老工业搬迁区街道灰尘重金属污染物的人体健康风险评价

依据美国环保署人体健康风险评价法及地理信息系统对研究区主要道路灰尘中重金属污染物非致癌风险指数进行空间分析。街道灰尘中含有不同程度的重金属污染物, 浓度 (单位: mg⋅kg–1)最大值分别 Cu 143.00, Cd 7.10, Pb625.00, Zn 1340.00, As 24.50, Hg 1.04, Ni 120.00 和 Cr 1.48。儿童、青少年和成年重金属非致癌风险 As>Pb>Cd>Ni>Cr>Ni>Zn>Cu>Hg; 其中 , 小于 1 岁儿童重金属总暴露途径非致癌风险最高值达到 2.45, 非致癌风险区域面积占案例区总面积的 0.047%; 1 至小于 3 岁的值达 3.64, 面积比例 1.53%; 3 岁至小于 6 岁的值达 2.38, 面积比例 0.012%; 6 岁至小于 11 岁的值达 1.03, 面积比例较小。青少年和成人总非致癌风险均低于风险阀值。总体上, 搬迁后的老工业区在区域范围内未呈现致癌风险。     

城市土壤中多环芳烃分布和风险评价研究进展

随着城市化进程的加快,城市土壤中的多环芳烃（PAHs）污染日趋严重.本文从城市土壤中多环芳烃的分布和来源等方面综述了国内外取得的最新研究成果,对影响城市土壤多环芳烃分布的人为因素、自然因素,常见的多环芳烃源解析方法,以及城市土壤多环芳烃污染的风险评价进行了全面的阐述,尤其对地统计学在多环芳烃空间分析及风险评价上的应用进行了总结.最后,对未来城市土壤中多环芳烃研究的重点与发展趋势进行了展望.     

白洋淀表层沉积物多环芳烃风险的空间分布

利用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)测定了白洋淀表层沉积物16种优控多环芳烃的含量,应用统计分析、分子异构体比值、空间插值等方法分析其组成特征、空间分布,进行了风险评价。结果表明,白洋淀表层沉积物中16种优控多环芳烃总量在1.79～1618.90 ng·g^-1,均值为411.12 ng·g^-1。多环芳烃组成以4环和5环为主,分别占总含量的42.22%和28.21%,单体含量最高的是苯并[b]荧蒽,占比为16.47%,最低的为苊,占比仅为0.26%。说明白洋淀多环芳烃来源于本地输入,较少受到气团输送的影响。多环芳烃空间分布为淀区中心浓度高,四周浓度低,污染尤以淀中心西北部和南部为重,包括安新大桥、烧车淀、采蒲台,其次是寨南和端村。源解析显示,白洋淀表层沉积物多环芳烃含量受木材秸秆等生物质燃烧、煤炭燃烧和石油燃烧的综合影响。生态风险评价结果显示,约1/3的采样点位超过效应区间低值,存在潜在的生态危害。比较2007、2008、2009、2016年的检测数据发现,多环芳烃的平均含量有所下降,可能与淀中村人口密度下降和煤改电有关。     

乌鲁木齐市区大气NO_2对居民健康风险的定量评价

目的:采用健康风险评价方法定量评价近十年乌市(乌鲁木齐市)居民暴露于大气中主要污染物NO2后的慢性健康效应,揭示NO2暴露与居民潜在健康危害的关系。方法:运用统计软件SPSS17.0对NO2与人群呼吸系统疾病、肺癌死亡率进行spearman等级相关分析;根据非致癌污染物健康风险评价公式计算乌市NO2所致的人群健康风险;由超死亡数计算公式综合定量评价NO2对人群的健康危害。结果:1.2001年~2010年乌市人群呼吸系统疾病、肺癌死亡率以及总死亡率和NO2日均暴露剂量无相关性;2.NO2所致个人终生健康危害的危险度R低于单一污染物可接受的健康危险度1.0×10-6。结论:近年来乌市NO2污染物年日平均浓度均达标,但有明显的上升趋势。有关部门应加强环境管理力度,力求减轻大气NO2的污染,保护居民生命健康。     

