, humulinic acid and lupuloxinic acid, were tested for the occurrence of sunlight flavour of beer.

As a result, among the above-mentioned compounds, humulone, lupulone, cohumulone, adhumulone, tetrahydrohumulone and hexahydrolupulone were found to cause the sunlight flavour, but the other compounds did not cause typical sunlight flavour. This fact shows that some specific structural components seem requisite for the occurrence of sunlight flavour of beer.

It was also revealed that isomerization caused by boiling accelerates the occurrence of the sunlight flavour of beer. Finally, the result of the experiment conducted by the gas chromatographic procedure showed that any new component is not detected by the exposure of beer to sunlight but, two components somewhat increased.     

Effect of previous culture conditions and the presence of the rpoS gene on the survival of Salmonella typhimurium in sea water exposed to sunlight

The effect of sunlight exposure on Salmonella typhimurium isogenic strains harboring an rpoS gene functional (rpoS+) or not functional (rpoS-) was investigated in microcosms of sterile sea water at 20 degrees C. The two strains rapidly lost their ability to produce colonies on solid culture media. The detrimental action of sunlight was more important when the salinity of sea water increased. The survival of stationary phase cells was influenced by RpoS. Bacteria grown in media with high salinity or osmolarity and transferred to sea water in stationary phase were more resistant to irradiation than those grown in media with low salinity. Prior growth under oxidative (0.2 mmol/L of H2O2) or amino acid starved (minimal medium) conditions did not modify the survival of either strain when they were exposed to sunlight. Bacteria were more resistant when cells were incubated in sea water in the dark prior to being exposed to sunlight. The resistance to sunlight irradiation was also greater in clones of both strains isolated from microcosms exposed to sunlight for 90 min, then further inoculated into sea water and reexposed to sunlight.     

Residential and occupational exposure to sunlight and mortality from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: composite (threefold) case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether non-Hodgkin''s lymphoma mortality is associated with sunlight exposure. DESIGN: Three case-control studies based on death certificates of non-Hodgkin''s lymphoma, melanoma, and skin cancer mortality examining associations with potential sunlight exposure from residence and occupation. SETTING: 24 states in the United States. SUBJECTS: All cases were deaths from non-Hodgkin''s lymphoma, melanoma, and non-melanotic skin cancer between 1984 and 1991. Two age, sex, and race frequency matched controls per case were selected from non-cancer deaths. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Odds ratios for non-Hodgkin''s lymphoma, melanoma, and skin cancer from residential and occupational sunlight exposure adjusted for age, sex, race, socioeconomic status, and farming occupation. RESULTS: Non-Hodgkin''s lymphoma mortality was not positively associated with sunlight exposure based on residence. Both melanoma and skin cancer were positively associated with residential sunlight exposure. Adjusted odds ratios for residing in states with the highest sunlight exposure were 0.83 (95% confidence interval 0.81 to 0.86) for non-Hodgkin''s lymphoma, 1.12 (1.06 to 1.19) for melanoma, and 1.30 (1.18 to 1.43) for skin cancer. In addition, non-Hodgkin''s lymphoma mortality was not positively associated with occupational sunlight exposure (odds ratio 0.88; 0.81 to 0.96). Skin cancer was slightly positively associated with occupational sunlight exposure (1.14; 0.96 to 1.36). CONCLUSIONS: Unlike skin cancer and to some extent melanoma, non-Hodgkin''s lymphoma mortality was not positively associated with exposure to sunlight. The findings do not therefore support the hypothesis that sunlight exposure contributes to the rising rates of non-Hodgkin''s lymphoma.     

Seasonal and diurnal leaf orientation,bifacial sunlight incidence,and leaf structure in the sand dune herb Hydrocotyle bonariensis

A conceptual model has been proposed whereby leaf orientation and resulting sunlight exposure dictate functional leaf structure. Specifically, the model states that this relationship is driven by the absolute amount and ratio of incident sunlight on adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. To test this model, the relationships between corresponding values of leaf orientation and incident sunlight on both leaf surfaces were measured for the sand dune herb Hydrocotyle bonariensis over a growth season, along with examination of leaf structure. For mature leaves, leaf angle from horizontal and azimuth angle significantly increased over the growing season, indicating diurnal midday avoidance and seasonal maximization of incident sunlight. Consequently, seasonal changes in leaf orientation resulted in an overall decrease in midday sunlight incidence on the adaxial surface and a slight shift in the daily occurrence of peak abaxial incidence. Adaxial surfaces received three to four times more sunlight than abaxial surfaces, and leaf cross-sections revealed relatively thick (564 μm) leaves with multiple adaxial palisade layers and stomata on both leaf surfaces, as predicted by the conceptual model and measured ratio of incident sunlight on adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. These data provide further evidence of the relationship between leaf orientation and resulting absolute levels of sunlight incidence on both leaf surfaces, as well as their ratio, and corresponding differences in internal and external leaf structure.     

