温室环境不同灌水水平条件下DSSAT-CROPGRO-Tomato模型的调参与验证

在沈阳地区日光温室试验的基础上,利用番茄生长模型DSSAT-CROPGRO-Tomato模拟了不同灌水水平条件下温室番茄的生长发育和产量形成过程,并确定了参数估计和模型验证的最优方案.试验设4个处理,全育期的灌水上限均为计划湿润层田间持水率,灌水下限分别为计划湿润层田间持水率的50%(W₁)、60%(W₂)、70%(W₃)和80%(CK).利用DSSAT-GLUE参数估计模块得到遗传参数的不同估计结果,通过对比分析番茄物候期、冠层高度、地上干物质量、鲜果产量、叶面积指数(LAI)、土壤含水率的模拟值与实测值之间的差异,来确定该模型模拟精度.结果表明: 番茄遗传参数--最优条件下最终果实负载所需光热时间(PODUR)的估计值具有较大变异性,变异系数为11.5%,将CROPGRO-Tomato模型应用于不同地区日光温室时,应对此参数进行充分估计,否则会影响其模拟精度.在模型应用过程中,应选用充分灌水处理的观测数据进行遗传参数估计,可以提高模型的模拟精度.此时的绝对相对误差和标准均方根误差值分别为8.7%和10.5%.对作物LAI和土壤含水率动态模拟结果可以看出,灌水水平越高,模型模拟精度越高.留一交叉验证法的总体模拟误差在10.5%～12.5%.说明DSSAT-CROPGRO-Tomato模型可以较为准确地模拟沈阳日光温室不同灌水水平条件下番茄生长发育和产量形成过程.     

不同质地盐渍化土壤水盐含量的高光谱反演

为了方便快捷地同步监测盐渍化土壤的水、盐含量,本文以新疆典型盐渍化灌区为研究对象,基于高光谱技术、运用便携式光谱仪获取不同质地的土壤水盐含量光谱曲线,采用一阶微分、二阶微分、连续统去除的数据处理方法对土壤原始光谱进行变换.结果表明: 对原始光谱数据的变换有利于土壤属性指纹波段的提取,不同质地水盐含量的变换方法并不相同,在壤土中质量含水量为0%和10%时的水盐光谱曲线使用连续统去除方法、15%含水量使用一阶微分、19%含水量使用二阶微分,砂土中0%含水量使用连续统去除方法、10%、15%和19%含水量水盐光谱曲线使用二阶微分处理后,有利于特征波段的提取;对筛选出的变换数据采用偏最小二乘回归方法构建水盐反演模型,壤土盐度小于6.38 mS·cm^-1、砂土小于5.94 mS·cm^-1时,模型建立的建模数据集决定系数(R_cal²)、内部交叉验证(R_cv²)和外部检验数据集决定系数(R_val²)均大于0.65(P<0.05);壤土水分含量小于16%、砂土小于12%时模型反演精度较高.研究结果可为盐渍化土壤水盐含量同步监测提供阈值参考.     

长白山阔叶红松林不同深度土壤水分特征曲线

采用露点水势仪对长白山阔叶红松林不同深度（0～10 cm的壤土、20～30 cm的白浆土、50～60 cm的黄土）土壤水分特征曲线进行分析.结果表明：不同土层土壤水分特征曲线整体趋势均表现为快速下降-缓慢下降-基本平稳;用Gardner等提出的幂函数方程可较好地反映该区土壤含水量与土壤水势之间的数量关系,拟合方程的相关系数在0.9239～0.9400;不同土层土壤的持水能力大小依次为黄土>壤土>白浆土,土壤含水量随土壤水势降低而减小的速度依次为壤土>白浆土>黄土.不同土层脱湿过程的土壤水分特征曲线位于吸湿过程之下,说明土壤水分存在滞后现象,且滞后时效依次为壤土>黄土>白浆土.     

哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤含水量变化规律及其影响因子

利用ChinaFlux设置在哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林内的通量观测系统的土壤含水量数据,分析了哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林内土壤含水量的时间变化及其影响因子,以期了解哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤含水量特征及其变化规律,为森林固碳能力、潜力和速率研究提供支撑.结果表明:(1)哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林不同深度土壤含水量大致呈单峰曲线分布,各层土壤含水量基本上随着土壤深度的增加而降低,波动范围也逐渐减小,最小值均在3月,最大值集中在7、8、9三个月.(2)0 ～ 100 cm各层深度的土壤含水量在17.7％～39.5％波动,其中100 cm深度的土壤含水量值最低、波动范围最小,总体来看,土壤含水量雨季高于旱季.(3)土壤含水量主要受降雨量、地温和相对湿度等要素的影响(P＜0.05),哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林5 cm深度的土壤含水量最大,约为38％.     

基于Ts\|EVI特征空间的土壤水分估算

温度-植被指数特征空间耦合了地表温度和植被信息,是当前实现土壤水分遥感估算和农业旱情监测的重要方法.采用EOS-MODIS地表温度Ts和增强型植被指数EVI数据,研究Ts-EVI三角形特征空间中干边、湿边方程参数的确定方法,分析比较了温度植被干旱指数TVDI对不同土壤深度水分状况的估算能力,为利用特征空间法实现土壤水分监测提供理论依据.研究表明:特征空间中干边和湿边的确定以最大拐点处为始点进行线性拟合的常规方法并不完善,根据像元的分布频率,以采用能同时保留最大量有效信息和较高拟合精度的端点逼近法获取参数的效果较好;基于Ts-EVI特征空间构建的TVDI可以较好地估算土壤表层10、20cm和50cm土壤深度处土壤水分状况,其相关性均通过了α=0.001水平的t检验,但TVDI对表层土壤(20cm和10cm)水分的估算精度相对较高.     

影响黄土高原地物光谱反射率的非均匀因子及反照率参数化研究

通过应用高光谱反射仪进行各种植被覆盖度地物的同期观测,分析不同地物光谱反射率和宽波段反照率的差异,得出:除太阳高度角的影响外,植被的不同生育期及生长状况决定的叶绿素、细胞构造和含水量等要素都会影响植物光谱反射率;基于归一化植被指数( NDVI)、归一化植被水分指数(NDWI)、土壤体积含水量以及参考对象的光谱曲线建立了植物光谱反射率的估算模型,能较好地反映地物光谱反射率特征;基于地物波谱反射率估算得到的全波段反照率误差在0.02范围内,可以作为反照率遥感反演和转换的依据;该方法也为高光谱遥感在反照率等陆面过程参数尺度耦合和转换过程中应用奠定了基础.     

荒漠植物红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)叶片元素和水分含量与土壤因子的关系

通过测定中国境内荒漠植物红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)主要分布区21个自然种群407个植株叶片的氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)含量、有机质和叶片含水量,以及不同种群内土壤含水量、可溶性盐分含量、有机质、全氮、全磷含量等土壤理化性状指标,分析不同自然种群红砂叶片元素含量与土壤环境因子之间的关系.研究结果表明,随着不同土壤层含水量的增加,红砂叶片N含量和叶片含水量显著增加,而叶片K含量显著降低.土壤养分含量、可溶性盐分含量与红砂叶片P含量显著正相关,与叶片含水量显著负相关.随着土壤pH值的增加,红砂叶片N含量显著下降,叶片含水量显著增加.说明不同自然种群中红砂叶片养分含量受土壤状况的影响显著,不同土壤理化性状指标对红砂叶片元素含量的贡献显著不同.土壤水分含量是生境中影响红砂叶片特征的最关键因子,而红砂叶片含水量则最易受各种土壤理化性状的影响.生境中土壤含水量对红砂各种元素含量的影响和红砂叶片含水量对不同土壤条件的这种响应模式支持了红砂是一种以提高水分利用效率而适应于极端干旱生境的典型超旱生植物.     