中国森林健康生态风险评价

我国森林每年都在遭受诸如过度砍伐、火灾、病虫鼠害、酸雨、气象灾害等各种形式的干扰．这些干扰对我国森林生态系统的健康状况造成很大的威胁．因此,如何有效地管理我国的森林资源,特别是对森林的生态风险管理,提高森林生态系统抵御风险的能力,是森林生态系统健康研究和森林可持续管理的首要任务之一．森林健康生态风险评价是描述和评价人为活动、自然灾害和环境污染等胁迫因子对森林生态系统结构和功能、森林生态系统的健康状况产生不利影响的可能性和危害程度的评估,是森林资源管理的一个重要环节．以我国森林生态系统为例,探讨森林健康生态风险评价的研究方法,并以森林火灾、病虫害和酸雨为生态风险源,运用生态风险评价方法,分析了这些风险源对森林健康的主要危害,对我国森林健康的风险进行了综合评价,并提出不同森林风险区的管理策略．     

黑龙江省农村饮用水水质健康风险评价

本文以黑龙江省农村饮用水为研究对象,调研分析了该地区农村饮用水水质状况和水质问题,筛查出三种可能造成人体健康风险的典型污染物:砷,氟化物,硝酸盐。在此基础上,选用了USEPA推荐的水质风险健康评价模型对三种污染进行了健康风险评价,评价结果表明砷的健康风险值大于最大可接受限值10-(6a-1),存在较大人体健康风险,氟化物和亚硝酸盐人体健康风险较小。此外,根据水质健康风险评价结果,对保障黑龙江省农村饮用水实质安全提出了初步解决措施。     

桶装纯净水中三种有害元素对人体的健康风险评价

本文根据2001～2004年对桶装纯净水的监测结果,将健康风险评价的方法应用于纯净水的卫生质量评价中,根据相应的数学模型分别计算了桶装纯净水中化学致癌物As和非致癌污染物Pb、Cu通过饮用途径对人体健康的年风险。桶装纯净水中的3种有害元素由饮水途径对人体所致的健康危害程度依次是As>Pb>Cu。其中As是主要的污染,占个人年风险的99.98%。而在非致癌污染物中,Pb又是主要污染,占非致癌污染物个人年风险的82.9%。     

长江口南支表层沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征及生态风险

2008年5月和8月先后2次采集长江口南支表层沉积物样品,采用高效液相色谱进行多环芳烃测定,研究其分布、来源与生态风险。结果表明:长江口南支表层沉积物中PAHs总量在8.9~312.2ng.g-1;PAHs组成以芘、菲、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[a]蒽、苯并[a]芘为主,各站芘的含量均最高,本研究PAHs总含量与长江口、黄河口和鸭绿江口近期的调查数据相近,但明显低于珠江口和闽江口数据,以及长江口潮滩沉积物中PAHs数据;PAHs环数组成以中、高环为主,表明长江口南支PAHs主要来源于相对高温条件下不完全燃烧过程。采用平均效应中值商法评价长江口南支PAHs生态风险结果表明,调查区域PAHs产生生态风险的概率较小(<10%)。     

沈阳细河水中多环芳烃的分布、来源及生态风险评价

通过测定不同季节细河水中多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,研究了细河水中PAHs的分布,探讨了PAHs的来源,评价了其生态风险。细河水中6月(夏季)16种PAHs的含量为0.214～0.857μg·L-1,平均为0.562μg·L-1;9月(秋季)水中PAHs含量为0.195～0.633μg·L-1,平均0.380μg·L-1;11月(冬季)水中PAHs含量为0.122～0.486μg.L-1,平均含量为0.236μg·L-1。苯并(a)芘含量明显高于国家地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002);对细河水中PAHs污染来源分析发现,6月和9月PAHs的主要来源为石油污染和石油及其精炼产品的燃烧;通过商值法对细河的初步风险评价表明,细河水中苯并(a)芘存在较大的生态风险,应引起关注。     

