基于CLUE-S模型的县域生产-生活-生态空间冲突动态模拟及特征分析

随着经济、社会发展速度不断加快,多功能空间之间的竞争不断增强,国土空间的协调与稳定受到严重影响。因此,模拟生产、生活和生态空间(简称"三生"空间)冲突格局,并分析其演变特征,对于科学利用国土空间,实现区域发展格局优化有着重要意义。以昌黎县为研究区,以2005和2015年土地利用现状数据为基础,采用CLUE-S模型预测研究区2025年土地利用格局;基于土地利用主导功能和次要功能将国土空间划分为生活生产空间、生产生态空间、生态生产空间及生态空间,依据景观生态指数构建空间冲突测度模型,测算昌黎县2005—2025年三期"三生"空间冲突变化趋势。结果表明:①2005—2025年昌黎县以生产生态空间为主。2015年末,生活生产空间、生产生态空间大量占用生态生产空间和生态空间,尤其是河流附近,空间转换更加显著;到2025年,各空间类型转变较少,但生活生产空间转入量仍相对较大。②2005—2025年昌黎县空间冲突水平呈上升趋势,到2025年,空间冲突逐渐以较强空间冲突为主。这主要是由于生产生态空间、生活生产空间不断向外扩张。随着城镇化、产业发展速度的加快,生活生产空间、生产生态空间向外扩张强度逐渐增大,生态生产空间、生态空间将面临威胁。     

川西农牧交错带“三生”空间冲突演变特征分析及模拟预测——以阿坝州四县为例

川西农牧交错带处于我国第一、第二阶梯的交替地带,是西部生态脆弱典型区,地势起伏显著,地形及生态环境复杂,积极开展川西农牧交错带"三生"空间冲突（生活、生产、生态）研究,将有助于川西农牧交错带生态安全保障与社会经济协调良性发展。研究区域为阿坝藏族羌族自治州四县（马尔康、理县、黑水、松潘）,以2005-2020年土地利用数据为基础,通过CLUE-S软件模拟了未来的土地利用模式;将研究区域"三生"空间分为生活生产空间、生态生产空间、生产生态空间、生态空间4种类型,并建立空间冲突测算模型,对研究区域2005-2025年四期空间冲突水平进行了测算。结果表明：（1）2005-2025年四县域面积所占比重最大的是生态生产空间,之后依次为生态空间、生产生态空间、生活生产空间。生活生产、生产生态空间面积连续上升,仅生态生产空间面积减少,生态空间面积以波动变化为主。（2）2005-2025年该区域以中等空间冲突为主。（3）2005-2025年,总体而言空间冲突值的高-高聚集区主要位于四县域的农牧交错带、生活生产空间的交叉区域且表现明显,高-高聚集区在松潘县和马尔康县的农牧交错带有逐渐扩大的趋势,黑水县和理县集聚区面积先减少后轻微扩张;空间冲突值的低-低集聚区主要位于以生态生产空间为主与生态空间的交叉区域;集聚不显著的区域以生态空间为主。（4）整体来看,川西农牧交错区域"三生"空间中生态生产空间冲突强度最高。     

自然生态空间格局构建与规划理论研究

广义的生态空间是指具有自然属性,以提供生态系统服务为主导功能的空间,包括自然生态空间、城镇生态空间和农业生态空间。自然生态空间是指与城镇空间、农业空间并列的,分布在城镇空间与农业空间之外的国土空间,在分布上具有完整性和连续性。探讨了自然生态空间的定义、内涵以及自然生态空间格局构建的理论和技术要点,提出以重要生态功能维护格局、人居环境屏障格局和生物多样性保护格局为主体,构建自然生态空间格局体系的思路。自然生态空间格局构建的最终目的是对国土空间开发行为进行管控,理顺保护与发展的关系,最终达到保护重要生态空间及促进区域可持续发展的目的。在落实生态文明战略、维护国家生态安全的背景下,构建自然生态空间格局对于优化国土空间开发格局,指导生态保护与建设具有重要意义。     

城市生态空间多元综合识别研究——以杭州市为例

城市生态空间是维护城市生态安全和提供持续生态服务的基本保障。以杭州市为研究区,从城市生态斑块的自然、人工以及自然-人工交互的属性特征3个方面选取了12个评价因子建立辨识指标体系,采用空间加权叠加的方法评价生态空间强度并识别核心型、辅助型、底线型生态空间和非生态空间4种类型。研究表明：（1）建立的辨识体系较好地反映了城市生态空间分布情况,适用于城市生态空间识别;（2）核心生态空间以林地为主要用地类型,集中分布在城市西翼,辅助型生态空间围绕核心生态空间周边。两类生态空间分别占总面积的21.28%、20.33%。（3）杭州市生态空间在分布上呈现出局部聚集的特征。以北部余杭区分布最为集中,且斑块连通度较高。城市不同区域生态空间分布特征具有较大差异性,针对其空间分布与生态功能提出不同的管理建设措施,能够为研究区未来的生态基础设施建设与维护提供科学依据。     