FvCB生物化学光合模型及A-C_i曲线测定

由Farquhar、von Caemmerer和Berry提出的生物化学光合模型(以下简称FvCB模型)是一个基于光合碳反应过程的CO_2响应模型。此模型认为C3植物叶片光合速率(A)由3个生物化学过程速率中的最低者——核酮糖-1,5-双磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶(Rubisco)所能支持的羧化速率、电子传递所能支持的核酮糖-1,5-双磷酸(Ru BP)再生速率和磷酸丙糖(TP)利用速率决定。利用改进的FvCB模型对光合速率-胞间CO_2浓度(A-C_i)曲线进行拟合,能有效地估计最大羧化速率、最大电子传递速率、TP利用速率、明呼吸速率、叶肉细胞导度等生化参数,促进我们对植物光合生理及其响应环境变化的理解和预测。该文首先详细地描述了FvCB模型,并分析了此模型分段性和过参数化的特点。然后介绍利用FvCB模型对A-C_i曲线进行拟合,从而估计叶片光合生化参数的研究进展。光合生化参数估计经历了主观分段、分段拟合到客观分段、整体拟合几个阶段,目标函数的最小化方法也从传统的最小二乘法为主转向基于现代计算机技术的迭代算法(如遗传算法、模拟退火算法)。然而,如要进一步提高参数估计的可靠性和精确性,还需加强Rubisco动力学属性和温度依赖性方面的研究。最后,为了获取能更有效地进行参数估计的光合数据,根据目前对FvCB模型拟合的认知,整合并改进了A-C_i曲线的测定方法。     

黄土高原刺槐林地土壤水分垂直分布特征及其动态模型的建立

以位于黄土高原半干旱丘陵沟壑区的陕西省安塞县和半湿润残塬沟壑区的甘肃省泾川县为代表,研究了不同水分生态区刺槐林地土壤水分垂直分布特征;并在原有林地土壤水分入渗平衡模型的基础上,建立了林地土壤水分随时间、土壤深度变化的动态模型。结果表明:(1)不同水分生态区林地土壤水分垂直变化规律具有明显区别,泾川的土壤含水量峰值出现在20~40cm土层深处,后随着土层深度的增加逐渐降低,在200cm土层深度土壤含水量趋于稳定(11%左右);安塞的土壤含水量峰值出现在约60cm左右的土层,并在220cm深度土壤含水量趋于稳定(5.5%左右);说明泾川的土壤含水量高于安塞,安塞的降雨和林木根系耗水对土壤水分的影响程度和深度均大于泾川,且两地深层土壤水分含量不受降水和林木根系耗水等的影响。(2)利用降水在土壤中的入渗平衡模型能够很好地拟合黄土高原两地(泾川、安塞)刺槐林地的土壤水分垂直分布;并通过引入参数t(月份)建立了林地土壤水分随时间和土壤深度变化的动态模型,经验证该模型能够准确地刻画黄土高原不同水分生态区刺槐林地土壤水分的动态变化。     

应用高频观测探讨不同森林经营方式下矿质土壤呼吸的昼夜动态特征

矿质土壤呼吸是森林生态系统土壤碳库损失的重要途径之一,也是森林生态系统碳(C)平衡估算中的关键因子。了解矿质土壤呼吸在不同时间尺度上的变化,对理解森林生态系统C循环应对全球变化的响应至关重要,而高频观测是探讨矿质土壤呼吸在不同时间尺度变化的重要手段之一。通过高频自动观测系统与Li-8100土壤CO2通量测量系统,对福建省三明市陈大镇国有林场的米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)次生林在不同森林经营方式下(CK对照,RR皆伐,RB火烧)的矿质土壤呼吸与土壤温度和含水量的昼夜动态进行分析,并比较2种采样策略下矿质土壤呼吸的年、日均通量差异。结果表明:1)不同森林经营方式的矿质土壤呼吸与土壤温度和土壤含水量均存在着明显的季节动态,矿质土壤呼吸速率年均值表现为CK(2.18μmol m~(-2)s~(-1))RB(1.93μmol m~(-2)s~(-1))RR(1.89μmol m~(-2)s~(-1))。2)在不同森林经营方式下,采用手动观测的矿质土壤呼吸年平均日通量显著低于高频观测结果,而采用高频观测09:00—11:00时间段内观测数据计算日通量与高频自动观测系统全天(24h)结果无显著差异;3)不同森林经营方式下的林地,土壤水热条件的变化是影响矿质土壤呼吸的重要因素之一。双因子模型拟合结果表明,土壤温度和含水量共同解释了CK、RR和RB矿质土壤呼吸速率的年变化的96.8%,62.8%,95.4%,拟合结果明显优于以温度为单因子的指数模型。因此,未来气候变化背景下,为准确评估和预测不同森林经营方式对土壤与大气间碳通量交换的影响,采用高频自动观测技术观测矿质土壤呼吸,将有利于提高碳通量估算精度。     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor