蹄盖蕨科植物叶表皮特征的比较形态学研究

对国产蹄盖蕨科18属47种植物的叶表皮特征进行了比较观察,同时选取了5科15属植物作为外类群,对它们的气孔器类型进行了比较。结果表明蹄盖蕨科植物的气孔器类型与近缘的各科植物有明显的区别,叶表皮特征支持将假冷蕨属、峨眉蕨属、短肠蕨属、假蹄盖蕨属、轴果蕨属、网蕨属作为独立属的观点,但不支持将单叶双盖蕨属从双盖蕨属中分出的观点。     

基于种皮形态和叶绿体trnL-F对菘蓝属（十字花科）的系统学位置研究

利用种皮微形态观察与叶绿体DNA的trnL内含子和trnL-F基因间隔区序列测定分析相结合,对十字花科菘蓝属植物及其相关属种的系统学关系进行了探讨.研究结果表明原属独行菜族的菘蓝属植物,其种皮特征与原属鸟头荠族的舟果荠属植物相似,同属一类型.而与独行菜族的模式属独行菜属植物、大蒜芥族的模式属大蒜芥属植物以及鸟头荠族的模式属鸟头荠属植物种皮微形态差异显著;在基于叶绿体DNA的trnL内含子和trnL-F基因间隔区序列所构建的系统发育树中,菘蓝属植物与舟果荠属植物距离最近,而与独行菜属、大蒜芥属、鸟头荠属植物具有一定的间隔,结合形态特征,本研究认为,菘蓝属与舟果荠属植物具有较近的亲缘关系,而不是同族的独行菜属植物.     

《中国杜鹃花属植物》

<正>上海科学技术出版社出版ISBN 978-7-5478-2081-0/Q·2016幵全彩印612页定价380元《中国杜鹃花属植物》讨论了杜鹃花属植物各部分的形态特征及其分类学意义、杜鹃花属植物的群落生态学特征,并对杜鹃花属植物的系统演化、区系及地理分布做了详尽介绍。同时鉴于杜鹃花在园林方面的重要性,对高山常绿杜鹃花的繁殖和栽培技术也     

云南10种杜鹃属植物的叶片覆被物特征及其系统学意义

采用扫描电子显微镜对云南10种杜鹃属植物叶片毛被与鳞片特征进行了研究,并结合已报道的中国45种杜鹃属植物毛被与鳞片特征进行了聚类分析,探讨叶表皮毛被与鳞片在该属植物中的系统学意义。结果表明:(1)常绿杜鹃亚属的8种植物叶背面具毛被却无鳞片结构,杜鹃花亚属的2种植物叶背面均具鳞片结构。(2)基于叶表面毛被与鳞片特征对55种杜鹃属植物进行聚类分析显示,有鳞片杜鹃与无鳞片杜鹃分别聚为2类,聚类结果与杜鹃属植物在亚属水平上的传统分类基本一致,表明叶表面毛被与鳞片特征在杜鹃属植物各亚属的分类中具有较好的参考价值。(3)从亚组水平看,55种杜鹃属植物的聚类结果对云锦杜鹃亚组、有鳞大花亚组、露珠杜鹃亚组具有较好的分类学界定,但在三花杜鹃亚组、高山杜鹃亚组、大理杜鹃亚组、大叶杜鹃亚组、树形杜鹃亚组存在明显的交叉现象,表明叶表皮覆被物特征不足以作为这些亚组在分类处理上的关键性状。(4)该研究聚类结果表明,糙叶杜鹃与其他有鳞杜鹃之间亲缘关系较近,支持糙叶杜鹃归并到杜鹃花亚属。     

