汉坦病毒基因组G1区部分酶切位点的研究

用分型RT-PCR方法对34份武汉地区肾综合征出血热患者外周血标本扩增,扩增的目的片段为汉坦病毒M片段G1基因部分序列,应用Hinc Ⅱ和Sac I两种限制性内切酶消化扩增产物,可将汉坦病毒区分为HTN 型和SEO型,结果与分型PCR有很高的一致性,并可迅速筛查在 Hinc Ⅱ和Sac I酶切位点有基因变异的变异株.     

汉坦病毒的基因分型及其序列分析

为了探讨从核苷酸水平耐汉坦病毒进行分型,设计两对型特异性引物,采用反转录和聚合酶链式反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）,对亚太地区１８株汉坦病毒进行了扩增鉴定,并对其中７株汉坦病毒的ＰＣＲ产物进行了测序分析。ＰＣＲ的分型结果表明,Ⅰ型引物只能扩增血清Ⅰ型病毒的ｃＤＮＡ;Ⅱ型引物也只能扩增血清Ⅱ型病毒,其间无交叉反应。采用巢式ＰＣＲ和限制性内切酶验证了ＰＣＲ产物的特异性。序列分析结果表明,Ｒ３６Ｍ片段Ｇ１区的核苷酸序列与血清Ⅰ型病毒代表株７６－１１８的同源性为７８．４％,而与血清Ⅱ型病毒Ｒ２２的同源性为６８．１％;Ｒ３６与汉坦病毒序列同源性的成对比较结果也表明,Ｒ３６与血清Ⅰ型病毒的同源性均高于血清Ⅱ型病毒;Ｌｅａｋｅｙ虽然能被Ⅱ型引物扩增,但其序列与血清Ⅱ型病毒Ｒ２２的同源性仅为４４．９％,故不属于血清Ⅱ型病毒。上述研究结果表明,反转录聚合酶链反应能对多数汉坦病毒准确分型,但最终结果尚有赖于序列分析。     

汉坦病毒抗原性差异及其基因分型

用抗汉坦病毒单克隆抗体（Ｍｃ－Ａｂ）对汉坦病毒Ｂ７８株（来自病人血）和Ｒ１７８株（分离自褐家鼠）进行间接免疫荧光试验,以分析病毒的单克隆抗体反应谱,又用病毒免疫血清进行交叉中和试验,结果表明,两株病毒均具有双型（Ⅰ型／ＨＴＮ型和Ⅱ型／ＳＥＯ型）反应特征,但Ｒ１７８株基本上属于Ⅰ型。用汉坦病毒Ⅰ￣Ⅳ型型特异性引物进行ＰＣＲ扩增,Ｂ７８株用Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型引物均得到特异性扩增,而Ｒ１７８株虽经重复扩增均未见     

中国人β类珠蛋白基因多态性研究Ⅱ.ψβ_1基因中及其3′侧序列中的多态性HincII酶切位点

本文首次报告在中国人的ψβ_1基因中及其3′侧序列中存在两个HincⅡ的多态性酶切位点。甩含(?)β_1序列的重组质粒pp 3.9的BglⅡ和XbaⅠ双酶切片段(1.8kb)作为探针,与正常染色体DNA的HincⅡ酶解片段行Southern印迹杂交,所得杂交自显影图谱上可呈现7.6kb、6.0kb和3.0kb等条带,表明存在酶切位点的多态性。结果显示,在β_1基因之中及其3′侧序列中出现多态性HincⅡ酶切位点的频率分别为30.6％和39.0％。同时观察到,在所检测的18个个体中,按杂交片段所表示的基因型有4种,即纯合子7.6kb/7.6kb型和3.0kb3.0kb型,杂合子7.6kb/3.0kb型和7.6kb/6.0kb型。     

应用聚合酶链反应对我国不同来源肾综合征出血热病霉的型别分析

应用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）,对分离自不同地区、不同宿主来源的２６株肾综合征出血热病毒进行了分型,其中包括４个型别的国际标准株,用异硫氰酸胍－酚－氯仿方法从感染的Ｖｅｒｏ－Ｅ６细胞中提取总ＲＮＡ,设计了５对寡核苷酸引物,一对为汉坦病毒特异性引物;４对为不同型特异性引物。ＰＣＲ分型表明,２６株中除１株Ｒｒ可同时被汉坦（ＨＹＮ）和Ｓｅｏｕｌ（ＳＥＯ）两型特异性引物扩增外,其余２５株分别只被４个型别引物中的一个所扩增,依次为ＨＴＮ１６株,ＳＥＯ７株,Ｐｕｕｍａｌａ（ＰＵＵ）１株,ＰｒｏｓｐｅｃｔＨｉｌｌ（ＰＨ）１株。ＰＣＲ分型的结果与空斑减少中和试验完全一致,表明ＰＣＲ可以对肾综合征出血热病毒准成分型。应用限制性内切酶分析了扩增产物,结果与理论基本一致,证实了扩增产物的特异性。     