基于GIS的城市绿地景观引力场研究——以宁波市为例

城市绿地是城市用地的重要组成部分 ,也是城市生态系统的一个子系统。城市绿地景观的评价是城市生态系统研究的重要课题之一。在 GIS技术支持下 ,对城市绿地景观进行了研究。在研究过程中 ,将物理学中“场”的相关理论引入城市绿地景观的研究 ,提出绿地景观引力场的概念及评价方法。绿地景观引力场是城市绿地系统为城市居民提供服务能力的大小或潜力 ,其主要影响因素有绿地景观本身的质量、城市人口分布状况、城市土地利用现状、城市主要交通设施等。在研究中需要建立以下相关模型 :城市阻力的空间分布模型、城市人口的空间分布模型、城市公共绿地的空间分布模型、城市绿地景观引力场的空间分布评价模型。研究结果得出以下结论 :(1)景观引力场用于城市绿地系统的评价 ,能够更好地反映城市绿地的空间分布格局 ;(2 )丰富了城市绿地系统评价的指标内容和评价方法 ;(3)该方法从景观设计上提供了一个可供决策参考的依据 ;(4 )景观引力场还可用于城市其它服务设施的合理性与有效性的评价与研究。     

大数据支持下的城市公共空间活力测度研究

城市公共空间是人们进行社交活动的开放性场所，其活力的测度研究具有重要意义。人群及其活动是公共空间活力的主体和外在表现，传统的测度方法往往是对空间活力的间接反映。大数据能全面反映人群活动的行为特征和时空规律，从而使真实描述公共空间活力本质成为可能。从反映人群活动的稳定性、聚集性与多样性等3个基本特征的视角，提出了以大数据为基础的公共空间活力评价体系和定量计算方法。指出大数据质量及适用性研究、公共空间活力评价及其与物理空间的耦合机制研究应是未来的研究方向。     

三肽和四肽构象空间的可视化方法

研究蛋白质寡肽构象在构象空间中的分布情况,对提取寡肽模式并构建短肽库具有重要意义。通过构建一个保距映射,将以主链原子均方根距离(root mean square distance,RMSD)为距离测度的三肽构象空间变换为一维直线上的欧氏距离空间,从而直观地展现三肽构象的聚集情况,表明三肽主链构象可以用单一变量编码。应用该特性对四肽的构象空间加以分析,将四肽构象映射到三维空间中,从而以可视的方式描述四肽构象空间的聚集情况。对短肽构象空间的初步分析表明,短肽的聚集性和二级结构有着密切的联系。在四肽构象空间中存在有自然边界的离散区域(与螺旋等结构相关),也有一些区域(与折叠等结构有关)难以进一步划分。这种方法也为以可视方式分析高维空间中肽段的聚集性给出了一种可能的方案。     

Visuo-tactile representation of near-the-body space.

Here we report findings from neuropsychological investigations showing the existence, in humans, of intersensory integrative systems representing space through the multisensory coding of visual and tactile events. In addition, these findings show that visuo-tactile integration may take place in a privileged manner within a limited sector of space closely surrounding the body surface, i.e., the near-peripersonal space. They also demonstrate that the representation of near-peripersonal space is not static, as objects in the out-of-reach space can be processed as nearer, depending upon the (illusory) visual information about hand position in space, and the use of tools as physical extensions of the reachable space. Finally, new evidence is provided suggesting the multisensory coding of peripersonal space can be achieved through bottom-up processing that, at least in some instances, is not necessarily modulated by more "cognitive" top-down processing, such as the expectation regarding the possibility of being touched. These findings are entirely consistent with the functional properties of multisensory neuronal structures coding near-peripersonal space in monkeys, as well as with behavioral, and neuroimaging evidence for the cross-modal coding of space in normal subjects. This high level of convergence ultimately favors the idea that multisensory space coding is achieved through similar multimodal structures in both humans and non-human primates.     

