Characterization and Purification from Human Brain of a Hyaluronic Acid-Binding Glycoprotein, Hyaluronectin

Using affinity chromatography and enzyme-labelled immunological assays combined with affinity adsorption, we have obtained evidence for the binding of a brain glycoprotein to hyaluronic acid, and on this basis named it hyaluronectin. This binding was inhibited by hyaluronic acid and by the products of its hydrolysis by hyaluronidase from bovine testis, but was not inhibited by other glycosaminoglycans or by monosaccharides. Preparative affinity chromatography of brain acid-soluble proteins produced hyaluronectin in a good degree of purity. Contamination by albumin was less than 1% and the yield was as high as 80%.     

Immunochemical Characterization of the Hyaluronic Acid-Hyaluronectin Interaction

The interaction between hyaluronic acid (HA) and hyaluronectin (HN) was analyzed by gel chromatography and by the effects of HA on the immunological precipitation of HN. This interaction led to formation of larger molecules, as shown by gel permeation. No inhibition of immune precipitation occurred in liquid phase after addition of HA, but the precipitates in unstained gels were rendered transparent, giving the appearance of inhibition. However, after staining of the gels the precipitates appeared normal. Moreover, a non-linear decrease of the diffusion rate in antibody-containing gel was observed as a function of HA concentration at HA:HN weight ratios of 0.75 x 10(-3) and higher. A faster movement during electrophoresis, depending on the HA:HN ratio, suppressed the precipitation line when tested by electrosyneresis and produced an increase in migration distance when tested by Laurell's electroimmunoassay. These results show that in the immunochemical detection and quantitation of NH by these techniques consideration should always be given to the amount of HA in the samples.     

透明质酸及其衍生物研究进展

透明质酸是一种以葡萄糖醛酸和N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖胺为双糖单位交替连接而成的黏多糖。由于其具有独特的分子结构和理化性质,已被成功应用于化妆品、医学美容、眼科手术、关节炎治疗等。对最近几年国内外透明质酸及其衍生物,尤其是海洋生物来源的透明质酸的制备以及将不同分子质量的透明质酸作为新型药用载体及其他方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

Localization of Hyaluronectin in Oligodendroglial Cells

Astroglia and oligodendroglia in primary cell cultures were identified by immunohistochemical staining with antiglial fibrillary acidic protein and anticerebroside antisera, respectively. The antiserum to hyaluronectin (HN) was utilized to show that this hyaluronic acid-binding glycoprotein was localized in the oligodendroglial cels. This is consistent with the recent finding that HN is localized in the node of Ranvier. Astroglia did not react with antihyaluronectin.     

在兽疫链球菌中表达vgb基因和HA合成基因提高透明质酸产量

透明质酸(HA)是一种在医药及化妆品领域具有广泛应用的天然粘多糖。兽疫链球菌(Streptococcuszooepidemicus)是工业上生产透明质酸的菌种之一。透明颤菌血红蛋白(VHb)具有增强细胞摄氧的作用。对生产透明质酸的兽疫链球菌进行了基因改造:将兽疫链球菌HA的合成基因hasABC以及合成透明颤菌血红蛋白的vgb基因(Vitreoscillahemoglobingene,vgb)分别或同时插入阳性菌表达质粒pEU308中,通过电转化导入兽疫链球菌中。通过一氧化碳(CO)差光谱检测到了VHb的表达。在摇瓶实验中,同时带有hasABC和vgb基因的重组菌比野生菌的透明质酸产量提高了30％。而在发酵罐中,带有这2个基因的重组菌的透明质酸产量达到了6．9g／L,高于重组菌5．5g／L的产量。实验结果表明,vgb基因的存在促进了细胞的生长,hasABC操纵子的过表达增强了透明质酸的合成。首次将VHb导入兽疫链球菌中,获得了表达,并证明其对菌体生长及透明质酸合成有促进作用。通过研究,VHb将可以在阳性菌中获得更广泛的应用。     

Hyaluronic Acid Degradation by Ascorbic Acid and Influence of Iron

The effects of ascorbic acid, iron and ADP on hyaluronic acid, a compound present in inflamed joints, were investigated in an in vitro system. Ascorbic acid induces degradation of hyaluronic acid which increased in the presence of FeCl, and which is additionally stimulated by ADP chelated ferric ions. The hyaluronic acid degrading reactions induced by the Fe-III/ADP/ascorbic acid system were inhibited by catalase and formate to various extents whereas the presence of superoxide dismutase did not exert any inhibitory effect. Desferrioxamine, a specific iron chelator, completely inhibited hyaluronic acid depolymerisation by ascorbic acid as well as in combination with FeCl₃ or FeCl₃/ADP, respectively. We suggest that the ultimate hyaluronic acid degrading species is OH', generated via the Fe-III/ADP catalysed Haber Weiss reaction. There is also an indication for the involvement of perferryl or/and ferryl species in the degradation process.     

Hyaluronic Acid Degradation by Ascorbic Acid and Influence of Iron

The effects of ascorbic acid, iron and ADP on hyaluronic acid, a compound present in inflamed joints, were investigated in an in vitro system. Ascorbic acid induces degradation of hyaluronic acid which increased in the presence of FeCl, and which is additionally stimulated by ADP chelated ferric ions. The hyaluronic acid degrading reactions induced by the Fe-III/ADP/ascorbic acid system were inhibited by catalase and formate to various extents whereas the presence of superoxide dismutase did not exert any inhibitory effect. Desferrioxamine, a specific iron chelator, completely inhibited hyaluronic acid depolymerisation by ascorbic acid as well as in combination with FeCl₃ or FeCl₃/ADP, respectively. We suggest that the ultimate hyaluronic acid degrading species is OH', generated via the Fe-III/ADP catalysed Haber Weiss reaction. There is also an indication for the involvement of perferryl or/and ferryl species in the degradation process.     

复合透明质酸微针制剂的制备及优化

目的:考察透明质酸复合微针的制备方法,并选择形态粘度适宜的高分子溶液制备透明质酸微针。方法:测定不同浓度透明质酸溶液的粘度,确定适宜制备微针的溶液浓度。利用聚乙烯醇反复冷冻-解冻的物理交联方法制备透明质酸复合微针,并加入其他辅料考察微针针形的优劣。利用高效液相色谱法考察优化后透明质酸微针的体外释放行为。结果:10%透明质酸溶液适宜用抽真空法制备微针,聚乙烯醇优化后的透明质酸微针柔韧性更佳,刚性减小,易于揭膜。微针针形良好,不易断裂。体外释放实验中显示有缓释效果,8小时内可释放40%的理论载药量。结论:通过加入聚乙烯醇等生物相容性良好的辅料制备透明质酸微针,既具有良好的物理性能,又有较好的释放行为,优于目前文献报道的纯透明质酸微针的性能,可继续优化处方,具有更进一步研究的价值。     

基因工程技术优化透明质酸生产的研究进展

透明质酸是由葡萄糖醛酸和N-乙酰葡萄糖胺组成的双糖单位聚合而成的直链酸性粘多糖,在医药、化妆品、食品等领域拥有庞大的市场。传统研究通过优化发酵参数改善透明质酸的生产虽然取得了显著成效,但也趋于上限,加之天然生产菌株固有的发酵培养基成本高、具有一定致病性等等的劣势也日益显著。随着分子生物学技术的迅速发展以及对透明质酸合成相关基因研究的不断深入,研究重点逐渐转向利用基因工程技术构建高产、安全、具有特定分子量的透明质酸工程菌株。以下就有关透明质酸生产菌株基因工程改造的策略及研究进展进行概述和展望。     

高效测定发酵液中透明质酸含量的改良CTAB浊度法

透明质酸（HA）在保健品、化妆品及临床医疗等领域都具有重要应用,发酵法是HA生产的主要方法。发酵液中HA含量的快速、准确测定对于HA的生产具有重要意义。在原始十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）浊度法测量HA浓度的基础上,提出了去除HA与乙酸缓冲液混合后的水浴步骤、降低CTAB试剂浓度（2.5 g/L）以及确定HA-CTAB络合反应时间（5 min）的改良CTAB法。进一步研究了发酵液各成分对改良CTAB方法的干扰,结果表明,葡萄糖、阿拉伯糖、D 葡萄糖酸前体等对CTAB浊度法没有干扰,但Mg2+等具有较为明显的干扰。通过冰乙醇沉淀与改良CTAB浊度法的耦合,实现了发酵液中HA含量的高效测定。     

微生物发酵法生产高分子量透明质酸的研究进展

透明质酸是一种线性大分子黏多糖,分子量定义其流变性能,影响生理反应,并决定合适的用途。传统研究通过优化发酵提高透明质酸的产量已取得显著成效,近年来,研究重点逐渐转向如何提高透明质酸产品的分子量。目前,高分子量透明质酸具有良好的黏弹性、保湿性、黏附性,在医药中的应用是中、低分子量透明质酸不可替代的。概述了透明质酸分子量的调控机制,以及利用微生物发酵法生产高分子量透明质酸的研究进展,并对其发展方向进行了展望。     

Expression of Hyaluronectin by C-6 Glial Cells at High Density

Hyaluronectin, a brain glycoprotein that has been localized to the nodes of Ranvier in vivo and to oligodendrocytes in primary cultures of neonatal rat brain cells, was shown by using an unlabeled immunoperoxidase method to be present in C-6 glial cells grown to high density. The density-dependent expression of this glycoprotein is in accordance with the known properties of the glial stem cells, i.e., induction of differentiated properties such as 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide-3'-phosphohydrolase, glutamine synthetase, S-100 protein, and glial fibrillary acidic protein.     

Detection of Autographa californica and Heliothis zea baculovirus proteins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

The structural proteins of Autographa californica (AcMNPV) and Heliothis zea (HzSNPV) nuclear polyhedrosis viruses were detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The immunoassay detected less than 1 ng of AcMNPV protein. The extent of immunological relatedness between AcMNPV-occluded virus and AcMNPV polyhedral protein, AcMNPV-nonoccluded virus, Estigmene acrea granulosis virus, Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus Heliothis zea NPV, and Lymantria dispar NPV was determined. No immunological relatedless was detected between HzSNPV, AcMNPV, and a persistent rod-shaped virus isolated from the Heliothis zea cell line (IMC-Hz-1). The polyhedral proteins of HzSNPV and AcMNPV were found to be immunologically identical.     

Isolation of broad-specificity domain antibody from phage library for development of pyrethroid immunoassay

An antibody to phenoxybenzoic acid (PBA), the conserved chemical region of pyrethroids, was developed using a domain antibody (DAB) library to enable pyrethroid detection in agricultural products. The DAB library, constructed without animal immunization and based on a human VH framework, displayed repertoires on filamentous bacteriophage. After four rounds of panning, we obtained five domain antibodies that are capable of binding to PBA. Antibody A3 has strong identification capability to cypermethrin, β-cypermethrin, and fenvalerate. The antibody A3 was used to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The IC₅₀ values were 2.586, 1.814, and 2.251 μg/ml for cypermethrin, β-cypermethrin, and fenvalerate, respectively. The assay shows weak competition with flucythrinate but shows no competition with fenpropathrin, deltamethrin, and permethrin. The developed ELISA process was successfully applied to fortified Chinese cabbage samples, with the recoveries of cypermethrin, β-cypermethrin, and fenvalerate ranging from 84.4 to 112.3%. We developed an immunoassay to detect pyrethroids depending on the domain antibody library, which overcomes the limitation of requiring protein antigen to immunize animals raising antibody.     

透明质酸修饰的绿原酸脂质体对U14宫颈癌荷瘤小鼠的抑制作用

目的:对透明质酸(HA)靶向绿原酸(CA)脂质体(HA-CA脂质体)进行处方筛选,以及对U14宫颈癌小鼠的抑制作用实验。方法:筛选制备HA-CA脂质体的方法,并以磷脂比、药脂比、PBS的p H为单因素考察指标通过正交实验筛选最优处方;采用透析袋法考察HA-CA的体外释放;Bal b/c小鼠右腋皮下接种U14宫颈癌瘤株,连续尾静脉注射给药14 d后,摘取瘤体称重,并计算肿瘤生长抑制。结果:采用薄膜分散法制备脂质体,最优处方为磷脂比为4:1,药脂比为1:30,PBS的p H为7.4。HA-CA脂质体与CA脂质体释放曲线基本一致,都具有一定的缓释效果。48 h时,HA-CA脂质体和CA脂质体的累计释放度分别为78.39%、83.01%。HA-CA脂质体对U14宫颈癌小鼠的抑瘤率为60.39%,与阳性对照组环磷酰胺相当,高于CA和CA脂质体。结论:HA-CA脂质体由于其具有主动靶向配体HA的修饰,使其抑制U14宫颈癌裸鼠的效果明显高于CA和CA脂质体。     

