香鱼甘油-3-磷酸脱氢酶基因的克隆与表达

GPDH(glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase)是合成脂肪代谢中间产物甘油-3-磷酸的关键酶。通过设计简并引物从香鱼肝cDNA文库中克隆GPDH基因,该基因cDNA序列全长577个核苷酸,单一大的开放阅读框编码一个由351个氨基酸组成的分子量为37.9kD的蛋白。蛋白序列分析表明,香鱼GPDH(aGPDH)与亚洲胡瓜鱼的GPDH序列同源性最高。系统进化树分析表明,GPDH的物种进化关系与目前接受的物种分类关系基本一致。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,aGPDH基因在香鱼肝、脾、肾、脑、心和肌肉组织均有表达。香鱼咸淡水适应以后,肝、脾、脑、心和肌肉的aGPDH的mRNA表达水平下调。成功构建重组表达质粒pET-32a-GPDH。SDS-PAGE试验表明,目的蛋白可以在大肠杆菌中大量表达;并制备了抗血清,能与目的蛋白起强的特异性反应,但不与细菌自身蛋白起反应。本研究有助于进一步理解鱼类盐度适应过程中的脂肪代谢调控机制。     

Blood group B-specific lectin of Plecoglossus altivelis (Ayu fish) eggs

A lectin that agglutinates human blood group B erythrocytes but not blood group A and O erythrocytes was isolated from eggs of Ayu sweet fish (Plecoglossus altivelis). The lectin also agglutinates Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells but not rat ascites hepatoma AH109 or rat sarcoma 150 cells tested. The lectin agglutination was most effectively inhibited by monosaccharides with the first type of configuration, i.e., L-rhamnose, L-mannose and L-lyxose at a concentration of 0.03 mM. The lectin agglutination was moderately inhibited by monosaccharides with the second type of configuration, i.e., D-galactose, D-fucose and D-galacturonic acid at a concentration of 0.4 mM. However, the agglutination was not inhibited by various other monosaccharides and oligosaccharides that have other types of configuration. The basis for an apparent B-specific hemagglutination may be due to the steric similarity of the C2 and C4 of the galactosyl series, the B-specific determinant, and the L-rhamnosyl-Sepharose column and was characterized as a homogeneous low molecular weight protein (Mr 14000) with an abundance of hydrophobic amino acids and dicarboxylic amino acid.     

香鱼基因组DNA提取方法的优化

为获得高质量的基因组DNA,分别采用传统酚-氯仿法、高盐法、试剂盒法和改进酚氯仿法提取香鱼肌肉基因组DNA。琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测结果表明,改进酚氯仿法提取的基因组DNA电泳条带整齐明亮且无降解。紫外分光度计测定DNA浓度和纯度,结果表明,改进酚氯仿法提取的鱼类基因组DNA浓度约为300μg/mL,A260/A280为1.80-1.86。用改进的酚氯仿法提取的DNA进行AFLP分析,扩增结果稳定,电泳条带清晰。综上所述,改进酚氯仿法能够获得高质量DNA,且可以用于进一步的分子生物学研究。     

Drug Resistance and R Plasmids in Vibrio anguillarum Isolated in Cultured Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis)

Two hundred twenty-six strains of Vibrio anguillarum collected from cultured ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) between 1978 and 1980 were studied for their sensitivities to 10 chemotherapeutics. In order to determine whether the drug-resistant strains possessed transferable R plasmids, they were conjugated with Escherichia coli. Almost all the strains isolated during the 3 years showed resistance to nalidixic acid (NA) and/or furazolidone (NF). NA and NF resistance were not transferred to Escherichia coli from any of the strains. Chloramphenicol-resistant strains were isolated in every year and almost all of them carried transferable R plasmids. Only one strain with tetracycline resistance was found among the strains tested. Strains resistant to sulfonamides, streptomycin, ampicillin (ABP), and trimethoprim (TMP) increased rapidly in 1980, and a large number of them carried transferable R plasmids. Transferable R plasmids encoded with resistance to ABP and TMP were detected for the first time in V. anguillarum strains. The R plasmids detected in the strains isolated in 1980 were classified into incompatibility groups E, A, and an untypable group. The R plasmid DNAs were cleaved by EcoRI to yield 11 to 13 fragments. The estimated molecular weights of the R plasmids from the five strains ranged from 97 to 104 M daltons.     

香鱼肌肉与免疫器官6种同工酶的表达

采用聚丙烯酰胺电泳方法,对香鱼(Plecoglossus altivelis)肌肉和肝脏、脾脏及肾脏3种免疫器官的6种与防御机能相关的同工酶的表达进行研究,共分析了SOD、POD、ACP、ALP、CAT、EST等6种同工酶的表达模式。结果表明,香鱼已经具有了完善的机体防御系统,肝脏和肾脏在香鱼的防御系统中发挥着十分重要的作用。本研究能为筛选具有较强抗病力和适应性的香鱼良种提供有价值的理论参考。     

Oral ontogeny of the Ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis and comparisons with the jaws of other salmoniform fishes

The Japanese Ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis Temminck & Schlegel is the sole representative of the salmoniform family Plecoglossidae. The Ayu is remarkable for its dentition which in adults comprises groups of diagonally arranged comb-like teeth in the outer tissue of the jaws. In juveniles (below 63 mm SL) the teeth are attached normally to the jaws. The transition of tooth form is correlated with a switch from zooplanktivory to algal or aufwuchs grazing. The present study follows the development of the teeth, jaws, oral cavity ethmoid and suspensorial elements in specimens ranging in size from 41–70 mm SL. The possible mode of function of the adult dentition is discussed. Comparisons are made with the jaws of other salmoniform fishes and a suite of supposed apomorphic characters are identified which are also shared with certain genera of the family Osmeridae, thus supporting the ideas of others that the Osmeridae is a paraphyletic assemblage.     

Genetic characteristics of the amphidromous fish Ayu Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis (Osmeriformes: Plecoglossidae) on Yaku-shima Island in Japan,the southernmost population of the subspecies

Genetica - The Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis) population on Yaku-shima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan represents the southernmost population of the subspecies and is considered to be...     

Effects of Chemotherapeutics on Bacterial Ecology in the Water of Ponds and the Intestinal Tracts of Cultured Fish,Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis)

Drug-resistant gram-negative bacilli conferred with R factors were isolated with high frequencies from the intestinal tracts of ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) cultured in ponds, in which chemotherapeutics had often been used, and with relatively low frequencies from ayu which received no administration of chemotherapeutics. Drug-resistant bacteria were also isolated at low frequencies from the intestinal tracts of wild ayu in rivers, as well as from the water of ayu-culturing ponds and some of them carried R factors. The drug-resistant bacteria carrying R factors were Aeromonas liquefaciens, Citrobacter, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Hafnia and unidentified strains. All the R factors were classified as the Fi^–(F) type, except the two R factors detected in an E. coli strain and in an unidentified strain.     

Molecular cloning of cone opsin genes and their expression in the retina of a smelt, Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis, Teleostei)

Five cone opsin genes of landlocked ayu fish (Plecoglossus altivelis) were cloned, and the expression patterns of these genes were investigated. AYU-LWS, -RH2-1, -RH2-2, -SWS1-1, and -SWS1-2 were isolated and had high (more than 75%) identity with red, green, green, UV, and UV-sensitive opsin, respectively, genes of other fish reported previously. The results of Southern blotting experiments showed that each gene is present as a single copy. Gene expression was measured by RT-PCR using four populations collected from rivers and a lake in spring and summer. The results of the RT-PCR experiment showed that AYU-SWS1-2 was highly expressed, whereas AYU-SWS1-1 was scarce. Two RH2 opsins were expressed simultaneously in the same individual, and the expression ratio between these opsins changed among populations. In situ hybridization revealed that AYU-LWS and -RH2-1 were expressed in the double cones and that AYU-RH2-2 and -SWS1-2 were expressed in the long and short single cones (LSC and SSC), respectively. It was shown that an individual ayu expresses two RH2 opsins simultaneously in different types of cone cells.     

