Study of Implosion of Twisted Nested Arrays at the Angara-5-1 Facility

Results are presented from experimental studies of the implosion of twisted nested arrays in which the wires of the outer and inner arrays are twisted about the array axis in opposite directions (clockwise and counterclockwise). Experiments with twisted arrays were carried out at the Angara-5-1 facility at currents of up to 4 MA. The currents through the arrays were switched either simultaneously or the current pulse through the outer array was delayed by 10–15 ns with the help of an anode spark gap. It is shown that, in such arrays, the currents flow along the inclined wires and, accordingly, there are both the azimuthal and axial components of the discharge current. The process of plasma implosion in twisted arrays depends substantially on the value of the axial (longitudinal) magnetic field generated inside the array by the azimuthal currents. Two-dimensional simulations of the magnetic field in twisted nested arrays were performed in the (r, z) geometry with allowance for the skin effect in the discharge electrodes. It is shown that, depending on the geometry of the discharge electrodes, different configurations of the magnetic field can be implemented inside twisted nested arrays. The calculated magnetic configurations are compared with the results of measurements of the magnetic field inside such arrays. It is shown that the configuration of the axial magnetic field inside a twisted nested array depends substantially on the distribution of the azimuthal currents between the inner and outer arrays.     

基因表达芯片探针选择的一种有效方法

为了减少基因表达芯片探针选择的计算量,采用最大共有序列准则大大减少了需要计算的候选探针数量,并通过不断扩大进行计算的探针数目保证探针选择的效果．结果表明该方法是十分有效的,探针选择的结果也是令人满意的．     

Nested Inverse Polymerase Chain Reactions: An Effective Method for Cloning of Full-Length Sequences of Chalcone Synthase

Chalcone synthase is the key enzyme in biosynthesis of flavonoids, which play roles in pigmentation of flowers and protection against ultraviolet and pathogens. Inverse polymerase chain reaction (IPCR) is a method for the rapid in vitro amplification of DNA sequences that flank a region of known sequence. In this study, IPCR united with nested PCR was successfully applied in cloning full-length sequences of three Phalaenopsis chalcone synthase genes (phchs3, phchs4, and phchs5, respectively). Firstly, routine PCR with homologous primers were performed, and gene fragments of phchs3 (1 kb), phchs4 (1.2 kb), and phchs5 (800 bp) were obtained and then sequenced. Then, inverse PCR were carried out for cloning full-length sequence of each gene. Because products were not unique in single round inverse PCR, nested PCR were performed, and the specificity was much enhanced. At last, full-length sequences of 2,499 bp for phchs3, 2,502 bp for phchs4, and 1,855 bp for phchs5 were obtained. This study proved that IPCR could be more efficient if being united with nested PCR.     

Examination of Peak Power Dependence in the UV Inactivation of Bacterial Spores

We examine whether the rate of delivery of photons from a UV radiation source has an effect on the inactivation of spores. We directly compare the output of a high-peak-power UV laser source at 248 nm to a low-power continuous lamp source (254 nm) in the inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores. The two UV sources differ by a factor of 10⁸ in peak power. Contrary to previous reports, no clear differences in spore survival were observed.     

茶树嫩枝扦插的高效方法

茶(Camellia sinensis)是世界上最重要的饮料作物之一, 随着种植面积的扩大, 茶苗的需求量也日益增加。传统的扦插育苗方式存在着生根难、周期长和取材难等问题, 因此优化扦插生根的方法十分重要。该研究以较易获得、但传统方法难以生根的绿色嫩枝为扦插材料, 首先对培养介质进行改良。与土培和水培相比, 利用海绵培养可以使茶树幼嫩插穗在1个月之内快速生根, 生根率达32.2%。其次, 对海绵培方法做进一步优化, 确定一芽一叶的幼嫩短穗生根潜力更佳; 同时, 添加生根粉能够促进茶树茎部愈伤组织与根系的形成, 其中1.25 g∙L ^-1生根粉处理48小时对茶树扦插快速生根最有效, 生根率达42.0%。综上, 通过优化培养介质和扦插材料以及适当添加生根粉等措施, 建立了一种茶树高效嫩枝扦插生根的方法。该方法能够显著缩短嫩枝插穗的生根时间, 突破了扦插材料的限制, 有效降低了扦插成本, 具有重要的应用前景。     

茶树嫩枝扦插的高效方法

茶(Camellia sinensis)是世界上最重要的饮料作物之一, 随着种植面积的扩大, 茶苗的需求量也日益增加。传统的扦插育苗方式存在着生根难、周期长和取材难等问题, 因此优化扦插生根的方法十分重要。该研究以较易获得、但传统方法难以生根的绿色嫩枝为扦插材料, 首先对培养介质进行改良。与土培和水培相比, 利用海绵培养可以使茶树幼嫩插穗在1个月之内快速生根, 生根率达32.2%。其次, 对海绵培方法做进一步优化, 确定一芽一叶的幼嫩短穗生根潜力更佳; 同时, 添加生根粉能够促进茶树茎部愈伤组织与根系的形成, 其中1.25 g?L ^-1生根粉处理48小时对茶树扦插快速生根最有效, 生根率达42.0%。综上, 通过优化培养介质和扦插材料以及适当添加生根粉等措施, 建立了一种茶树高效嫩枝扦插生根的方法。该方法能够显著缩短嫩枝插穗的生根时间, 突破了扦插材料的限制, 有效降低了扦插成本, 具有重要的应用前景。     

一种提高体外培养细胞中期分裂相的新方法

为了提高体外培养细胞中期分裂相,用黄牛胎儿成纤维细胞系 （YFF）和西门塔尔小牛成纤维细胞系（CNF）为实验材料,先经4℃低温休克再用秋水仙素处理后制备染色体,比较了不同低温休克处理时间获得的中期分裂相百分率,并运用该方法对20代内YFF和CNF核型变异进行了分析。实验发现,YFF和 CNF经低温休克中期分裂相百分率显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。其中, 20 h低温组中期分裂相（31.7﹪和40.2﹪）高于对照组（4.7﹪和6.4﹪）5倍以上（P<0.01）。实验结果表明,4℃低温休克法是一种提高体外培养细胞中期分裂相的简便方法,适于监测体外培养细胞核型变异。     

A Method for Increasing the Number of Mitoses Available for Cytogenetic Analysis in Rainbow Trout

A new method for the cytogenetic analysis of fishes with special interest for the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Rich.) is described. This reliable method that includes treatment with a yeast solution provides high quality spreads of a great number of metaphases.     

A Novel Method for Generating Nested Deletions Using the in Vitro Bacteriophage T3 DNA Packaging System

To sequence a DNA segment inserted into a cosmid vector underthe directed sequencing strategy, we established a simple andrapid method for generating nested deletions which uses thein vitro packaging system of bacteriophage T3 DNA. The principleis based on the previous finding that this system can translocateany linear double-stranded DNA up to 40 kb into the phage capsidin a time-dependent manner and the encapsulated DNA becomesDNase-resistant. For this purpose, we constructed a cosmid vectorthat carries two different antibiotic selection markers at bothsides of the multiple cloning site, and after insertion of aDNA segment, the clone was linearized by -terminase at the cossite. After the packaging reaction in vitro followed by DNasetreatment, the encapsulated DNA was introduced into Escherichiacoli cells to give clones with unidirectional deletions by differentialantibiotic selection. Restriction and sequence analyses of deletionclones demonstrated that an ordered set of clones with nesteddeletions, ranging from less than 1 kb to 25 kb, was createdfrom either the end of the DNA segment. Thus, nested deletionclones that cover the entire region of a 40-kb cosmid insertcan be obtained by a single packaging reaction, and its restrictionmap can be simultaneously obtained.     

Hind-Casting the Quantity and Composition of Discards by Mixed Demersal Fisheries in the North Sea

Many commercial fisheries seek to maximise the economic value of the catch that they bring ashore and market for human consumption by discarding undersize or low value fish. Information on the quantity, size and species composition of discarded fish is vital for stock assessments and for devising legislation to minimise the practice. However, except for a few major species, data are usually extremely sparse and reliant on observers aboard a small sample of fishing vessels. Expanding these data to estimate total regional discards is highly problematic. Here, we develop a method for utilising additional information from scientific trawl surveys to model the quantities of fish discarded by the commercial fisheries. As a case-study, we apply the model to the North Sea over the period 1978-2011, and show a long-term decline in the overall quantity of fish discarded, but an increase in the proportion of catch which is thrown away. The composition of discarded catch has shifted from predominantly (∼80%) roundfish, to >50% flatfish. Undersized plaice constitute the largest single fraction of discards, unchanged from the beginning of the 20th century. Overall, around 60% of discarded fish are rejected on the basis of size rather than for reasons of species value or quota restrictions. The analysis shows that much more information can be gained on discarding by utilising additional sources of data rather than relying solely on information gathered by observers. In addition, it is clear that reducing fishing intensity and rebuilding stocks is likely to be more effective at reducing discards in the long term, than any technical legislation to outlaw the practice in the short term.     