Euclidean sections of protein conformation space and their implications in dimensionality reduction

Dimensionality reduction is widely used in searching for the intrinsic reaction coordinates for protein conformational changes. We find the dimensionality?reduction methods using the pairwise root?mean?square deviation (RMSD) as the local distance metric face a challenge. We use Isomap as an example to illustrate the problem. We believe that there is an implied assumption for the dimensionality‐reduction approaches that aim to preserve the geometric relations between the objects: both the original space and the reduced space have the same kind of geometry, such as Euclidean geometry vs. Euclidean geometry or spherical geometry vs. spherical geometry. When the protein free energy landscape is mapped onto a 2D plane or 3D space, the reduced space is Euclidean, thus the original space should also be Euclidean. For a protein with N atoms, its conformation space is a subset of the 3N‐dimensional Euclidean space R^3N. We formally define the protein conformation space as the quotient space of R^3N by the equivalence relation of rigid motions. Whether the quotient space is Euclidean or not depends on how it is parameterized. When the pairwise RMSD is employed as the local distance metric, implicit representations are used for the protein conformation space, leading to no direct correspondence to a Euclidean set. We have demonstrated that an explicit Euclidean‐based representation of protein conformation space and the local distance metric associated to it improve the quality of dimensionality reduction in the tetra‐peptide and β‐hairpin systems. Proteins 2014; 82:2585–2596. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Proposal from space radiation biologists. Importance of Centrifuge Facility in the study of biological effect by space radiation]

In microgravity, astronauts were constantly exposed to space radiation containing various kinds of radiation with a low-dose rate during long-term stays in space. It is very difficult to define the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of space radiation under microgravity. In order to understand correct the RBE of space radiation, therefore, utilization of Centrifuge Facility is desired as a control experiment at orbit for removing other factors such as microgravity except space radiation. Here, we summarized the importance of Centrifuge Facility in the study of biological effect of space radiation.     

基于空间生态特性的景观图式语言研究方法与方法论

图式语言是基于景观空间的生态特性而建立的一种表达景观地方性和空间逻辑的新范式,是以图式为基本语言符号研究景观空间由基本空间、复合空间到整体景观空间的基本语汇与基本逻辑关系,并为塑造新景观提供语汇、语法等图式语言体系的支撑。图式语言研究是采用了景观空间原型与高效空间、空间选择与样本分析、空间抽象与图式提取、图式语汇与空间逻辑以及图式语言体系构建与验证的研究方法。图式语言的研究方法是基于结构主义与解构主义、自组织协同理论与逻辑设计、空间生成过程与空间推理以及景观的多重表意与语用学等方法论基础之上的。图式语言的研究方法和方法论基础是景观空间的系统性、有机性和演变性决定的,是多学科研究方法和方法论的综合。     

Merging chemical and biological space: Structural mapping of enzyme binding pocket space

Structure‐based drug design tries to mutually map pharmacological space populated by putative target proteins onto chemical space comprising possible small molecule drug candidates. Both spaces are connected where proteins and ligands recognize each other: in the binding pockets. Therefore, it is highly relevant to study the properties of the space composed by all possible binding cavities. In the present contribution, a global mapping of protein cavity space is presented by extracting consensus cavities from individual members of protein families and clustering them in terms of their shape and exposed physicochemical properties. Discovered similarities indicate common binding epitopes in binding pockets independent of any possibly given similarity in sequence and fold space. Unexpected links between remote targets indicate possible cross‐reactivity of ligands and suggest putative side effects. The global clustering of cavity space is compared to a similar clustering of sequence and fold space and compared to chemical ligand space spanned by the chemical properties of small molecules found in binding pockets of crystalline complexes. The overall similarity architecture of sequence, fold, and cavity space differs significantly. Similarities in cavity space can be mapped best to similarities in ligand binding space indicating possible cross‐reactivities. Most cross‐reactivities affect co‐factor and other endogenous ligand binding sites. Proteins 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Space radiation biology]

Astronauts were constantly exposed to space radiation containing various kinds of energy with a low-dose rate during long-term stays in space. Therefore, it is important to judge correctly the biological effect of space radiation for human health. In addition, research for space radiation might give us useful information concerning birth and evolution of lives on the earth. Here, we described a view of the future about space experiments at an International Space Station. Therefore, we desire to educate the space researcher of the next generation for importance of research for space radiation.     

Evolutionary innovations and the organization of protein functions in genotype space

The organization of protein structures in protein genotype space is well studied. The same does not hold for protein functions, whose organization is important to understand how novel protein functions can arise through blind evolutionary searches of sequence space. In systems other than proteins, two organizational features of genotype space facilitate phenotypic innovation. The first is that genotypes with the same phenotype form vast and connected genotype networks. The second is that different neighborhoods in this space contain different novel phenotypes. We here characterize the organization of enzymatic functions in protein genotype space, using a data set of more than 30,000 proteins with known structure and function. We show that different neighborhoods of genotype space contain proteins with very different functions. This property both facilitates evolutionary innovation through exploration of a genotype network, and it constrains the evolution of novel phenotypes. The phenotypic diversity of different neighborhoods is caused by the fact that some functions can be carried out by multiple structures. We show that the space of protein functions is not homogeneous, and different genotype neighborhoods tend to contain a different spectrum of functions, whose diversity increases with increasing distance of these neighborhoods in sequence space. Whether a protein with a given function can evolve specific new functions is thus determined by the protein's location in sequence space.     