蛋白酶抑制剂对绿豆象幼虫中肠蛋白酶活性的影响

为明确蛋白酶抑制剂对绿豆象幼虫中肠蛋白酶活性的影响,采用室内人工接虫和生化测定的方法,研究了在离体条件和饲喂条件下4种蛋白酶抑制剂对绿豆象幼虫中肠蛋白酶的抑制作用,并测定了绿豆象幼虫取食不同含量的绿豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂(MBTI)的人工绿豆后,其中肠内总蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶和类胰凝乳蛋白酶活性的变化.结果表明:在离体条件下,供试4种蛋白酶抑制剂对绿豆象幼虫总蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶和类胰凝乳蛋白酶活性均有明显的抑制作用,且浓度越大,抑制效果越显著,其中以20μg·mL^-1的MBTI对3种酶活性的抑制效果最强,3种酶活性分别比对照降低了62.5%、41.2%和38.7%,而卵粘蛋白抑制剂(OI)抑制效果最弱.绿豆象幼虫取食含不同抑制剂的人工绿豆后,中肠内3种酶活性也均受到一定的抑制作用,取食后随龄期的延长,3种酶活性有所升高但仍显著低于对照,且以MBTI的抑制作用最强.当绿豆象幼虫取食不同含量MBTI的人工绿豆后,随MBTI含量的增加,对总蛋白酶活性和类胰蛋白酶活性的抑制作用均逐渐增强,但对类胰凝乳蛋白酶活性的抑制作用并不显著,只有当MBTI含量达20%时,对类胰凝乳蛋白酶活性才表现出明显的抑制作用.     

Female Mate Preference and Male Mating Success of Ayu Fish,Plecoglossus altivelis (Osmeridae) under a Promiscuous Mating System

The ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis, is known to show wide variation in adult body size. We examined the spawning behavior in experimental spawning groups of fish in which male body size varied. Males never competed with each other for females or spawning site, while females spawned repeatedly, 17–97 times depending on body size, with previous or novel males. Males exhausted their sperm after a single mating episode, on average, regardless of body size. Moreover, repeated sperm production apparently reduced the residual lifespan. Females preferred mating simultaneously with more than one male and allowed males of body size similar to their own to mate more frequently. Thus the largest male within a spawning group was not always the most successful at mating, but mating success of any given male appears to depend upon body size distribution of females within the population. Female mate preference has apparently evolved to ensure complete fertilization under circumstances where males have been selected to economize sperm output during any one mating episode.     

Molecular Characterization of E-Type Prostanoid Receptor 4 (EP4) from Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) and Its Functional Analysis in the Monocytes/Macrophages

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays an important role in a broad spectrum of physiological and pathological processes by interacting with E-type prostanoid receptors (EPs). EP4 is one of four EP subtypes known to mediate the immune response in mammalian monocytes/macrophages. However, the precise function and characteristics of EP4 in fish remain unclear. In this study, we characterized a novel EP4-like (PaEP4L) gene from ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis. The cDNA sequence of PaEP4L is 2781 nucleotides (nts) in length, encoding a polypeptide of 459 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular weight of 51.17 kDa. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that PaEP4L shared 76% amino acid identity with that of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). PaEP4L mRNA was detected by real-time quantitative PCR (QPCR) in all tested tissues and head kidney-derived monocytes/macrophages (MO/MФ). It varied greatly in liver, spleen and MO/MФ upon Vibrio anguillarum infection. Western blot analysis revealed a significant increase of PaEP4L in cell homogenates from ayu MO/MФ upon V. anguillarum infection. Moreover, anti-PaEP4L IgG reversed the down-regulation of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) mRNA expression as well as phagocytosis in ayu MO/MФ caused by PGE2. There were no significant differences in the respiratory burst response between PGE2 treated and untreated cells. We further found that cAMP mediated PGE2/PaEP4L signal in ayu MO/MФ. In conclusion, our results indicate that PaEP4L mediates PGE2 effects on ayu MO/MФ function, revealing that EP4 also plays a role in the modulation of cells of the fish’s innate immune system.     

Effect of protease inhibitors and clenbuterol on theIn vitro degradation of dystrophin by endogenuous proteases in human skeletal muscle

Thein vitro degradation of dystrophin protein by endogenous proteases in human skeletal muscle has been investigated using a tissue homogenate assay system with subsequent protein analysis via SDS polyacrylamide electrophoresis and immunoblotting (using a monoclonal antibody to the central rod region of dystrophin). The rate of dystrophin degradation and nature of the proteolytic fragments formed at pH 5.5 and pH 7.5 (corresponding to the two major protease groups of relevance to intracellular protein catabolism) were broadly similar; incorporation of protease inhibitors in the above system suggested that Ca²⁺ activated proteinase and cathepsin D are principally responsible for the degradation of dystrophin at pH 7.5 and pH 5.5 respectively. The rate of dystrophin degradation at pH 7.5 was reduced by approximately 20% in the presence of 10^–5 M clenbuterol, a -adrenoceptor agonist with therapeutic potential in the treatment of human muscle wasting diseases.     