有效分离1kDa小肽的Tricine-SDS-PAGE方法

为了建立能有效分离 1kDa的特小分子肽的Tricine SDS PAGE方法 ,调整分离胶中聚丙烯酰胺凝胶的分子组成 ,使致密胶中丙烯酰胺和双丙烯酰胺的交联度为 5 %,并加入 36 5 %的尿素 ,用于分离小至 1kDa的小分子肽 ,并与常规的SDS PAGE和先前报道的Tricine SDS PAGE相比较。结果改进的致密胶可以有效分离分子量小至 1kDa的小肽 ,明显优于常规的SDS PAGE和现有的Tricine SDS PAGE方法。     

CO2和温度升高及干旱对小麦叶片化学成分的影响

研究了ＣＯ２浓度升高、高温和干旱对干旱区小麦叶片化学成分的影响,结果表明：ＣＯ２浓度升高时各化学成分之间的差异只有在４０％田间持水量时才表现显著,说明未来ＣＯ２浓度升高对干旱区小麦化学成分的影响可能大于在非干旱区的影响;ＣＯ２浓度升高可减小因为土壤水分不同而造成的小麦化学成分之间的差异;高温对小麦化学成分的主要影响是引起Ｎ含量的显著降低;ＣＯ２浓度升高、高温和干旱三因子对干旱区小麦化学成分的复合影     

The Role of Formulation Additives in Increasing the Potency of Cydia pomonella Granulovirus for Codling Moth Larvae,in Laboratory and Field Experiments

Studies were undertaken to improve the biological efficacy of the granulovirus (CpGV) of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella , by evaluating the performance of some formulation additives that might improve virus persistence and/or virus uptake by first instar larvae. Laboratory studies, using a leaf disc bioassay, demonstrated that 15% cane molasses incorporated within a formulation of purified CpGV dramatically reduced the median lethal exposure time (LET 50 ) to CpGV for neonate larvae at a CpGV dosage rate of 10 7 occlusion bodies (OBs) ml -1 . Screening of a range of other compounds showed that sucrose, fructose and sorbitol (at 10% concentrations) and extracts of apple flesh and skin also gave significant reductions in the LET 50 of CpGV formulations containing these ingredients. Pectin, malic acid and &#102 -farnesene did not significantly reduce the LET 50 . In a field trial, molasses included at 15% (v/v) in a CpGV formulation, containing a dosage rate of 10 12 OBs ha -1 , gave as good control of codling moth damage as virus formulations containing the 'sticker' 0.2% skimmed milk at higher dosage rates of 10 13 and 10 14 OBs ha -1 . Studies of CpGV persistence on foliage revealed no significant improvement of virus persistence on apple foliage using 10% or 15% molasses formulations. A second field trial demonstrated that 10% molasses, 10% sorbitol or 0.08% &#102 -farnesene significantly reduced codling moth deep damage to fruit when these ingredients were added to formulations of pure CpGV. Substantial sooty-mould growth ( Cladosporium spp.) was observed on apple foliage treated with formulations containing molasses, indicating that this formulation additive has secondary consequences that would need to be taken into account if molasses was to be used in commercial CpGV formulations. Nonetheless, these studies clearly demonstrate that major biological improvements in CpGV performance can be achieved by the incorporation of formulation additives, including molasses and several other compounds, that probably function as attractants and/or feeding stimulants for codling moth larvae.     

肉苁蓉有效成分提取集成方法的研究

研究了肉苁蓉(CistanchedeserticolaY.C.Ma)中有效成分苯乙醇糖甙类化合物、甜菜碱和肉苁蓉多糖提取的集成方法。肉苁蓉先后用甲醇和水超声破碎提取,然后经大孔吸附树脂AB-8柱和强酸型阳离子交换树脂001×7柱洗脱以及SephadexG-75凝胶柱层析,可以分别得到苯乙醇糖甙类化合物52.3mg、甜菜碱125.6mg和肉苁蓉多糖24.5mg,其回收率分别为64.4%、92.9%和53.5%。该法的优点是将肉苁蓉中3种有效成分的提取方法集成起来,具有经济、高效的特点。     

Method for Increasing the Regularity of Isolation of Infectious Ribonucleic Acid from Influenza Virus

A more effective method of isolating infectious ribonucleic acid (RNA) from influenza virus was evaluated based on the enzymatic disintegration of the viral coat by Pronase, followed by phenol-detergent extraction of the RNA from susceptible and from resistant cells.     

Bag Experiments on the Effect of Phosphorus and Base Additions on the Algal Biomass and Species Composition of an Acid Lake

Bag experiments were conducted to determine the effect of neutralization and phosphorus additions on phytoplankton in a lake acidified by mine drainage. Neutralization and phosphorus additions caused a lag of several days before algal growth occurred.     

Direct Method for Determining the Viability of a Freshly Generated Mixed Bacterial Aerosol

A direct method was developed to determine the viability of a freshly generated mixed bacterial aerosol. A mixed suspension of (32)P-labeled Staphylococcus aureus and (35)S-labeled Proteus mirabilis was nebulized, and the aerosol was collected and separated according to particle size with an Andersen sampler. Quantitative and qualitative bacteriological and radioisotopic techniques were used to obtain ratios of bacterial to radioactive counts for each organism in samples of the nebulizer suspension and aerosol. Loss of viability was calculated from the change that occurred between the ratio of the nebulizer suspension and the ratio of the aerosol. The viability of S. aureus was unaffected by aerosolization, whereas the viability of P. mirabilis declined by 20 to 60% and was inversely proportional to particle size. The advantages of this method over present indirect methods, as well as potential applications of the method, are discussed.