Extracellular space determination in gallbladder mucosa

Sucrose seems to be the best marker of the extracellular space in gallbladder mucosa. Inulin space is always smaller than sucrose space and the difference seems to be due to a sweeping-away effect in the intercellular channels as metabolic inhibitors and ouabain reduce it. Mannitol space continuously increases and this substance is likely to enter the cells.     

A proposal on a contribution of space biological sciences to sexual health in the human space life.

Sexuality is a basic property of the human being and provides an important background for the human life and society. The present situation in the world strongly suggests that the human being will extensively and intensively spread out in space and the population in space, particularly on the space stations in orbit, moon and possibly Mars, will rapidly increase during this century. Therefore sexual health will become a serious issue for the development of space and a better life of the human in the space environment. It is not too early to consider sexuality in the space life and to discuss how to maintain sexual health, how to control it in the space society, or whether it should be controlled. Space biological sciences should be the key and play an important role in studying scientifically sexuality especially the sex, sexual behavior and reproduction in the space environment.     

Subcellular compartments and protein topogenesis

A cell is surrounded by a plasma membrane. It contains various organelles, most of which are enclosed by limiting membranes. The intracellular space is thus divided into a number of subcellular compartments. Structurally, a cell is composed of membranes and the spaces enclosed by those membranes. In order to classify these compartments, the extracellular space has been designated S1 and whenever a unit membrane structure is crossed to arrive at the next space, one is added to term; the cytoplasmic space becomes S2, the intraluminal space of the endoplasmic reticulum and the intermembrane space of the mitochondria S3, and the matrix space of the mitochondria S4. Similarly, the plasma membrane is M1, the outer membrane of the mitochondria M2, and the inner counterpart M3. This classification of the subcellular compartments is useful in understanding a number of complicated cellular structures and functions. The intracellular transport of newly synthesized protein (protein topogenesis) and the probable development of subcellular organelles during phylogenesis of eukaryotic cells is discussed in terms of these subcellular compartments.     

Espaces de représentation et psychopathologie

A subjective world can be conceptualized as a “representational space” — that is, as a universe displayed from memory, in which the subject “is sailing”. Recent cognitive theory provides some conceptual tools for describing such a space in a relevant way for clinical purposes. The construction of a representational space is based on mental representations: (a) analogical representations, which display a content in working memory; (b) symbolic representations, which code and link up analogical representations to form a represented world. The dynamics of representations and affects is ruled by a principle of unification of representational space. The topology of a representational space depends on objective and subjective constraints which cause some “folds” and limit the display of such a space. The interaction between an event and a subjective memory can be analyzed within this framework, so that the concepts of trauma and defence processes can be defined. Clinical syndromes are defensive configurations that tend to close the representational space.     

城市绿地可达性与公平性评价

城市绿地是城市重要的绿色基础设施,是实现城市可持续发展的重要空间保障,具有重要的生态、社会文化功能.20世纪80年代以来,我国一直以城市人均(公共、公园)绿地面积、绿地率、绿化覆盖率等面积比率指标作为核心指标来指导城市绿地建设,缺乏具体引导城市绿地空间分布的指标,较少关注城市绿地服务功能的公平性问题.借助于GIS技术,构建了城市绿地社会功能评价的简明框架,尝试将表征城市绿地空间分布的可达性和公平性指标引入城市绿地的功能评价中,以体现城市建设"以人为本"、"社会公平"的理念,并以上海和青岛为实证,对新构建的系列指标进行了分析与检验.研究结果表明:(1)可达性和公平性系列指标导入城市绿地的功能评价中是可行的,能够有效的表征和测度城市绿地空间布局的合理性程度;(2)可达性和公平性指标使用时需要界定研究区范围、研究尺度,特别是数据精度,以利于研究区的纵向比较和城市间的横向比较.研究结果将丰富我国城市绿地评价的核心指标体系,亦可为城市规划者和建设者合理规划与布局城市绿地提供重要的依据和参考.     

城市绿地研究进展

2016年7月8-10日在中国上海召开了第二届国际城市生态学大会,会议的主题是“快速城市化和全球环境变化背景下城市生态学面临的挑战”。会议设16个专场,主要议题包括：城市化动态、城市可持续性研究、城市生物多样性评估和城市生态学教育等。城市绿地是大会的研究热点之一,会上讨论了城市绿地与城市生物多样性的密切联系、城市绿地的温度调节作用和文化服务,以及城市绿地与紧凑城市的关系等众多城市发展中的重要科学问题。为了推动城市绿地和城市生态学研究的进一步发展,本文对SURE大会上与城市绿地相关的研究内容进行综述和介绍。本次大会对未来城市绿地研究具有重要启示：(1)加强城市绿地的生态系统服务与可持续科学教育的研究;(2)加强小尺度城市绿地的评估、规划和管理研究;(3)加强城市绿地多功能的综合性研究。