黄河三角洲石油化工区农田土壤-玉米体系PAHs的分布特征及风险评价

为明确黄河三角洲石油开采区表层土壤和玉米中多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量及其污染水平,采集农田土壤和玉米各71个样品,检测农田土壤和玉米各部位中16种PAHs含量,并采用内梅罗指数法和健康风险评价模型评估了农田土壤中多环芳烃的生态健康风险。结果表明,农田土壤、玉米根、茎和叶中多环芳烃的含量分别为256.6-1936、291.4-680.9、324.9-527.9、289.5-2400 μg/kg。农田土壤中多环芳烃以4-6环为主。多环芳烃在玉米根茎叶富集系数大小排序为：叶 > 茎 > 根。玉米不同组织中PAHs浓度与相应农田土壤中PAHs浓度的进行相关分析结果表明,农田土壤中PAHs含量与玉米根、茎中PAHs含量均存在极显著正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.98（P<0.01）、0.98（P<0.01）,表明玉米根和茎的多环芳烃主要来源于农田土壤中,农田土壤中PAHs的含量影响着PAHs在玉米根茎中的积累和分布。玉米叶中PAHs含量与农田土壤中PAHs含量与玉米根、茎中PAHs含量不存在相关关系,表明玉米叶中多环芳烃并非来自土壤中PAHs的迁移,可能来源于大气。内梅罗指数结果表明,农田土壤PAHs达到了中度污染,其中BaA、Pyr和BbF达到了偏重污染;健康风险评价结果表明,农田土壤PAHs对儿童和成人的平均非致癌风险分别为0.44和0.12（均小于1）,表明农田土壤多环芳烃对成人和儿童的非致癌风险是可接受;农田土壤PAHs对儿童和成人的平均致癌风险分别为3.6×10^-5、9.0×10^-6,没有超过致癌风险水平上限（10^-4）,致癌风险尚在可接受范围内。3种暴露途径中,皮肤接触是土壤PAHs的最主要暴露方式,其次是经口摄食,吸入暴露途径甚微,可忽略不计。PAHs对儿童健康的威胁风险要大于成人,所以应尽可能避免儿童直接接触或误食土壤等其他介质的污染物。     

贵阳市主干道降尘中的多环芳烃及其健康风险评估

用GC-MS方法测定了贵阳市主干道32个降尘样品中13种多环芳烃(PAHs),并运用美国能源部和美国环保局的方法对其健康风险进行了评估。结果表明,贵阳市主干道降尘中PAHs的含量范围为1291~9215μg·kg-1,平均值为4006μg·kg-1,在国内外同类样品中处于中等水平。主成分分析结果表明,降尘中PAHs主要源于机动车尾气的排放和家庭燃煤的燃烧。健康风险评估结果显示,降尘中PAHs的非致癌危害和致癌风险主要由呼吸途径贡献。PAHs的综合非致癌危害指数远小于1,但综合致癌风险值是一般可接受致癌风险值的10倍以上,说明PAHs的致癌风险不容忽视,其中BaP和DBA对综合致癌风险的贡献最大,应引起关注。     

沈阳某冶炼厂废弃厂区的人类健康风险评价

以沈阳某冶炼厂废弃厂区重金属污染监测为依据,采用美国环保局最新的人类健康风险评价标准方法对沈阳某冶炼厂废弃地块污染土壤进行了评价,并且假设未来该土地利用类型为工业用地(Ⅰ)或休闲用地(Ⅱ).评价结果显示:工业用地(Ⅰ)和休闲用地(Ⅱ)的累积非致癌风险指数分别为2.65×10-2和3.67×10-2;工业用地(Ⅰ)和休闲用地(Ⅱ)由呼吸摄入Cd造成的潜在致癌风险指数分别为4.48×10-9和7.30×10-10,不会对在该地区工作和休闲的人们造成身体健康上的伤害;无论是工业用地假设还是休闲用地假设,由无机铜造成的人类健康风险在整个风险中所占的比例最大;由美国环保局的人类健康风险评价方法反推得出的冶炼厂地块未来为工业用地的土壤修复目标值均小于我国工业企业土壤环境质量风险评价基准值.     

尿中多环芳烃羟基代谢产物与疾病关系

多环芳烃是一类能在有机体内快速富集并对其产生多种危害的典型持久性污染物,对环境的污染、人类健康的危害日益受到广泛关注。部分多环芳烃本身并不致毒,而是进入人体代谢成多种产物后具有致癌、致畸、致突变的风险,因此研究多环芳烃代谢产物是对多环芳烃与人体疾病关系的进一步解读。本文从人体内多环芳烃的吸收代谢途径及可能致病机制入手,对其羟基代谢产物与疾病的关系进行了分析,以期为今后的研究及疾病的预防和治疗提供思路。     

西宁市城市土壤重金属分布特征及其环境风险

依据随机布点采样方式收集了西宁市城西、城中、城东、城北4个区域155个土壤样品,利用X射线荧光光谱分析仪(XRF)对土壤样品中As、Cr、Co、Cu、Pb、Sr、Zn 7种重金属含量进行测定,并对其潜在生态风险和人群健康风险进行评价。结果表明,西宁市城市土壤重金属元素除了As和Zn外,其余5种元素均超出土壤背景值。从潜在生态风险指数来看,西宁市城市土壤重金属具有中等生态风险,7种重金属平均潜在生态风险指数大小顺序为:CrAsPbCoCuSrZn。4个区域的潜在生态风险指数城北区(39.7)城中区(33.3)城东区(31.5)城西区(30.6)。从健康风险来看,手-口接触仍是造成人群健康风险的主要途径,重金属儿童非致癌暴露风险均大于成人,儿童非致癌风险为城北城中城东城西区。重金属Cr的非致癌风险最大,特别是城北区和城东区重金属Cr对儿童多途径暴露的非致癌风险已超过安全阈值1。4个区域重金属致癌暴露风险为城北城东城中城西区,且Cr在城北区致癌风险指数介于10-6~10-4,会对人体产生致癌风险,应加以特别重视并采取相应保护措施。     

某大型化工场地土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染现状与风险评价

以东北某大型化工场地为研究区域,采集了18个剖面点,4个土层,共计95个土壤样品;使用GC/MS检测了16种PAHs。本研究主要分析PAHs在该场地浅层(0～3 m)土壤的分布特征及在土壤剖面中的垂直分布特征,采用终生致癌风险进行了健康风险评价。结果表明:浅层土壤∑PAHs范围为0.13～553.5 mg·kg~(-1),均值67.0 mg·kg~(-1),化学品公司和热电厂周围土壤样点中PAHs含量相对较高; 0～3、4～7 m土壤层中PAHs以中环4环为主,8～11 m土壤层PAHs以低环2～3环为主。场地中未受扰动的土壤样品PAHs浓度随土壤深度增加而减小,受扰动的样点在深度大于16 m仍有较高浓度的PAHs。根据我国《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准》,BaP浓度超出一类建设用地筛选值60.6倍。健康风险评估显示,场地ILCRs值为9.6×10~(-11)～7.2×10~(-5),具有潜在致癌风险。     

沈阳市采暖期与非采暖期的街道灰尘重金属暴露

分析了沈阳市采暖期和非采暖期街道灰尘重金属的空间分布特征,并利用健康风险评价模型评价了两个时期重金属对人体健康的危害。结果表明:采暖期,4种重金属Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd的平均含量分别是土壤背景值的13.23、2.87、3.68和7.35倍,非采暖期分别是土壤背景值的4.52、3.12、3.33和6.64倍;采暖期,Zn和Pb平均含量的大小顺序为居民点工业点位商业网点,Cu为工业点位商业网点居民点,Cd为工业点位居民点商业网点;非采暖期,除居民点Pb含量较高外,其他重金属含量均低于工业点位和商业网点;4种重金属的非致癌风险评价结果为采暖期PbZnCuCd,非采暖期PbCuCdZn,其值均小于1,可以认为对人体的非致癌风险较小或可以忽略。     

老工业搬迁区街道灰尘重金属污染物的人体健康风险评价

依据美国环保署人体健康风险评价法及地理信息系统对研究区主要道路灰尘中重金属污染物非致癌风险指数进行空间分析。街道灰尘中含有不同程度的重金属污染物, 浓度 (单位: mg⋅kg–1)最大值分别 Cu 143.00, Cd 7.10, Pb625.00, Zn 1340.00, As 24.50, Hg 1.04, Ni 120.00 和 Cr 1.48。儿童、青少年和成年重金属非致癌风险 As>Pb>Cd>Ni>Cr>Ni>Zn>Cu>Hg; 其中 , 小于 1 岁儿童重金属总暴露途径非致癌风险最高值达到 2.45, 非致癌风险区域面积占案例区总面积的 0.047%; 1 至小于 3 岁的值达 3.64, 面积比例 1.53%; 3 岁至小于 6 岁的值达 2.38, 面积比例 0.012%; 6 岁至小于 11 岁的值达 1.03, 面积比例较小。青少年和成人总非致癌风险均低于风险阀值。总体上, 搬迁后的老工业区在区域范围内未呈现致癌风险。     

天津城市公园灰尘重金属污染健康风险评价

分析了天津市中心城区41个代表性公园灰尘样品的重金属含量,借助健康风险评价模型,对天津市公园灰尘重金属的污染状况进行了健康风险评价。结果表明,天津市公园灰尘在不同程度上受到了重金属Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd和Ni的污染,其中,重金属Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd和Ni的含量平均值分别为113.18、63.32、103.18、1.14和40.58 mg·kg-1,均高于天津市土壤重金属元素的背景值。健康风险评价模型计算表明,人体经手-口接触行为直接摄入是公园灰尘暴露风险的主要途径,重金属日平均暴露剂量依次为手-口直接摄食剂量皮肤吸收剂量呼吸道吸入剂量。本研究的5种重金属元素对人体造成的慢性非致癌风险值依次表现为:CrPbCuNiCd,对人体不会造成危害,儿童的非致癌风险大于成人。致癌重金属的致癌风险依次为NiCrCd,均低于癌症风险阈值,尚未形成致癌风险。     

北京市奥林匹克公园PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃在采暖季和非采暖季的特征、来源及健康风险评估

采集了北京市奥林匹克公园2017年12月至2018年6月的67个PM_(2.5)样品,对PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃(PAHs)在采暖季和非采暖季的污染情况、浓度分布特征、来源和健康风险等进行研究。利用GC-MS对16种PAHs进行了检测分析。采暖季和非采暖季的PAHs均值分别为213.6和52.5 ng·m~(-3)。利用比值法和主成分分析对PAHs进行源解析的结果显示,北京市城区采暖季16种PAHs主要来源于煤和石油等化石高温燃烧排放,非采暖季主要来源是机动车尾气排放;ILCR暴露风险评估模型评估表明,人群呼吸暴露在北京大气中具有潜在致癌风险。     

Reliability of Analyses of Hg,Fe, Ca,K, P,pH, Alkalinity,Conductivity, Hardness and Colour from Lakes

The aim of this report has been to present results concerning analytical quality controls of Hg analysis of fish and sediment, analyses of Fe, Ca, total-P, K, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, colour and hardness (Ca + Mg) of lake water samples. Despite the fact that these are standard parameters in many regular water control programs, there are major differences in the reliability with which these parameters can be determined. The focus here is on an overall inter-laboratory comparison between the parameters. Six laboratories have been involved in the analysis. Selected results: pH gives the lowest (average) relative standard deviation (error), about 2 %; conductivity gives an error of about 5–7 %; alkalinity yields an average error of as much as 13–25 %, which is the largest among the parameters studied here; colour also gives a high error, 9–15 %; hardness gives a relative standard deviation of about 6–7 %. Of the other parameters (i. e., Hg, Fe, Ca and P), Hg gives the best reliability and Fe and P the lowest. To have knowledge of the reliability of the analytical data is of paramount importance in most control programs and research projects.     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.