香鱼主要组织相容性复合体MHCIIB的分子克隆及其在鳗弧菌感染下的功能鉴定

主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex classⅡ, MHC Ⅱ)在脊椎动物免疫反应中发挥重要作用。本研究从香鱼(Plecoglossus altivelis) 单核/巨噬细胞(monocytes/ macrophages,MO/MФ)转录组中获得了MHC II基因β链(PaMHCIIB) cDNA序列。PaMHCIIB由920个核苷酸组成,包含一个大的开放阅读框,编码251个氨基酸,预测分子质量为28.23 kD。氨基酸序列分析表明,PaMHCIIB具有MHC IIB的典型特征,主要包括信号肽、2个胞外区和1个保守的connecting peptide/transmembrane/cytoplasmic (CP/TM/CYT)结构域,与北极红点鲑(Salvelinus alpinus) MHC IIB同源性最高,为65.04%;系统发育分析表明,PaMHCIIB与北极红点鲑MHC IIB进化相关性最高。实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR)结果显示,PaMHCIIB mRNA主要在香鱼鳃、肠和脾中表达;鳗弧菌感染(Vibrio anguillarum)后香鱼肝中PaMHCIIB mRNA在感染后12 h(hours post infection, hpi)时上调显著,在24 hpi达到峰值,为对照组的3.18倍,脾、头肾、肠和鳃中PaMHCIIB mRNA均在4 hpi时上调显著,分别在4、8、24和12 hpi时达到峰值,分别为对照组的85.18、2.06、4.21和6.81倍(P<0.05)。香鱼MO/MФ经鳗弧菌感染后,PaMHCIIB mRNA的表达水平在4 hpi时上调显著,在12 hpi时达到峰值,为对照组的3.35倍(P<0.05)。原核表达了PaMHCIIB胞外区并制备其抗体。Western 印迹分析结果表明,香鱼MO/MФ中PaMHCIIB具有N糖基化修饰,且鳗弧菌感染后其蛋白表达水平在12 hpi时显著增加,在24 hpi时达到峰值,为对照组的3.19倍(P<0.05)。抗体封闭PaMHCIIB后,香鱼MO/MФ吞噬活性被抑制,为对照组的0.28倍(P<0.05),而且鳗弧菌诱导的4个细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-10和TGF-β表达均受到抑制,均在8 hpi时被抑制最明显,表达量分别为对照组的0.23、0.41、0.51和0.20倍(P<0.05)。本研究结果揭示PaMHCIIB可能参与香鱼MO/MФ抵抗病原菌感染的免疫防御。     

蛋白酶抑制剂对梨小食心虫幼虫中肠蛋白酶活性的影响

【目的】梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)是一种危害极其严重的果树害虫。中肠蛋白酶在昆虫生长发育过程中起着重要作用。本研究测定梨小食心虫幼虫中肠内蛋白酶活性的最适p H、蛋白酶抑制剂和激活剂对蛋白酶活性的作用,为利用蛋白酶抑制剂防治该害虫提供新思路。【方法】提取梨小食心虫3龄幼虫中肠液,利用酶专性底物测定各蛋白酶在3种不同缓冲溶液中的最适p H(dd H2O为对照)、蛋白酶抑制剂和激活剂对中肠蛋白酶活性的影响,同时测定饲喂蛋白酶抑制剂(PMSF,TLCK,TPCL和STI)后梨小食心虫中肠蛋白酶活性的变化。【结果】梨小食心虫幼虫中肠总蛋白酶在Tris-HCl,KH2PO4/Na OH和Glycine/Na OH 3种缓冲液中最适p H分别为10.5,11.0和11.0,强碱性胰蛋白酶的最适p H分别为10.5,11.0和11.0,弱碱性胰蛋白酶的最适p H分别为8.5,9.0和9.0,胰凝乳蛋白酶的最适p H分别为8.5,9.0和9.5。5种蛋白酶抑制剂(DTT,PMSF,TLCK,TPCL和STI)中,除TLCK对凝乳蛋白酶激活外,其他蛋白酶抑制剂对4种蛋白酶均表现为抑制,且浓度越大抑制效应越明显。抑制剂DTT对总蛋白酶和弱碱性胰蛋白酶的抑制效果高于其他抑制剂。4种蛋白酶激活剂(Mg Cl2,Ca Cl2,EDTA和EGTA)中,Mg Cl2抑制总蛋白酶和胰凝乳蛋白酶活性,而激活胰蛋白酶活性;Ca Cl2激活总蛋白酶和弱碱性胰蛋白酶活性,而抑制强碱性胰蛋白酶和胰凝乳蛋白酶,EDTA对4种蛋白酶均表现为抑制,EGTA除对强碱性胰蛋白酶表现为激活外,对另外3种蛋白酶表现抑制。用蛋白酶抑制剂PMSF,TLCK,TPCL和STI饲喂梨小食心虫幼虫,各抑制剂均可抑制4种蛋白酶活性,且在不同取样时间抑制水平不同。其中STI(50μg/m L)对4种蛋白酶的抑制效果高于其他抑制剂,且浓度越大抑制效应越明显。10,20和50μg/m L STI 3种浓度处理组,在取食后4 h时,4种蛋白酶活性升高,且上升程度与STI浓度有关;酶活性在20μg/m L STI处理后48 h,50μg/m L STI处理后60 h时最低,抑制剂STI表现出持效性。【结论】蛋白酶抑制剂对梨小食心虫幼虫中肠蛋白消化酶的活性具有一定的抑制作用,其中大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂STI在害虫防治中具有极其重要的应用价值。     