Comparative quantitation of abscisic acid in plant extracts by gas-liquid chromatography and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the avidin-biotin system

In this report we describe an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the quantitation of abscisic acid (ABA) in plant extracts. A microtitration plate is coated with an ABA-protein complex. The ABA, standard or sample, is then added to each well with a limiting quantity of rabbit anti-ABA antibodies. During the following incubation period, antibodies bind either to free or to bound ABA on the plates. After washing, bound antibodies are indirectly labelled in two steps by the means of biotinylated goat antirabbit immunoglobulin-G antibodies which act as a link between rabbit anti-ABA antibodies and an avidin-alkaline phosphatase complex. The relative enzyme activity bound is measured spectrophotometrically. The detection limit of this method is 5 pg ABA and the measuring range extends to 10 ng. Gas-liquid-chromatography controls, with an electron capture detector, show a good correlation with ELISA results obtained using extracts of Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicotiana tabacum and Pseudotsuga menziesii samples purified by high-performance liquid chromatography. This provides a good argument for the accuracy of the immunoenzymatic method. The indirect labelling of antibodies, with the avidin-biotin amplifying system, should make this technique suitable for the quantitation of other plant growth substances against which specific antibodies are available.Abbreviations ABA abscisic acid - BSA bovine serum albumin - ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - GLC gas liquid chromatography - HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography - IgG Immunoglobulin G - PBS phosphate-buffered saline     

透明质酸在间充质干细胞向软骨细胞分化中的应用

随着组织工程学的发展,利用间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)定向分化为软骨细胞,用于治疗骨性关节炎、关节创伤等因素造成的软骨缺损的研究方兴未艾。透明质酸(hyaluronic acid,HA) 是一种酸性多糖类生物大分子,亦是软骨基质的主要成分之一。由于其优良的生物相容性、可降解等特性,HA已成为优良的天然生物材料,其作为支架材料应用于软骨缺损修复已有一段历史。近年来又发现,HA除作为载体支架材料外,还可作为调节因子应用于MSCs向软骨细胞分化。以下将对近年来利用HA应用于MSCs向软骨细胞分化的研究进行总结,旨在为以MSCs为基础的组织工程化软骨的临床应用奠定基础。     

Synthesis of Oligosaccharides Structurally Related to Hyaluronic Acid Fragments

Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry - Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a natural polysaccharide constructed from the alternating residues of β-D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine....     

不同组织来源透明质酸的分离纯化及其鉴定

以猪牛眼玻璃体、鸡冠、人脐带为原料,利用水浸提,乙醇沉淀的方法,提取透明质酸粗品,经ＤＥＡＥ－纤维素纯化,获得高纯度的透明质酸．经测定,其蛋白含量０．３８％～０．６３％,分子量７．９×１０~４～４．７×１０~５,收率０．６４％～２．４％,红外扫描图谱与文献报道一致     

The Effects of Hyaluronic Acid on Macrophage FC Receptor Binding and Phagocytosis Are Independent of the Mode of Depolymerization

In order to determine whether exposure of hyaluronic acid to oxygen radicals caused an alteration in its properties. independent of the change in molecular weight induced. we examined its effect upon macro-phage Fc receptor binding. High molecular weight hyaluronic acid (Healon-Pharmacia) caused a dose dependent inhibition of binding between the concentrations of 0.2–1 mg/ml. At a concentration of 0.3 mg/ml both oxygen radical depolymerized and enzymatically degraded hyaluronic acid caused an inhibition of Fc receptor binding at molecular weights of 1 × 10⁶. 1.5 × 10⁶ and 2 × 10⁶. Oxygen radical degraded hyaluronic acid caused a stimulation of Fc receptor binding at molecular weights of 2 × 10⁵ and 3.5 × 10⁵. and enzyme degraded hyaluronic acid causes stimulation at a molecular weight of 2.5 × 10⁶. Thus this “biological property” of hyaluronic acid is dependent upon molecular weight solely and not upon the mode of depolymerization.