汉坦病毒东方田鼠分离株ZT10的M基因序列的特性分析

分析东方田鼠分离汉坦病毒ZT10株M基因分子特征.提取汉坦病毒ZT10株感染细胞的总RNA,应用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增ZT10株M片段全基因,克隆于T载体并测序,对其进行序列分析.结果显示汉坦病毒ZT10株的基因组M片段长度为3651个核苷酸,编码1133个氨基酸.序列分析表明其为Seoul型汉坦病毒.与八株Seoul型汉坦病毒的M片段同源性为84.0%～96.3%,而与HTN型汉坦病毒的同源性则较低,与从田鼠分离的汉坦病毒(Prospect Hill virus, Tula virus, Khabarovsk virus, Isla vista virus)核苷酸同源性仅为57.5%～60.9%,且与浙江省Seoul型分离株Guo3同源性较低,表明浙江省可能存在着另一Seoul亚型的汉坦病毒.     

汉坦病毒东方田鼠分离株ZT10的M基因序列的特性分析

分析东方田鼠分离汉坦病毒ZT10株M基因分子特征。提取汉坦病毒ZT10株感染细胞的总RNA,应用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增ZT10株M片段全基因,克隆于T载体并测序,对其进行序列分析。结果显示汉坦病毒ZT10株的基因组M片段长度为3651个核苷酸,编码1133个氨基酸。序列分析表明其为Seoul型汉坦病毒。与八株Seoul型汉坦病毒的M片段同源性为84.0%～96.3%,而与HTN型汉坦病毒的同源性则较低,与从田鼠分离的汉坦病毒(ProspectHillvirus,Tulavirus,Khabarovskvirus,Islavistavirus)核苷酸同源性仅为57.5%～60.9%,且与浙江省Seoul型分离株Guo3同源性较低,表明浙江省可能存在着另一Seoul亚型的汉坦病毒。     

鹅细小病毒主要免疫原性蛋白基因的克隆与序列分析

利用PCR技术,从纯化鹅细小病毒SYG99-5毒株鹅胚尿囊液中扩增出病毒主要免疫原性蛋白基因.将该PCR扩增片段克隆入pGEMR-T质粒载体的HincⅡ和SacⅠ位点之间,酶切分析筛选并进一步通过Southern杂交验证后,获得含1.6kb基因片段的重组质粒GpG3.序列测定结果表明,该片段与国外已报道的GPV B株苷酸序列有96%的同源性,氨基酸序列有97%的同源性.     

戊型肝炎病毒通用性PCR引物的设计及其基因分型的研究

针对戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)基因分型尚无统一标准的现状,本研究通过分析GenBank中现有的82株HEV基因组全序列,设计一组HEV通用性PCR引物(HEVuPrimer)用于扩增不同基因型HEV可测序长片段,分别基于全基因序列、HEVuPrimer扩增序列和较常用的MXJ引物扩增序列对82株HEV进行基因分型,再以HEVuPrimer扩增1～4型HEV参考株和HEVIg M抗体阳性的临床标本,进行HEV基因分型的研究。研究结果表明HE-VuPrimer扩增区段与全基因序列对82株HEV的基因分型结果完全一致;HEVuPrimer与HEV序列的匹配程度明显高于MXJ引物,且HEVuPrimer区段的基因分型结果较MXJ区段的更为准确。HEVuPrimer可同时扩增出不同基因型HEV基因片段。124份临床标本中,60份测出特异性HEV RNA,阳性率为48.4%,基因分型结果均为4型HEV,但分属于4个不同的基因亚型,核苷酸同源性为80.0%～99.9%,其中有6例近期分离的HEV毒株形成一新的基因亚型。因此,基于HEVuPrimer扩增区段的HEV基因分型方法具有较高的可靠性和可信度,为建立统一、可行的HEV基...     

逆转录—聚合酶链反应结合限制性片段长度多态性分析对我国肾综合征出血热病毒分型的研究

建立准确、快速、灵敏的汉坦病毒基因分型方法,可弥补传统血清学方法的不足,对防治该病毒所致的肾综合征出血热（HFRS）具有重要意义。本试验采用逆转录－聚合酶反应（RT－PCR）和限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）和限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）方法,对流行于我国的两型汉坦病毒代表株－汉滩型（HTNV）76－118 和汉城型（SEOV）R22株进行基因分析。根据病毒DNA序列的电脑软件分析。不同HFRSV囊膜糖蛋白编码基因M节段1199－1497间核苷酸序列上RsaI,TaqI和HindⅢ的酶切位点存在差异（Fig.I),可用于进行限制性内切酶基因多态性分析,以确定HFRV的型别。首先,以一对引物扩增该片段（Fig.2)。然后,分析用这三种内切酶（Fig.3,4,5)进行酶切分型,共分析了从我国不同地区,不同宿主分离的毒株18株,及国际标准毒株2株,酶切图谱显示,这些毒株可以被分为三组（Table.a)：9株可定为HTNV型,8株可定为SEOV型,3株无法确定其型别（X型）,该法分型结构与血清学经典的空斑减数中和试验分型结构基本一致,说明该酶切分型方法具有一定的可行性。     

Structural variation in the Waxy gene and differentiation in foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.]: implications for multiple origins of the waxy phenotype

The origin and evolution of the waxy type of foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv] were studied by analyzing structural variation in the Waxy gene. Initially, the Waxy gene was amplified by RT-PCR, RACE and genomic PCR from a non-waxy strain to determine the structure of the wild-type gene. Secondly, we screened by PCR for polymorphisms at the Waxy locus in 79 strains with various waxy phenotypes. We then carried out genomic Southern analysis on 67 strains and identified seven RFLP classes which were designated as types I-VII. RFLP type was correlated with phenotype, such that types I and II corresponded to non-waxy, types III and VI to low-amylose, and types IV, V and VII to waxy phenotypes. The differences between RFLP types could be attributed to insertions in the Waxy gene. Types II and VI were caused by the insertion of a Tourist element into intron 1 and a SINE-like sequence into intron 12, respectively. Types III, IV, V and VII were characterized by the insertion of large sequences into the Waxy gene that may alter the expression of the gene. Thus, multiple, independent insertions in the Waxy gene appear to have caused the loss-of-function waxy phenotypes. Furthermore, the geographical distributions of the three RFLP types associated with the waxy phenotype (types IV, V and VII) were distinct, with type IV being found mainly in Taiwan and Japan, type V in Korea, and type VII in Myanmar. These results indicate a polyphyletic origin for the waxy phenotype in landraces of foxtail millet.     

我国主要生态区域绿豆慢生根瘤菌的遗传多样性和系统发育研究

利用16SrRNAPCR-RFLP、16SrRNA序列分析以及16S-23SrRNAIGS(IntergeneticSpacer)PCR-RFLP技术对分离自中国主要生态区域的44株慢生型绿豆根瘤菌和5株参比菌株进行了遗传多样性和系统发育研究。16SrRNAPCR-RFLP分析表明:在76%的相似水平上,所有供试菌株可分为三大类群:群I由LYG1等13株慢生根瘤菌组成,该群在系统发育上与B.japonicum和B.liaoningense的参比菌株存在一定的差异;群Ⅱ由XJ1等21株供试菌株、B.japonicum和B.liaoningense的代表菌株组成;群Ⅲ由10株来自广东和广西的菌株和B.elkanii的代表菌株组成。16S-23SrRNAIGSPCR-RFLP分析将供试菌株分为A、B两大群。群A由34株供试菌株、B.japonicum和B.liaoningense的代表菌株组成。在85%的相似性水平上,可再分为AⅠ、AⅡ和AⅢ3个亚群。群B由10株分离自广西和广东的菌株和B.elkanii的代表菌株组成。在85%的相似性水平上,可再分为BI和BⅡ两亚群,表现出一定的多样性。与16SrRNAPCR-RFLP相比,16S-23SrRNAIGSPCR-RFLP具有更高的解析度,供试菌株表现出更加丰富的遗传多样性。分离自中国新疆、广东和广西等地的菌株在分群上具有较为明显的地域特征。     

我国南北大豆产区慢生大豆根瘤菌的遗传多样性和系统发育研究

利用16S rRNA基因RFLP、16S rRNA基因序列分析以及16S-23S rRNA IGS PCR RFLP技术对分离自我国南北大豆产区的慢生大豆根瘤菌进行了群体遗传多样性和系统发育研究。16S rRNA基因PCR RFLP分析以及16S rRNA基因序列分析结果表明:所有供试慢生大豆根瘤菌可分为B.japonicum和B.elkanii两个类群,其中属于B.japonicum的为优势种群,占供试菌株的91%,属于B.elkanii的仅占9%,多样性水平较低。16S-23S rRNA IGS PCRRFLP研究结果表明:属于B.japonicum的慢生根瘤菌具有较丰富的遗传多样性,在69%的相似性水平上可分为群Ⅰ和群Ⅱ两大类群。群I的菌株以分离自黑龙江和河北等北部区域的菌株为代表,群Ⅱ的菌株以分离自广西和江苏等南部地域的菌株为代表,反映出明显的地域特征。两群菌株在系统发育上均与USDA6、USDA110和USDA122等B.japonicum的模式或代表菌株有差异。     

汉滩病毒截短核蛋白在大肠杆菌中的表达及其初步应用

利用逆转录 聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR)从急性期HFRS病人外周血清总RNA中扩增获得汉坦病毒S片段部分编码基因 (SA) ,使用NCBIBlast软件对排分析证实为汉滩型 ,申请GenBank号 :AY42 5 61 2。将该片段克隆入原核表达载体 ,并在大肠杆菌中高效表达。所表达的蛋白分子量约为 490 0 0kDa,重组蛋白在菌体中主要以包涵体形式存在。Western blot分析表明该核蛋白具有较好的抗原活性。该蛋白在肾综合征出血热 (HFRS)的血清学诊断中具有一定的价值。     

外源E2F和CArG顺式元件对血管平滑肌细胞表型相关基因表达的影响

利用转录因子“诱骗”策略 ,阻断血管平滑肌细胞 (VSMC)表型特异基因和增殖相关基因的反式激活 ,揭示VSMC表型转化和增殖之间的关系 .电泳迁移率改变分析结果表明 ,相当于分化型VSMC特异表达基因共有顺式元件CArG和细胞增殖相关基因共有顺式元件E2F的双股寡核苷酸(ODNs)可分别与从分化型和去分化型VSMC中提取的核蛋白特异性结合 ,形成DNA 蛋白质复合物 .Northern杂交结果显示 ,导入VSMC中的CArGODN可使平滑肌α肌动蛋白 (α actin)表达活性降低 ,肌丝数量减少 ,明显抑制转染细胞的再分化过程 .去分化型VSMC被E2FODN转染后 ,增殖相关基因c myc表达受到抑制 ,细胞增殖速率减慢 ,去分化表型特征减弱 .结果提示 ,E2F和CArG调控元件分别对VSMC增殖和分化起重要调节作用 ,并证实VSMC表型转化与增殖是两个密切相关但不完全相同的细胞事件 .     

Bacillus cereus pore-forming toxins hemolysin II and cytotoxin K: polymorphism and distribution of genes among representatives of the cereus group

Abstract-Phylogenetic interrelation between 40 strains of the Bacillus cereus group has been established using BcREP fingerprinting. The PCR method has shown that the frequency of occurrence of the genes of cytotoxin K (cytK) and hemolysin II (hlyII) is 61% and 56%, respectively, and the gene of the hemolysin II regulator (hlyIIR) occurs together with hlyII. Comparison of the results of fingerprinting, PCR, and RFLP of the toxin genes showed that bacteria with the hlyII+ and cytK+ genotypes did not form separate clusters. However, microorganisms with the similar fingerprints were shown to have toxin genes of the same type. The proposed variant of RFLP analysis made it possible to clearly distinguish between the cytK1 and cytK2 genes. Twenty-three strains having the cytK genes carried no cytK1 dangerous for mammals. Additionally, the entire collection of microorganisms was tested for the ability to grow at 4 degrees C. This property was revealed for five strains, which should most likely be classified as B. weihenstephanensis. Two of the five psychrotolerant microorganisms carried the hemolysin II gene variant of the same type according to RFLP. None of the five strains had the cytK gene. These strains did not form close groups upon clustering by the applied method of Bc-REP fingerprints.     

Genotypic characterization of Burkholderia cenocepacia strains by rep-PCR and PCR-RFLP of the fliC gene

Thirty-five strains of Burkholderia cenocepacia from clinical and environmental sources were characterized genotypically by repetitive sequence PCR (ERIC- and BOX-PCR) and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of the flagellin gene (fliC). In cluster analysis based on the repetitive PCR profiles the strains were composed of five clusters, of which clusters 1, 2 and 3 were more closely related to each other than to clusters 4 and 5. It has been reported that the majority of Burkholderia cepacia complex strains can be separated into two types on the basis of fliC size (types I and II correspond to 1.4 and 1.0 kb, respectively). When the strains were analysed by PCR of fliC, all strains yielded amplified products of 1.0 kb except for three strains. The latter strains gave PCR products of 0.7 kb (atypical type), which belonged to repetitive PCR cluster 5. These results indicated that the majority of B. cenocepacia strains belonged to flagellin type II. In the RFLP analysis of the large fliC amplicons with HaeIII, 10 patterns were observed indicating remarkable variation. Strains grouping in repetitive PCR cluster 4 had a unique fliC RFLP pattern. The results of repetitive PCR typing and PCR-RFLP analysis of fliC showed a strong correlation. Strains belonging to the repetitive PCR clusters 4 or 5 were distinctly different from other B. cenocepacia strains as shown by PCR-RFLP analysis of the fliC gene and phenotypic assays.     

PCR assay of the groEL gene for detection and differentiation of Bacillus cereus group cells

Strains of species in the Bacillus cereus group are potentially enterotoxic. Thus, the detection of all B. cereus group strains is important. As 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis cannot adequately differentiate species of the B. cereus group, we explored the potential of the groEL gene as a phylogenetic marker. A phylogenetic analysis of the groEL sequences of 78 B. cereus group strains revealed that the B. cereus group strains were split into two major clusters, one including six B. mycoides and one B. pseudomycoides (cluster II) and the other including two B. mycoides and the rest of the B. cereus group strains (cluster I). Cluster I was further differentiated into two subclusters, Ia and Ib. The sodA gene sequences of representative strains from different clusters were also compared. The phylogenetic tree constructed from the sodA sequences showed substantial similarity to the tree constructed from the groEL sequences. Based on the groEL sequences, a PCR assay for detection and identification of B. cereus group strains was developed. Subsequent restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis verified the PCR amplicons and the differentiation of the B. cereus group strains. RFLP with MboI was identical for all the B. cereus group strains analyzed, while RFLP with MfeI or PstI classified all B. cereus and B. thuringiensis strains into two groups. All cluster II B. mycoides and B. pseudomycoides strains could be discriminated from other B. cereus group bacteria by restriction analysis with TspRI.     

Identification of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans strains based on restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of 16S rDNA.

The 16S rDNA sequences from ten strains of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans were amplified by PCR. The products were compared by performing restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis with restriction endonucleases Alu I, Hap II, Hha I, and Hae III. The RFLP patterns revealed that T. ferrooxidans could be distinguished from other iron- or sulphur-oxidizing bacteria such as T. thiooxidans NB1-3, T. caldus GO-1, Leptospirillum ferrooxidans and the marine iron-oxidizing bacterium strain KU2-11. The RFLP patterns obtained with Alu I, Hap II, and Hae III were the same for nine strains of T. ferrooxidans except for strain ATCC 13661. The RFLP patterns for strains NASF-1 and ATCC 13661 with Hha I were distinct from those for other T. ferrooxidans strains. The 16S rDNA sequence of T. ferrooxidans NASF-1 possessed an additional restriction site for Hha I. These results show that iron-oxidizing bacteria isolated from natural environments were rapidly identified as T. ferrooxidans by the method combining RFLP analysis with physiological analysis.     

A novel multiplex PCR/RFLP assay for the identification of Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex members from dairy microbial communities based on the 16S rRNA gene

The Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex (SBSEC) comprises pathogenic species associated with different degrees with human infections but also spontaneously fermented dairy products. We aimed therefore at developing a specific identification assay for the SBSEC targeting the 16S rRNA gene comprising a multiplex PCR followed by a differentiating restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). The multiplex PCR assay was positively applied on 200 SBSEC isolates including reference strains. The assay did not yield false-positive amplifications with strains of closely related bacteria and isolates of non-SBSEC streptococci, lactococci, enterococci, and other genera of dairy origin. The downstream RFLP using MseI and XbaI enabled further discrimination of Streptococcus infantarius/S.?bovis (biotype II.1) from Streptococcus gallolyticus (biotype I and II.2)/Streptococcus alactolyticus and S.?equinus. Furthermore, the newly developed primers can be used directly for Sanger sequencing. Conclusively, this novel PCR/RFLP assay is applicable in the complex dairy microbial communities and provides an important tool to assess the prevalence of members of the SBSEC in dairy products.