The Influence of Air Temperature and Sunlight Intensity on Mate-Locating Behavior of Pieris rapae crucivora

It is considered that the mate-locating behaviors of ectothermic insects are constrained by the ambient thermal conditions, since the flight ability depends on the body temperature. However, since ecological factors also influence the mating behaviors, the flight ability would not necessarily determine the time schedule of male mate-locating flight. To reveal how the ambient thermal conditions influence the mating behaviors, we investigated the association of air temperature and sunlight intensity with the diurnal schedule of female-searching behavior in male P. rapae crucivora. In the early morning, the proportion of female-searching males to basking males increased as the air temperature and sunlight intensity increased. The air temperature was also associated significantly with the diurnal schedule of male female-search on 7 of 8 observation days. The number of female-searching males reached the peak when the air temperature was between 24 and 29 degrees C. On the other hand, the sunlight intensity did not account for the diurnal schedule of male female-search. The associations between the sunlight intensity and male female-search were not consistent among different days. When the air temperature was roughly constant, however, the sunlight intensity was correlated significantly with male activity of female-search. The regression of male activity of female-search as a function of sunlight intensity was improved, when it was assumed that the sunlight intensity influenced male behaviors with a delay of 1 to 4 minutes, and when it was assumed that the mean intensity of sunlight for 1 to 9 minutes influenced male behaviors.     

Studies on the Sunlight Flavor of Beer

Three synthetic lupulone analogues, i.e., 1-acetyl-3,3,5-tri-allyl-, 1-acetyl-3,3,5-tri-n-propyl-and 1-acetyl-3,3,5-tri-n-butyl-hexadiene- (1,5) -diol- (2,6) -on- (4) did not cause sunlight flavor of beer when they were added to a fermented solution of sucrose and exposed to sunlight.

When methanol solutions of humulone and acetolupuphenonen were exposed to sunlight, changes in the UV-absorption spectra were observed. This fact indicates that humulone and acetolupuphenone underwent some photochemical reaction upon exposure to sunlight.

Prenyl (γ,γ-dimethylallyl) mercaptan was synthesized, which gave a typical sunlight flavor when it was added, in a trace amount, to a fermented solution of sucrose.     

紫外光和日光对噬藻体PP活性的影响

分别研究了实验室条件卜紫外灯照射及不同季节中目光照射对噬藻体PP活性的影响。结果表明紫外光(UV-A和UV-B)对噬藻体PP有较强的致失活作用,并且其致失活作用强弱与波长有关。日光的作用下,夏季时噬藻体PP的日失活率为88．60％,冬季时为58．86％。同时发现不同季节中,尽管在某些时段的目光强度相似,但噬藻体PP失活率的差别却较大,这一现象可能是由于光质不同引起的。上述结果有助于解释淡水环境中噬藻体种群大小的季节性波动。     

Self-decontaminating photocatalytic zinc oxide nanorod coatings for prevention of marine microfouling: a mesocosm study

The antifouling (AF) properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorod coated glass substrata were investigated in an out-door mesocosm experiment under natural sunlight (14:10 light: dark photoperiod) over a period of five days. The total bacterial density (a six-fold reduction) and viability (a three-fold reduction) was significantly reduced by nanocoatings in the presence of sunlight. In the absence of sunlight, coated and control substrata were colonized equally by bacteria. MiSeq Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA genes revealed distinct bacterial communities on the nanocoated and control substrata in the presence and absence of light. Diatom communities also varied on nanocoated substrata in the presence and the absence of light. The observed AF activity of the ZnO nanocoatings is attributed to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through photocatalysis in the presence of sunlight. These nanocoatings are a significant step towards the production of an environmentally friendly AF coating that utilizes a sustainable supply of sunlight.     

Are there mechanistic differences between ultraviolet and visible radiation induced skin pigmentation?

Most of the studies on sunlight-induced pigmentation of skin are mainly focused on ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced pigmentation and ways to prevent it. Recent studies have shown that the visible component of sunlight can also cause significant skin pigmentation. In the current study, the extent of pigmentation induced by UV and visible regions of sunlight in subjects with Fitzpatrick skin type IV-V was measured and compared with pigmentation induced by total sunlight. The immediate pigment darkening (IPD) induced by the visible fraction of sunlight is not significantly different from that induced by the UV fraction. However, the persistent pigment darkening (PPD) induced by visible fraction of sunlight in significantly lower than that induced by the UV fraction. The dose responses of IPD induced by UV, visible light and total sunlight suggest that both UV and visible light interact with the same precursor although UV is 25 times more efficient in inducing pigmentation per J cm(-2) of irradiation compared to visible radiation. The measured diffused reflection spectra and decay kinetics of UV and visible radiation-induced pigmentation are very similar, indicating that the nature of the transient and persistent species involved in both the processes are also likely to be same.     

Influence of light intensity during growth on photosynthesis and activity of several key photosynthetic enzymes in a C4 plant (Zea mays)

Maize ( Zea mays L. Hybrid Sweet Corn, Royal Crest), a C₄ plant, was grown under different light regimes, after which the rate of photosynthesis and activities of several photosynthetic enzymes (per unit leaf chlorophyll) were measured at different light intensities. Plants were grown outdoors under direct sunlight or 23% of direct sunlight, and in growth chambers at photosynthetic photon flux densities of about 20% and 8% of direct sunlight. The plants grown under direct sunlight had a higher light compensation point than plants grown under lower light. At a light intensity about 25% of direct sunlight, plants from all growth regimes had a similar rate of photosynthesis. Under saturating levels of light the plants grown under direct sunlight had a substantially higher rate of photosynthesis than plants grown under the lower light regimes. The higher photosynthetic capacity in the plants grown under direct sunlight was accompanied by an increased activity of several photosynthetic enzymes and in the amount of the soluble protein in the leaf. Among five photosynthetic enzymes examined, RuBP carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.39) and pyruvate, Pi dikinase (EC 2.7.9.1) were generally just sufficient to account for rates of photosynthesis under saturating light; thus, these may be rate limiting enzymes in C₄ photosynthesis. Pyruvate, Pi dikinase and NADP-malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.82) were the only enzymes examined which were light activated and increased in activity with increasing light intensity. In the low light grown plants the activity of pyruvate, Pi dikinase closely paralleled the photosynthetic rate measured under different light levels. With the plants grown under direct sunlight, as light intensity was increased the activation of pyruvate, Pi dikinase and NADP⁺-malate dehydrogenase proceeded more rapidly than photosynthesis.     

Acclimation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salix triandroides</Emphasis> cuttings to incomplete submergence is reduced by low light

A simulated flooding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of seasonal flooding on the plant Salix triandroides from the Dongting Lake wetlands in China. The morphology, photosynthetic activity, and anatomy of cuttings in three water conditions (?40 cm, water level 40 cm below soil surface; 0 cm, water level 0 cm at the soil surface; and 40 cm, water level 40 cm above soil surface) and two lights conditions (full sunlight and 10% sunlight) were measured. Plants had a higher survival ratio and biomass accumulation in full sunlight than in 10% sunlight when the water level was ?40 and 0 cm, but there was no difference between these parameters in cuttings grown under the two light conditions in the 40 cm water treatment. In full sunlight, a lower survival ratio and reduced biomass were observed with increasing water level. The same trend was also seen for survival ratio in 10% sunlight. However, there was no difference in biomass among the three water levels in 10% sunlight, except for leaf weight. Branch height, leaf number, adventitious root length, and adventitious root number were different in the three water levels and two light conditions. In water levels of ?40 and 0 cm, plants had lower chlorophyll contents in full sunlight than in 10% sunlight. In full sunlight, there was no difference in chlorophyll content between the water levels, while in 10% sunlight, lower chlorophyll content was observed in ?40 cm than in 0 cm water. Photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate decreased, but water-use efficiency increased in reduced light at all three water levels. Additionally, plants had higher porosity in 40 cm water than in ?40 and 0 cm conditions. Based on the reduced plant growth in the 10% sunlight condition and decreased survival in the 40 cm water level, we conclude that low light significantly decreased plant acclimation to incomplete submergence and that high water levels induced dormancy in the cuttings. Therefore, the height of cuttings used for forestation or reforestation is an important consideration for mitigating the negative effects of seasonal flooding on the survival and growth of S. triandroides in Dongting Lake wetlands.     

Sunlight and Protection Against Influenza

Recent medical literature suggests that vitamin D supplementation protects against acute respiratory tract infection. Humans exposed to sunlight produce vitamin D directly. This paper investigates how differences in sunlight, as measured over several years across states and during the same calendar week, affect influenza incidence. We find that sunlight strongly protects against getting influenza. This relationship is driven almost entirely by the severe H1N1 epidemic in fall 2009. A 10% increase in relative sunlight decreases the influenza index in September or October by 1.1 points on a 10-point scale. A second, complementary study employs a separate data set to study flu incidence in counties in New York State. The results are strongly in accord.     

全日光强下5种植物叶片的UV-B防护

通过测定马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和荷木(Schima superba),及黄果厚壳桂(Cryptocarw concinna)、藜蒴(Castanopsis fissa)和锥树(Castartopsis chinensis)叶片中甲醇提取物和细胞壁碱性酚类提取物中UV-B吸收物质的含量,以及叶片叶绿素含量和比叶面积,研究全日光强下植物对UV-B的防护策略。结果表明,在全日光强下植物叶片甲醇提取物的UV-B吸收能力较遮阴下的高,如藜蒴和锥树分别高出42．6％和32．6％,而马尾松仅高出4．2％。全日光强下的黄果厚壳桂和荷木叶片细胞壁碱性酚类提取物的UV-B吸收能力亦分别比遮阴下的高3596和11．7％,而马尾松、锥树和藜蒴则较遮阴下的低,可能这些树种在全日光下细胞壁UV-B吸收物质有部分转移到细胞质,以增强栅栏组织细胞的保护。全目光强下这几种植物叶片的叶绿素含量较遮阴下的低,但有较高的比叶面积,这可能有利于减少对光的吸收和对深层组织细胞器的保护。可见不同植物是采取不同的策略来适应增高的UV-B辐射。