贵州省丹寨县某铅锌矿区土壤重金属污染生态风险评价

对贵州省丹寨县某铅锌矿及周边土壤重金属污染进行调查,分析了铅锌矿区土壤中6种重金属的总量和形态,用潜在生态指数法、次生相与原生相比值法对重金属的生态风险进行评价。结果表明,0～10 cm土壤中Pb、Zn、Mn、Cu、Hg和Cd含量是贵州土壤背景值的5.69、3.91、0.80、0.58、9.64和1.50倍。与《土壤环境质量农田用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 15168—2018)相比,尾矿堆积区土壤中Pb、Zn和Cd含量均高于风险筛选值; 10～20 cm土壤中Pb、Zn、Hg和Cd含量高于贵州省土壤重金属背景值,尾矿堆积区、尾矿堆积区的农田和尾矿附近河流区下游土壤中Zn和Cd含量超过风险筛选值。形态分布主要以残渣态为主,可交换态以Exc-Pb占比最高(20.9%);碳酸盐结合态以CARB-Zn占比最高(26.2%);铁锰氧化物结合态以RED-Mn占比最高(31.8%);有机结合态以OM-Mn占比最高(48.7%)。生物可利用态表现为Zn>Pb>Hg>Cd>Cu>Mn,潜在生物可利用态表现为Mn>Pb>Cd>Hg>Zn&...     

Health risk assessment of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over the Central Himalayas

Carcinogenic risk assessments of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in four sites from the Central Himalayas (Bode, Lumbini, Pokhara, and Dhunche) were performed. Lifetime Average Daily Dose (LADD), Lifetime lung cancer risk (LLCR) and Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) were calculated in order to evaluate the cancer risk. PAHs levels were converted to BaP equivalent concentrations (B[a]Peq), and models of health risk assessment were applied. B[a]Peq concentrations exceeded the standard limited value (1 ng/m³) in all the four sites. The human health risk assessment (HHRA) demonstrated high carcinogenic risk on residents of Bode and Lumbini. Further, LLCR in all sites were over the acceptable range (1.15E-03, 7.90E-04, 1.40E-04 and 9.96E-05, respectively); however, ILCR ranking exhibited acceptable range in Lumbini, Pokhara, and Dhunche (7.10E-06, 1.26E-06, and 8.95E-07). The risk variation among the sites is due to the difference in pollution status. The study shows health risk due to atmospheric PAHs via inhalation prevails all the seasons throughout, differing only seasonally; nevertheless, the concentration and carcinogenic risk decreased remarkably from south-north transect of the central Himalaya. Keeping some uncertainties aside, this study provides noble insights and helps to formulate new advance assessment on the carcinogenic risk of atmospheric PAHs over the Central Himalayas.     

Contamination,source identification,and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils around a typical coking plant in Shandong,China

Coking is one of the most important emission sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in China. Investigation of the contamination, distribution, and sources of PAHs in agricultural soils around Rong Xin coking plant, China, was conducted, and the potential human health risks were addressed. The total concentration of the 16 PAHs (∑₁₆PAHs) on the United States Environmental Protection Agency priority list had a range from 1774 to 4621 µg/kg (mean 3016 µg/kg). Meanwhile, seven carcinogenic PAHs (∑PAH_7c) owned the total concentrations of 684–2105 µg/kg, and they had the benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaP_eq) concentrations at 139.616–1672.850 µg/kg. All soil samples were dominated by PAHs with two to four rings. Data analyses for the potential sources of PAHs showed that the PAHs in soils were principally from pyrogenic sources. Ecological risk assessment of soil PAHs showed that the BaP_eq concentrations of ∑PAH_7c accounted for 99% of the total ∑₁₆PAHs, being a major carcinogenic contributors of ∑₁₆PAHs. Higher levels of PAHs and higher total BaP_eq concentrations in this study indicate a potential carcinogenic risk for humans. Therefore, long-term exposure to coking plants may increase the PAH concentrations in the environment and further raise a potential risk to human health.     

多环芳烃类化合物在土壤上的吸附

研究了几种多环芳烃化合物在土壤上的吸附行为．通过一个连续投药－取样试验装置,在没有任何其它有机试剂干扰的情况下,测定了荧蒽与菲在土壤上的吸附量．研究表明,这两种多环芳烃化合物在土壤上的吸附量与土壤有机质含量之间呈显著相关．对多环芳烃化合物的分子结构及理化特性,如辛醇－水分配系数、溶解度等参数与ＬｏｇＫｏｃ关系的研究发现多环芳烃化合物的ＬｏｇＫｏｃ与化合物的水溶性、辛酸－水分配系数以及分子结构中的苯环数线性相关．     

Occurrence and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Hanjiang River Basin and the Danjiangkou Reservoir,China

This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence, distribution, and source of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Hanjiang River Basin and the Danjiangkou (DJK) Reservoir. The concentrations of total PAHs in surface water, sediments, and bank soils ranged from 9.42 to 137.94 ng/l, 86.23 to 2514.93 ng/g, and 133.17 to 671.93 ng/g dry weight, respectively. The composition pattern of PAHs showed that 3-ring PAHs were dominated in all of the samples, while the proportion of high molecular weight PAHs (5- to 6-ring PAHs) in sediments and bank soil samples was almost three times higher than water. The source apportionment analysis showed that most of the PAHs in water were derived from sources of petroleum and combustion, while combustion was the predominant source of PAHs in sediments and bank soils. The methods based on toxic equivalency factors, risk quotient, and incremental lifetime cancer risk were used to assess the ecosystem risk and potential health risk of PAHs. The risk assessments showed that PAHs in the DJK Reservoir were out of potential health risk, but the ecological risk for majority of 16 PAHs was in the moderate level.     

Characterization,sources and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from the mangroves of China

We characterized 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of natural mangrove habitats in China, as well as assessed their sources and the risks they pose. Our results indicate that the total concentrations of the 16 PAHs ranged from 3.16 to 464.05 ng g^?1 dw (mean value of 72.80 ng g^?1 dw), which were generally lower than those in other coastal environments in China and in other countries. The compositional patterns were dominated by four-ring PAHs, including fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene and chrysene. Petrogenic sources, specifically, petroleum spills, were the dominant sources of PAHs in the surficial sediments of mangroves in China. Selected ratios of PAHs from two-tailed Pearson correlation analysis and principal-component analysis for different sites also indicate pyrolytic sources of PAHs. Results of the ecological risk assessment show little negative effect of most of the PAHs in the surface sediments. Overall, the data obtained in this study reveal relative low PAHs pollution in the mangrove swamps of China.     

Human health risk assessment and source diagnosis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the corn and agricultural soils along main roadside in Changchun,China

This work was to investigate distribution characteristics, human health risk assessment, and possible sources of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in corn and surface soils of farmlands along main roadside in Changchun City, Jilin Province, China. Total concentrations of 16 PAHs ranged from 1572.4 to 4390.2 µg/kg with a mean value of 2954.9 µg/kg in soils and from 219.9 to 627 µg/kg with a mean value of 362µg/kg in corn. Light-molecular-weight PAHs (2–3 rings) concentration was dominant in soils, accounting for 51%, whereas high-molecular-weight PAHs (5–6 rings) concentration was highest in corn, accounting for 48%. The results of plant concentration factor indicated that high-molecular-weight PAHs have greater mobility. To evaluate potential risk to human health, hazard index (HI) and risk index (RI) were employed. The values of HI for corn and soils were both smaller than 1, indicating that exposure of PAHs posed no or little potential risk to local residents. The fact that values of RI for corn and soils were smaller than 1 × 10^–4 suggested that exposure of PAHs posed no or little cancer risk to local residents. The possible sources of PAHs in corn and soils were both identified as mixture patterns of pyrogenic and petrogenic sources.     

Ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River,China

In this research, ecological risks for eight individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and ∑PAH₈ in surface sediments from middle and lower reaches of Yellow River are evaluated using overlapping areas of probability density curves and margin of safety (MOS), based on the toxicity data and the exposure concentrations of PAHs in sediments collected from 23 sites. In the overlapping areas of probability density curves, the risk of Ant and Pyr are the highest, then the risk level is in the order of Flua > Nap > Phe > BaP > Flu > Ace. The values of MOS₁₀ present that Pyr (4.62 × 10^?4), Ant (5.60 × 10^?3), and Flua (6.4 × 10^?3) have a significantly high ecological risk level, while Nap and Phe have middle-level ecological risk. As for Ace, BaP, and Flu, they pose limited risk to the ecological system with MOS₁₀ greater than 1.0. The ∑PAH₈ (2.66 × 10^?5) is a higher risk level than that of any individual PAHs, where the probabilities of ∑PAH₈ in excess of the 10th percentile of the toxicity data were 86%.     

Uncertainty-based dynamic multimedia human health risk assessment for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a land oil exploitation area

With the increasing development of the petrochemical industry and the growing demand for oil, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollutions in the environment, especially in petroleum exploitation areas, are caused by the discharge of waste from the petroleum extraction process into an environmental system. This study aims to develop a new health risk assessment approach based on interval dynamic multimedia fugacity (IDMF) model and uncertainty analysis that could analyze the human exposure risk level for PAH contamination. The developed IDM health risk assessment (IDMHRA) approach is applied to assess previous, current, and future risks at a case study site in Daqing, Heilongjiang, China, from 1985 to 2020 for model validation. The human health risk assessment results show that 11 PAHs (NAP, ANT, FLA, PYR, BaA, CHR, BbF, BkF, BaP, IPY, and DBA) in the study site require further remediation efforts in terms of their unacceptable non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk. The results of risk source analysis reveal that soil media is the main risk pathway as compared with other exposure pathways. It can be seen that remediation process for soil contamination in the study site is urgently demanded. The assessment results demonstrate that the developed IDMHRA approach provides an effective tool for decision-makers and environmental managers to make remediation decisions in contaminated sites.     

Estimating the availability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for bioremediation of creosote contaminated soils

Bioremediation of soil contaminated by organic compounds can remove the contaminants to a large extent, but residual contamination levels may remain which are not or only slowly biodegraded. Residual levels often exceed existing clean-up guidelines and thereby limit the use of bioremediation in site clean-up. A method for estimating the expected residual levels would be a useful tool in the assessment of the feasability of bioremediation. In this study, three soil types from a creosote-contaminated field site, which had been subjected to 6 months of bioremediation in laboratory column studies, were used to characterize the residual contamination levels and assess their availability for biodegradation. The soils covered a wide range of organic carbon levels and particle size distributions. Results from the biodegradation studies were compared with desorption rate measurements and selective extractability using butanol. Residual levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons after bioremediation were found to be strongly dependent on soil type. The presence of both soil organic matter and asphaltic compounds in the soil was found to be associated with higher residual levels. Good agreement was found between the biodegradable fraction and the rapidly desorbable fraction in two of the three soils studied. Butanol extraction was found to be a useful method for roughly estimating the biodegradable fraction in the soil samples. The results indicate that both desorption and selective extraction measurements could aid the assessment of the feasability for bioremediation and identifying acceptable end-points. Received: 15 September 1999 / Received revision: 7 February 2000 / Accepted: 13 February 2000     

青海湖沉积物中多环芳烃的沉积记录

采用GC/MS方法分析了青海湖沉积柱中16种美国EPA优先控制的多环芳烃(TPAHs)的垂直分布状况,并对其来源进行了分析.研究表明,0～20 cm沉积柱中TPAHs的含量为495.1～1172.5 ng·g-1,随沉积年代的更新TPAHs的含量呈增加趋势.这与珠江口和东海沉积柱中的记录基本一致,但明显不同于发达国家同类研究的结果.青海湖沉积物PAHs以2～3环(包括萘、苊、苊烯、芴、菲和蒽)为主,其含量平均占沉积物中PAHs总量的(72.4±8.9)%.青海湖沉积物中的PAHs主要来自长距离的大气传输,家庭燃煤与木材的低温燃烧是其主要来源,高温燃烧过程释放的PAHs(如机动车尾气的排放)近年来有明显增加的趋势.