中国北方鸢尾属植物叶片解剖结构特征及分类学价值研究

以中国北方生长的鸢尾属9种植物为研究对象,利用光学显微镜对叶表皮细胞形状及大小、气孔大小、气孔分布及气孔密度、气孔指数等叶表皮构造特征进行观察,并探讨了叶表皮特征在鸢尾属内各个亚属、亚组间的分类学价值,结果表明：表皮细胞的形状和大小显示了同亚属或同亚组植物之间较为明显的亲缘关系,在区分鸢尾属下不同亚属或亚组植物上也有一定的分类学价值。气孔密度和气孔指数在鸢尾属内分类学价值不大,但却能很好地反映不同鸢尾属植物与生境之间的密切关系。并从表皮构造特征上证实了野鸢尾与射干有很强的亲缘关系,且近于鸢尾属内的其他植物的结论;此外,通过对鸢尾属植物叶横切解剖结构的观察：从维管束、横切面形状、表皮细胞与角质层、乳突、气孔、气室大小、叶肉细胞的分化这7个较为明显的特征上的相关性和差异性,探讨了由于生境的不同而产生的植物形态结构的差异。     

中国北方鸢尾属植物叶片解剖结构特征及分类学价值研究

以中国北方生长的鸢尾属9种植物为研究对象,利用光学显微镜对叶表皮细胞形状及大小、气孔大小、气孔分布及气孔密度、气孔指数等叶表皮构造特征进行观察,并探讨了叶表皮特征在鸢尾属内各个亚属、亚组间的分类学价值,结果表明：表皮细胞的形状和大小显示了同亚属或同亚组植物之间较为明显的亲缘关系,在区分鸢尾属下不同亚属或亚组植物上也有一定的分类学价值。气孔密度和气孔指数在鸢尾属内分类学价值不大,但却能很好地反映不同鸢尾属植物与生境之间的密切关系。并从表皮构造特征上证实了野鸢尾与射干有很强的亲缘关系,且近于鸢尾属内的其他植物的结论;此外,通过对鸢尾属植物叶横切解剖结构的观察：从维管束、横切面形状、表皮细胞与角质层、乳突、气孔、气室大小、叶肉细胞的分化这7个较为明显的特征上的相关性和差异性,探讨了由于生境的不同而产生的植物形态结构的差异。     

膜叶铁角蕨属的形态系统学研究

膜叶铁角蕨属隶属于铁角蕨科,全世界约有30种,我国分布有18种,是该属植物的分布中心之一。到目前为止,膜叶铁角蕨属的物种数目和物种分类还存在很大争议,一些物种的界限和定义还模糊不清,为了得到一个自然的膜叶铁角蕨属分类系统,还需要对膜叶铁角蕨属的物种分类做进一步研究。该文在前人研究的基础上,对膜叶铁角蕨属10种植物的形态特征,包括孢子形态特征、叶柄和根状茎上的鳞片形态特征、叶片形态、羽片形状以及叶脉特征等进行详细观察分析,探讨了各个形态特征间的关系以及膜叶铁角蕨属植物的物种分类。结果表明:膜叶铁角蕨属植物的叶片及羽片等形态特征存在很大区别,叶柄和根状茎上的鳞片以及孢子形态的种间差异虽然不大,但其在大小、形状、颜色等方面的细微差别仍可作为部分种类的鉴定依据。该研究结果为膜叶铁角蕨属植物的物种分类及进一步研究提供了重要依据。     

太白山表土花粉和气孔器与植物类型的关系研究

通过陕西太白山13个样点表土花粉组合特征和气孔器及其与植物类型之间关系的分析,结果发现:针阔混交林花粉组合能很好地反映植物类型特征,落叶阔叶林和针叶林花粉组合能较好地与植物类型相对应,高山灌丛草甸花粉组合未能反映植物类型数量特征;主要花粉类型松属、铁杉属和桦属花粉具超代表性,胡桃属和榆属花粉具适宜代表性,落叶松属、冷杉属、杜鹃花科和槭属花粉具低代表性;DCA(Detrended Correspondence Analysis)分析表明,通过花粉数据能够较好区分不同植被类型,结合气孔器特征能够准确反映植被特征。     