Population studies based on relative abundance of five different life history stages of Ayu,Plecoglossus altivelis (Pisces,Plecoglossidae), in Lake Biwa

1. Comparison of relative abundance of each two successive life history stages was made for studying population dynamics of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis, in Lake Biwa.
2. Number of eggs spawned is proportional primarily to the size of biomass of spawner population although spawning success plainly depends on presence or absence of heavy rain in the spawning period.
3. Although density of fry tends to be proportional to that of egg, yearly fluctuation of the fry mortality may be caused by changes in density of food organisms but is not in compensatory way.
4. From the fry stage to the juvenile one the rate of mortality and/or of growth seem to fluctuate in compensatory way which is supposed to be related to a shortage of food.
5. Yearly fluctuation of mortality of adult stage is caused by an artificial factor as changes of fishing intensity.
6. Necessity of studying actual events at each stage of the life history process separately in relation with environmental conditions is discussed through the result of the present analysis.

     

The involvement of proteases and protease inhibitors in neovascularization

Bovine capillary endothelial cells have been found to respond to several stimuli by producing increased amounts of plasminogen activator and latent collagenase. These stimulators include the tumor promoter tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate as well as crude preparations from a human hepatoma, bovine retinae, and mouse adipocytes, all of which are known to contain angiogenic factors. Endothelial cells and skin fibroblasts do not respond to these stimuli in the same way, indicating a specificity of the response. In addition, inhibitors of plasmin and vertebrate collagenase have been isolated from cartilage, a tissue resistant to neovascularization. We have proposed that these specific protease inhibitors confer on cartilage its antiangiogenic properties.     

Effect of proteases and protease inhibitors on adenylate cyclase activity in rat cerebral cortical membranes

Mild proteolysis of membrane preparations from rat cerebral cortex with low concentrations of endopeptidases such as trypsin or chymotrypsin caused a 50–400% increase in the basal adenylate cyclase activity. Maximal activation of adenylate cyclase was obtained by including the protease in the adenylate cyclase assay, although an activated preparation could be obtained by pretreatment of the membranes with proteolytic enzymes. The proteolytically activated enzyme showed an increased V, with very little change in the K_m for the substrate, ATP. The proteolytically activated enzyme retained responsiveness to activation by sodium fluoride and 5′-guanylylimidodiphosphate (GppNHp), but was no longer activated by gangliosides or calcium-dependent activator protein. Activation by alcohols and detergent was lost or reduced in magnitude. The activity of adenylate cyclase after protease treatment showed a very marked temperature dependence, with maximal activity expressed in the 30–40 °C range and no activation due to the prior protease treatment expressed at either 10 or 50 °C. Basal adenylate cyclase activity was usually slightly inhibited in the presence of various protease inhibitors. Activation by fluoride, gangliosides, or GppNHp was little affected by protease inhibitors although one inhibitor, N-α-tosyl-l-lysine chloromethyl ketone, caused an inhibition of the ganglioside and GppNHp responses, slightly inhibited the fluoride response, and blocked the norepinephrine response normally seen in the presence of gangliosides or GppNHp. This inhibitor caused a loss of β-adrenergic binding sites for dihydroalprenolol in rat cortical membranes which paralleled the loss of the responsiveness of adenylate cyclase to a GppNHp-norepinephrine combination.