变豆菜属15种植物的果实微形态特征及其分类学意义

采用扫描电镜对来自北美和东亚的变豆菜属植物(美国7个种,中国8个种)的果实表面微形态进行观察,结合前人对伞形科其他类群果实微形态特征的研究及近年来分子系统学证据,对变豆菜属的种间分类进行研究。结果显示,变豆菜属植物果实的形态大小、皮刺弯曲程度和果柄蜡质纹饰丰富多样。研究表明变豆菜属是一个自然类群,果实表面钩刺结构有利于该属植物的传播及扩散,果实微形态特征具有分类学价值,可作为种间分类的依据。根据变豆菜属果实表面微形态特征,编制了该属植物分种检索表。     

辣根属和豆瓣菜属(十字花科)系统位置的分子证据

对十字花科葶苈族的辣根属、南芥族的豆瓣菜属及相关属种植物的叶绿体DNA的trnL内含子和trnL-F基因间隔区序列进行了测定分析。结果表明,辣根属植物与南芥族的山芥属、蔊菜属、豆瓣菜属、碎米荠属在系统发育树中聚成一支,与葶苈族的模式属葶苈属植物相隔较远,结合形态特征,本研究认为辣根属应从葶苈族移出,其系统位置应靠近山芥属、蔊菜属、豆瓣菜属、碎米荠属植物;此外,系统发育树中,豆瓣菜属植物并入碎米荠属中,表明二者具有更近的亲缘关系,本研究结果不支持《中国植物志》第33卷对辣根属和豆瓣菜属的系统位置的处理。     

The influence of phylogeny and ecology on root,shoot and plant ionomes of 14 native Brazilian species

The ionome is the elemental composition of a living organism, its tissues, cells or cell compartments. The ionomes of roots, stems and leaves of 14 native Brazilian forest species were characterised to examine the relationships between plant and organ ionomes and the phylogenetic and ecological affiliations of species. The null hypothesis that ionomes of Brazilian forest species and their organs do not differ was tested. Concentrations of mineral nutrients in roots, stems and leaves were determined for 14 Brazilian forest species, representing seven angiosperm orders, grown hydroponically in a complete nutrient solution. The 14 species could be differentiated by their ionomes and the partitioning of mineral nutrients between organs. The ionomic differences between the 14 species did not reflect their phylogenetic relationships or successional ecology. Differences between shoot ionomes and root ionomes were greater than differences in the ionome of an organ when compared among genotypes. In conclusion, differences in ionomes of species and their organs reflect a combination of ancient phylogenetic and recent environmental adaptations.     

Selective synthesis of the hexaenoic molecular species of ether-linked glycerophosphoethanolamine of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells

In a previous study [Waku, K. and Nakazawa, Y. (1978) Eur. J. Biochem. 88, 489-494], we observed the rapid turnover rate of the molecular species of alkylacyl glycerophosphoethanolamine (Gro-P-Etn) containing docosahexaenoic acid and the high selectivity for this molecular species of ethanolamine phosphotransferase was suggested. To clarify this point, the incorporation of [14C]ethanolamine and [14C]CDP-ethanolamine into the individual molecular species of alkenylacyl, alkylacyl and diacyl Gro-P-Etn has been determined in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. [14C]Ethanolamine was highly incorporated into the pentaenoic + hexaenoic species of alkenylacyl, alkylacyl and diacyl Gro-P-Etn, whereas incorporation of [14C]ethanolamine into molecular species other than the pentaenoic + hexaenoic species was quite low. The selectivity of ethanolamine phosphotransferase to form the molecular species of alkylacyl and diacyl Gro-P-Etn was examined by incubation of [14C]CDP-ethanolamine and microsomes of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The incorporation of [14C]CDP-ethanolamine was found to occur most into the pentaenoic + hexaenoic species of both alkylacyl and diacyl Gro-P-Etn. The present results suggest that the pentaenoic + hexaenoic species are preferentially synthesized among the various kinds of molecular species of alkylacyl and diacyl Gro-P-Etn by the ethanolamine phosphotransferase in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.     

Synteny of human chromosomes 14 and 15 in the platyrrhines (Primates, Platyrrhini)

In order to study the intra- and interspecific variability of the 14/15 association in Platyrrhini, we analyzed 15 species from 13 genera, including species that had not been described yet. The DNA libraries of human chromosomes 14 and 15 were hybridized to metaphases of Alouatta guariba clamitans, A. caraya, A. sara, Ateles paniscus chamek, Lagothrix lagothricha, Brachyteles arachnoides, Saguinus midas midas, Leontopithecus chrysomelas, Callimico goeldii, Callithrix sp., Cebus apella, Aotus nigriceps, Cacajao melanocephalus,Chiropotes satanas and Callicebus caligatus. The 14/15 hybridization pattern was present in 13 species, but not in Alouatta sara that showed a 14/15/14 pattern and Aotus nigriceps that showed a 15/14/15/14 pattern. In the majority of the species, the HSA 14 homologue retained synteny for the entire chromosome, whereas the HSA 15 homologue displayed fragmented segments. Within primates, the New World monkeys represent the taxon with the highest variability in chromosome number (2n = 16 to 62). The presence of the HSA 14/15 association in all species and subspecies studied herein confirms that this association is the ancestral condition for platyrrhines and that this association has been retained in most platyrrhines, despite the occurrence of extensive inter- and intrachromosomal rearrangements in this infraorder of Primates.     

The effects of continuous light and light intensity on the reproduction rates of twenty-two species of marine phytoplankton

The acclimated reproduction rates of 22 species of marine phytoplankton were measured at 0.01, 0.023, 0.1, and 0.23 ly/min in continuous light and in a 14: 10 h light: dark cycle. Three species that reproduced exponentially at all four light intensities in the 14: 10 LD regime did not reproduce at all in continuous light at any of the light intensities. One species, which reproduced at the two lowest light intensities in the 14: 10 LD regime, failed to reproduce at all in continuous light at any light intensity examined. Seven species reproduced more slowly in continuous light than in the 14: 10 LD regime at most or all light intensities. Four species reproduced at roughly the same rate in both light regimes. Five species reproduced more rapidly in continuous light.

No general phylogenetic trend could be discerned from the responses of the species to the different light intensities or to continuous light. In general, species from coastal regions can reproduce as rapidly or more rapidly in continuous light than in a 14: 10 LD cycle, while most species from oceanic regions are harmed by continuous light. A phylogenetic trend in maximum potential reproduction rate is apparent, with diatoms being the fastest, dinoflagellates the slowest, and coccolithophores somewhat intermediate.     

黄麻两个栽培种及其野生类型与三个近缘种的核型分析

本研究选取黄麻属（Corchorus）2个栽培品种及其4个野生类型和3个野生近缘种为材料,采用常规根尖压片法对黄麻属供试材料的染色体数目和核型进行研究。结果表明：染色体数目均为2n=14。核型公式分别为：宽叶长果（长果黄麻栽培种）2n=2x=14=14m(4SAT);南阳野生长果（长果黄麻野生类型）2n=2x=14=14m(2SAT);坦桑尼亚野生长果（长果黄麻野生类型）2n=2x=14=2M+12m;闽麻5号（圆果黄麻栽培种）2n=2x=14=12m+2sm;爱店野生圆果（圆果黄麻野生类型）2n=2x=14=14m ;廉江野生圆果（圆果黄麻野生类型） 2n=2x=14=4M+10m;假黄麻（黄麻属野生近缘种）2n=2x=14=2M+12m;假长果（黄麻属野生近缘种）2n=2x=14=2M+12m;甜麻（黄麻属野生近缘种）2n=2x=14=14m。其中除了宽叶长果核型分类为1B外,其他的都为1A型。本文还讨论了黄麻野生近缘种甜麻的分类学地位。     

香港珍稀濒危植物的分布及保育

在第一批共３８８种中国重点保护的珍稀濒危植物中,有１４种分布于香港特别行政区。其中蕨类植物２种,裸子植物２种,被子植物１０种。此１４种珍稀濒危植物,除了狭叶瓶尔小草外,亦分布于广东省。而其中被列为国家级渐危种类的土沉香及白桂木,在香港则较为常见。本文阐述了此１４种珍稀濒危植物在香港的分布情况及其保育工作。     

千岛湖岛屿小型兽类群落的多样性

2007 年秋季和2008 年春季,选取千岛湖地区14 个岛屿和2 个半岛作为样地,采用夹夜法进行小型兽类群落组成调查。两季度共布夹20 400 个,捕获小型兽类1 141 只,隶属2 目3 科9 属13 种,啮齿目(Rodentia)鼠科(Muridae)10 种和仓鼠科(Cricetidae)1 种,食虫目(Insectivora)鼩鼱科(Soricidae)2 种。利用以上结果分析其群落多样性,结果显示:14 个岛屿小型兽类群落春、秋两季的多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数均呈现极显著差异且优势种发生变化;对可能影响岛屿小型兽类群落多样性的岛屿面积、距最近陆地距离、距最近大岛距离和植物丰富度等因素进行逐步回归分析,发现只有植物丰富度对小型兽类群落的物种丰富度有显著影响;对16 个样地按照物种组成比进行聚类,许源半岛样地与14 个岛屿聚为一类,姚家半岛样地单独归为一类,相似性指数比较结果亦显示姚家半岛样地与其它样地的相似性指数偏低。结论:景观破碎化导致千岛湖岛屿小型兽类群落的稳定性下降,物种多样性季节变化强烈;随岛屿面积的增加,小型兽类物种丰富度并非总是增加的,而是出现反复,呈现明显的小岛效应;14 个岛屿的物种与许源半岛样地物种构成比接近,推断在水库未形成前属同一生境。     

Molecular evolution of the mammalian ribosomal protein gene, RPS14

Ribosomal protein S14 genes (RPS14) in eukaryotic species from protozoa to primates exhibit dramatically different intron-exon structures yet share homologous polypeptide-coding sequences. To recognize common features of RPS14 gene architectures in closely related mammalian species and to evaluate similarities in their noncoding DNA sequences, we isolated the intron-containing S14 locus from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell DNA by using a PCR strategy and compared it with human RPS14. We found that rodent and primate S14 genes are composed of identical protein-coding exons interrupted by introns at four conserved DNA sites. However, the structures of corresponding CHO and human RPS14 introns differ significantly. Nonetheless, individual intron splice donor, splice acceptor, and upstream flanking motifs have been conserved within mammalian S14 homologues as well as within RPS14 gene fragments PCR amplified from other vertebrate genera (birds and bony fish). Our data indicate that noncoding, intronic DNA sequences within highly conserved, single-copy ribosomal protein genes are useful molecular landmarks for phylogenetic analysis of closely related vertebrate species.      

利用RAPD分子标记评价仲彬草属的种间关系

利用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术分析了14种仲彬草属Kengyilia植物的种间关系。对34个OPRON公司十聚体随机引物进行多态性筛选,20个(58．8％)能产生多态性。14个引物产生的112个DNA片断,用于计算种间Jaccard遗传相似性系数分析,在NTSYS程序中利用UPGMA构建系统发育树状图。分析结果表明：(1)14个Kengyilia物种存在较大的遗传多样性;(2)青藏高原的物种与新疆的物种 的RAPD变异极大;(3)形态相似、地理分布一致的物种有一定的亲缘关系,聚类在一起;(4)RAPD结果与形态学和细胞学等分析结果一致。RAPD分析方法将为Kengyilia系统分类提供DNA水平上丰富的资料。