Towards a new paradigm in mayfly phylogeny (Ephemeroptera): combined analysis of morphological and molecular data

This study represents the first formal morphological and combined (morphological and molecular) phylogenetic analyses of the order Ephemeroptera. Taxonomic sampling comprised 112 species in 107 genera, including 42 recognized families (all major lineages of Ephemeroptera). Morphological data consisted of 101 morphological characters. Molecular data were acquired from DNA sequences of the 12S, 16S, 18S, 28S and H3 genes. The Asian genus Siphluriscus (Siphluriscidae) was supported as sister to all other mayflies. The lineages Carapacea, Furcatergalia, Fossoriae, Pannota, Caenoidea and Ephemerelloidea were supported as monophyletic, as were many of the families. However, some recognized families (for example, Ameletopsidae and Coloburiscidae) and major lineages (such as Setisura, Pisciforma and Ephemeroidea among others) were not supported as monophyletic, mainly due to convergences within nymphal characters. Clade robustness was evaluated by multiple methods and approaches.     

Molecules, morphology and fossils: a comprehensive approach to odonate phylogeny and the evolution of the odonate wing

We undertook a comprehensive morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis of dragonfly phylogeny, examining both extant and fossil lineages in simultaneous analyses. The legitimacy of higher‐level family groups and the phylogenetic relationship between families were tested. Thirteen families were supported as monophyletic (Aeshnidae, Calopterygidae, Chlorocyphidae, Euphaeidae, Gomphidae, Isostictidae, Lestidae, Libellulidae, Petaluridae, Platystictidae, Polythoridae, Pseudostigmatidae and Synthemistidae) and eight as non‐monophyletic (Amphipterygidae, Coenagrionidae, Corduliidae, Megapodagrionidae, Protoneuridae and Synlestidae), although Perilestidae and Platycnemididae were recovered as monophyletic under Bayesian analyses. Nine families were represented by one species, thus monophyly was not tested (Epiophlebiidae, Austropetaliidae, Chlorogomphidae, Cordulegastridae, Macromiidae, Chorismagrionidae, Diphlebiidae, Lestoideidae and Pseudolestidae). Epiprocta and Zygoptera were recovered as monophyletic. Ditaxinerua is supported as the sister lineage to Odonata, Epiophlebiidae and the lestid‐like damselflies are sister to the Epiprocta and Zygoptera, respectively. Austropetaliidae + Aeshnidae is the sister lineage to the remaining Anisoptera. Tarsophlebia's placement as sister to Epiprocta or as sister to Epiprocta + Zygoptera was not resolved. Refinements are made to the current classification. Fossil taxa did not seem to provide signals crucial to recovering a robust phylogeny, but were critical to understanding the evolution of key morphological features associated with flight. Characters associated with wing structure were optimized revealing two wing character complexes: the pterostigma–nodal brace complex and the costal wing base & costal–ScP junction complex. In turn, these two complexes appear to be associated; the pterostigma–nodal brace complex allowing for further modification of the wing characters comprised within the costal wing base & costal–ScP junction complex leading the modern odonate wing. © The Willi Hennig Society 2008.     

Phylogeny of Gastrotricha: a morphology-based framework of gastrotrich relationships

Currently, the phylum Gastrotricha is divided into the orders Macrodasyida and Chaetonotida, with the structure of the myoepithelial pharynx being an important distinguishing feature. Macrodasyida currently has six recognized families, and Chaetonotida comprises seven families. However, within-group relationships are poorly understood. To arrive at a better understanding of gastrotrich systematics and phylogeny, we performed the first cladistic analysis of nearly all known gastrotrich genera using 71 morphological characters. Results suggest that the Gastrotricha is a monophyletic group (supported by 82% of bootstrap replications) with its most primitive taxa distributed among the families Dactylopodolidae and Neodasyidae. Monophyly of Macrodasyida and Chaetonotida was supported by 90% and 52% bootstrap replications, respectively. Within the Macrodasyida, the families Dactylopodolidae, Turbanellidae, Macrodasyidae, and Thaumastodermatidae all formed monophyletic clades. The families Planodasyidae and Lepidodasyidae were paraphyletic. Among the Chaetonotida, the marine family Xenotrichulidae was monophyletic, supported by 51% of bootstrap replications. A second clade containing all freshwater families was supported by 62% bootstrap values. However, Chaetonotidae were paraphyletic. Using this analysis as a framework, we now can explore possible patterns of evolution within it, and arrive at a consensus of the gastrotrich ground pattern. Moreover, in future molecular studies of metazoan phylogeny, we will be able to select gastrotrich species that are more appropriate representatives of the phylum.     

Phylogeny of Myrmeleontiformia based on larval morphology (Neuropterida: Neuroptera)

The suborder Myrmeleontiformia is a derived lineage of lacewings (Insecta: Neuroptera) including the families Psychopsidae, Nemopteridae, Nymphidae, Ascalaphidae and Myrmeleontidae. In particular, Myrmeleontidae (antlions) are the most diverse neuropteran family, representing a conspicuous component of the insect fauna of xeric environments. We present the first detailed quantitative phylogenetic analysis of Myrmeleontiformia, based on 107 larval morphological and behavioural characters for 36 genera whose larvae are known (including at least one representative of all the subfamilies of the suborder). Four related families were used as outgroups to polarize character states. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using both parsimony and Bayesian methods. The reconstructions resulting from our analyses corroborate the monophyly of Myrmeleontiformia. Within this clade, Psychopsidae are recovered as the sister family to all the remaining taxa. Nemopteridae (including both subfamilies Nemopterinae and Crocinae) are recovered as monophyletic and sister to the clade comprising Nymphidae + (Myrmeleontidae + Ascalaphidae). Nymphidae consist of two well‐supported clades corresponding to the subfamilies Nymphinae and Myiodactylinae. Our results suggest that Ascalaphidae may not be monophyletic, as they collapse into an unresolved polytomy under the Bayesian analysis. In addition, the recovered phylogenetic relationships diverge from the traditional classification scheme for ascalaphids. Myrmeleontidae are reconstructed as monophyletic, with the subfamilies Stilbopteryginae, Palparinae and Myrmeleontinae. We retrieved a strongly supported clade comprising taxa with a fossorial habit of the preimaginal instars, which represents a major antlion radiation, also including the monophyletic pit‐trap building species.     

A preliminary phylogeny of the Pentatomomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) based on nuclear 18S rDNA and mitochondrial DNA sequences

Pentatomomorpha is the second suborder in size only to Cimicomorpha in Heteroptera. However, the phylogenetic relationships among members of the suborder are not well established. Sequences from partial nuclear ribosomal 18S gene and mitochondrial COX1 gene were analyzed separately and in combination to generate a preliminary molecular phylogeny of Pentatomomorpha based on 40 species representing 17 putative families. Analyses of the combined sequence data provided a better-resolved and more robust hypothesis of Pentatomomorpha phylogeny than did separate analyses of the individual genes. The phylogenies were mostly congruent with morphological studies. Results strongly supported the monophyly of the infraorder Pentatomomorpha, and the placement of Aradoidea as sister to Trichophora. The monophyletic Trichophora was grouped into two major lineages, one being the superfamily Pentatomoidea, and the other comprising Lygaeoidea, Coreoidea, and Pyrrhocoroidea. The analysis of the ML and ME trees of combined dataset supported the monophyletic Pentatomoidea. In all analysis the Pyrrhocoroidea was polyphyletic; the monophyletic Lygaeoidea was supported only in the analysis of ME tree, and Coreoidea was polyphyletic except in the MP tree of combined dataset. The molecular and morphylogical data both indicated that the family Coreoidae should be revised subsequently. Our phylogenetic results suggested that the COX1 segment alone might not be an optimal molecular marker for the phylogeny of Pentatomomorpha.     

应用16S rDNA序列探讨斑腿蝗科的单系性及其亚科的分类地位

本文测定了斑腿蝗科10亚科20种蝗虫和其他蝗科3种蝗虫的线粒体16S rDNA部分序列,并从GenBank中下载了15种蝗亚目昆虫的16S rRNA基因相应序列片段。比对后的序列长度是397 bp,其中有196个变异位点,157个简约信息位点,A+T平均含量为71.7%,C+G平均含量为28.3%。以序列差异比值为横坐标,以碱基转换数和颠换数为纵坐标作散点图,结果表明颠换多于转换,且随着差异程度的增加,转换明显出现了饱和。以蚱总科的日本蚱Tetrix japonica和卡尖顶蚱Teredorus carmichaeli作外群,用ME、等权MP、加权MP及贝叶斯法重建系统发生树。分子系统树表明,斑腿蝗科并非是一单系群,该科的切翅蝗亚科与稻蝗亚科也均不是一单系群;卵翅蝗、伪稻蝗和稻蝗三者有很近的亲缘关系;支持将黑蝗亚科和秃蝗亚科合为一个亚科——秃蝗亚科;现行的稻蝗亚科并非一单系群,而是一多系群。分子系统学研究结果和传统的基于形态特征的斑腿蝗科的分类体系有很大的不同。     

Molecular phylogenetics of the spider infraorder Mygalomorphae using nuclear rRNA genes (18S and 28S): conflict and agreement with the current system of classification

Mygalomorph spiders, which include the tarantulas, trapdoor spiders, and their kin, represent one of three main spider lineages. Mygalomorphs are currently classified into 15 families, comprising roughly 2500 species and 300 genera. The few published phylogenies of mygalomorph relationships are based exclusively on morphological data and reveal areas of both conflict and congruence, suggesting the need for additional phylogenetic research utilizing new character systems. As part of a larger combined evidence study of global mygalomorph relationships, we have gathered approximately 3.7 kb of rRNA data (18S and 28S) for a sample of 80 genera, representing all 15 mygalomorph families. Taxon sampling was particularly intensive across families that are questionable in composition-Cyrtaucheniidae and Nemesiidae. The following primary results are supported by both Bayesian and parsimony analyses of combined matrices representing multiple 28S alignments: (1) the Atypoidea, a clade that includes the families Atypidae, Antrodiaetidae, and Mecicobothriidae, is recovered as a basal lineage sister to all other mygalomorphs, (2) diplurids and hexathelids form a paraphyletic grade at the base of the non-atypoid clade, but neither family is monophyletic in any of our analyses, (3) a clade consisting of all sampled nemesiids, Microstigmata and the cyrtaucheniid genera Kiama, Acontius, and Fufius is consistently recovered, (4) other sampled cyrtaucheniids are fragmented across three separate clades, including a monophyletic North American Euctenizinae and a South African clade, (5) of the Domiothelina, only idiopids are consistently recovered as monophyletic; ctenizids are polyphyletic and migids are only weakly supported. The Domiothelina is not monophyletic. The molecular results we present are consistent with more recent hypotheses of mygalomorph relationship; however, additional work remains before mygalomorph classification can be formally reassessed with confidence-increased taxonomic sampling and the inclusion of additional character systems (more genes and morphology) are required.     

The phylogeny and classification of Embioptera (Insecta)

A phylogenetic analysis of the order Embioptera is presented with a revised classification based on results of the analysis. Eighty‐two species of Embioptera are included from all families except Paedembiidae Ross and Embonychidae Navás. Monophyly of each of the eight remaining currently recognized families is tested except Andesembiidae Ross, for which only a single species was included. Nine outgroup taxa are included from Blattaria, Grylloblattaria, Mantodea, Mantophasmatodea, Orthoptera, Phasmida and Plecoptera. Ninety‐six morphological characters were analysed along with DNA sequence data from the five genes 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, cytochrome c oxidase I and histone III. Data were analysed in combined analyses of all data using parsimony and Bayesian optimality criteria, and combined molecular data were analysed using maximum likelihood. Several major conclusions about Embioptera relationships and classification are based on interpretation of these analyses. Of eight families for which monophyly was tested, four were found to be monophyletic under each optimality criterion: Clothodidae Davis, Anisembiidae Davis, Oligotomidae Enderlein and Teratembiidae Krauss. Australembiidae Ross was not recovered as monophyletic in the likelihood analysis in which one Australembia Ross species was recovered in a position distant from other australembiids. This analysis included only molecular data and the topology was not strongly supported. Given this, and because parsimony and the Bayesian analyses recovered a strongly supported clade including all Australembiidae, we regard this family also as monophyletic. Three other families – Notoligotomidae Davis, Archembiidae Ross and Embiidae Burmeister, as historically delimited – were not found to be monophyletic under any optimality criterion. Notoligotomidae is restricted here to include only the genus Notoligotoma Davis with a new family, Ptilocerembiidae Miller and Edgerly, new family, erected to include the genus Ptilocerembia Friederichs. Archembiidae is restricted here to include only the genera Archembia Ross and Calamoclostes Enderlein. The family group name Scelembiidae Ross is resurrected from synonymy with Archembiidae (new status) to include all other genera recently placed in Archembiidae. Embiidae is not demonstrably monophyletic with species currently placed in the family resolved in three separate clades under each optimality criterion. Because taxon sampling is not extensive within this family in this analysis, no changes are made to Embiidae classification. Relationships between families delimited herein are not strongly supported under any optimality criterion with a few exceptions. Either Clothodidae Davis (parsimony) or Australembiidae Ross (Bayesian) is the sister to the remaining Embioptera taxa. The Bayesian analysis includes Australembiidae as the sister to all other Embioptera except Clothididae, suggesting that each of these taxa is a relatively plesiomorphic representatative of the order. Oligotomidae and Teratembiidae are sister groups, and Archembiidae (sensu novum), Ptilocerembiidae, Andesembiidae and Anisembiidae form a monophyletic group under each optimality criterion. Each family is discussed in reference to this analysis, diagnostic combinations and taxon compositions are provided, and a key to families of Embioptera is included.     

PHYLOGENY OF THE CONJUGATING GREEN ALGAE (ZYGNEMOPHYCEAE) BASED ON rbc L SEQUENCES

Sequences of the gene encoding the large subunit of RUBISCO (rbcL) for 30 genera in the six currently recognized families of conjugating green algae (Desmidiaceae, Gonatozygaceae, Mesotaeniaceae, Peniaceae, and Zygnemataceae) were analyzed using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood; bootstrap replications were performed as a measure of support for clades. Other Charophyceae sensu Mattox and Stewart and representative land plants were used as outgroups. All analyses supported the monophyly of the conjugating green algae. The Desmidiales, or placoderm desmids, constitute a monophyletic group, with moderate to strong support for the four component families of this assemblage (Closteriaceae, Desmidiaceae, Gonatozygaceae, and Peniaceae). The analyses showed that the two families of Zygnematales (Mesotaeniaceae, Zygnemataceae), which have plesiomorphic, unornamented and unsegmented cell walls, are not monophyletic. However, combined taxa of these two traditional families may constitute a monophyletic group. Partitioning the data by codon position revealed no significant differences across all positions or between partitions of positions one and two versus position three. The trees resulting from parsimony analyses using first plus second positions versus third position differed only in topology of branches with poor bootstrap support. The tree derived from third positions only was more resolved than the tree derived from first and second positions. The rbcL‐based phylogeny is largely congruent with published analyses of small subunit rDNA sequences for the Zygnematales. The molecular data do not support hypotheses of monophyly for groups of extant unicellular and filamentous or colonial desmid genera exhibiting a common cell shape. A trend is evident from simple omniradiate cell shapes to taxa with lobed cell and plastid shapes, which supports the hypothesis that chloroplast shape evolved generally from simple to complex. The data imply that multicellular placoderm desmids are monophyletic. Several anomalous placements of genera were found, including the saccoderm desmid Roya in the Gonatozygaceae and the zygnematacean Entransia in the Coleochaetales. The former is strongly supported, although the latter is not, and Entransia's phylogenetic position warrants further study.     

Phylogenetic relationships of Palaeacanthocephala (Acanthocephala) inferred from SSU and LSU rDNA gene sequences

The Palaeacanthocephala is traditionally represented by 2 orders, Echinorhynchida and Polymorphida, with 10 and 3 families, respectively. To test the monophyly of the class, these 2 orders, and certain families, phylogenies were inferred using nuclear small-subunit (SSU) and large-subunit (LSU) ribosomal DNA sequences obtained for 29 species representing 10 families, 2 other classes of acanthocephalans, and 3 rotifer outgroups. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred by analyzing combined SSU and LSU sequences using maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods. Parsimony and ML trees inferred from combined analysis of these rDNA data strongly supported monophyly of Palaeacanthocephala and provided good resolution among species. Neither Polymorphida nor Echinorhynchida was monophyletic. Gorgorhynchoides bullocki (Echinorhynchida) was nested within the 6 species representing Polymorphida, and this clade was nested within species representing Echinorhynchida. Three of 4 palaeacanthocephalan families that could be evaluated were not monophyletic, and this finding was strongly supported. These results indicate that the family level classification of palaeacanthocephalans, which is mainly based on combinations of shared characters (not shared derived characters), needs to be reevaluated with respect to comprehensively sampled phylogenetic hypotheses.     

93 Progress in characterizing the symbiodinium sp. in soritid foraminifera

Our research seeks to clarify the phylogeny of the Caulerpales through analyses of rbcL (large subunit of ribulose 1,5 biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) gene sequences. In a review of caulerpalean taxonomy, Hillis-Colinvaux (1984) recognized two suborders (Bryopsidineae and Halimedineae) on the basis of anatomical, physiological, and habitat characteristics. The Bryopsidineae (including the genera Bryopsis, Derbesia , and Codium ) have cosmopolitan distributions, non-holocarpic reproduction, and homoplasty, while the Halimedineae (including Caulerpa, Halimeda, and Udotea) have tropical to subtropical distributions, holocarpic reproduction, and heteroplasty. Previous phylogenetic analyses based on 18S rRNA sequence data supported the hypothesis of two monophyletic suborders within the Caulerpales (Zechman et al 1990). However, cladistic analyses of morphological characters (Vroom 1998) suggested that only the Halimedineae was monophyletic. Preliminary maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses suggest the Halimedineae and Bryopsidineae form separate monophyletic groups, with robust support (bootstrap and posterior probabilities) for the former and moderate to poor support for the latter. The families of the Halimedineae (Caulerpaceae, Udoteaceae) form monophyletic sister groups with robust support. The freshwater family Dichotomosiphonaceae was inferred to be basal to the marine Halimedineae clade. The families within the Bryopsidineae (Derbesiaceae, Bryopsidaceae, Codiaceae) each form distinct monophyletic groups. The Codiaceae forms a basal monophyletic group to the sister clade of Bryopsidaceae and Derbeseaceae. This research was partially supported from a NSF grant (DEB-0128977 to FWZ).     

A phylogenetic analysis of higher-level gall wasp relationships (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

We present the most comprehensive analysis of higher-level relationships in gall wasps conducted thus far. The analysis was based on detailed study of the skeletal morphology of adults, resulting in 164 phylogenetically informative characters, complemented with a few biological characters. Thirty-seven cynipid species from thirty-one genera, including four genera of the apparently monophyletic Cynipini and almost all of the genera in the other tribes, were examined. The outgroup included exemplar species from three successively more distant cynipoid families: Figitidae (the sister group of the Cynipidae), Liopteridae and Ibaliidae. There was considerable homoplasy in the data, but many groupings in the shortest tree were nonetheless well supported, as indicated by bootstrap proportions and decay indices. Partitioning of the data suggested that the high level of homoplasy is characteristic of the Cynipidae and not the result of the amount of available phylogenetically conservative characters being exhausted. The analysis supported the monophyly of the Cynipini (oak gall wasps) which, together with the Rhoditini (the rose gall wasps), Eschatocerini and Pediaspidini formed a larger monophyletic group of gall inducers restricted to woody representatives of the eudicot subclass Rosidae. The inquilines (Synergini) were indicated to be monophyletic, whereas the Aylacini, primarily herb gall inducers, appeared as a paraphyletic assemblage of basal cynipid groups. The shortest tree suggests that the Cynipidae can be divided into three major lineages: one including the inquilines, the Aylacini genera associated with Rosaceae, and Liposthenes ; one consisting entirely of Aylacini genera, among them Aulacidea , Isocolus and Neaylax ; and one comprising the woody rosid gallers (the oak and rose gall wasps and allies), the Phanacis-Timaspis complex and the Aylacini genera associated with Papaveraceae.     

Relationships among characiform fishes inferred from analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences

Suprafamilial relationships among characiform fishes and implications for the taxonomy and biogeographic history of the Characiformes were investigated by parsimony analysis of four nuclear and two mitochondrial genes across 124 ingroup and 11 outgroup taxa. Simultaneous analysis of 3660 aligned base pairs from the mitochondrial 16S and cytochrome b genes and the nuclear recombination activating gene (RAG2), seven in absentia (sia), forkhead (fkh), and alpha-tropomyosin (trop) gene loci confirmed the non-monophyly of the African and Neotropical assemblages and corroborated many suprafamilial groups proposed previously on the basis of morphological features. The African distichodontids plus citharinids were strongly supported as a monophyletic Citharinoidei that is the sistergroup to all other characiforms, which form a monophyletic Characoidei composed of two large clades. The first represents an assemblage of both African and Neotropical taxa, wherein a monophyletic African Alestidae is sister to a smaller clade comprised of the Neotropical families Ctenolucidae, Lebiasinidae, and the African Hepsetidae, with that assemblage sister to a strictly Neotropical clade comprised of the Crenuchidae and Erythrinidae. The second clade within the Characoidei is strictly Neotropical and includes all other Characiformes grouped into two well supported major clades. The first, corresponding to a traditional definition of the Characidae, is congruent with some groupings previously supported by morphological evidence. The second clade comprises a monophyletic Anostomoidea that is sister to a clade formed by the families Hemiodontidae, Parodontidae, and Serrasalmidae, with that assemblage, in turn, the sistergroup of the Cynodontidae. Serrasalmidae, traditionally regarded as a subfamily of Characidae, was recovered as the sistergroup of (Anostomoidea (Parodontidae+Hemiodontidae)) and the family Cynodontidae was recovered with strong support as the sistergroup to this assemblage. Our results reveal three instances of trans-continental sistergroup relationships and, in light of the fossil evidence, suggest that marine dispersal cannot be ruled out a priori and that a simple model of vicariance does not readily explain the biogeographic history of the characiform fishes.     

Searching for natural lineages within the Cerylonid Series (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea)

Phylogenetic relationships within the diverse beetle superfamily Cucujoidea are poorly known. The Cerylonid Series (C.S.) is the largest of all proposed superfamilial cucujoid groups, comprising eight families and representing most of the known cucujoid species diversity. The monophyly of the C.S., however, has never been formally tested and the higher-level relationships among and within the constituent families remain equivocal. Here we present a phylogenetic study based on 18S and 28S rDNA for 16 outgroup taxa and 61 C.S. ingroup taxa, representing seven of the eight C.S. families and 20 of 39 subfamilies. We test the monophyly of the C.S., investigate the relationships among the C.S. families, and test the monophyly of the constituent families and subfamilies. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the combined data was achieved via standard static alignment parsimony analyses, Direct Optimization using parsimony, and partitioned Bayesian analysis. All three analyses support the paraphyly of Cucujoidea with respect to Tenebrionoidea and confirm the monophyly of the C.S. The C.S. families Bothrideridae, Cerylonidae, Discolomatidae, Coccinellidae and Corylophidae are supported as monophyletic in all analyses. Only the Bayesian analysis recovers a monophyletic Latridiidae. Endomychidae is recovered as polyphyletic in all analyses. Of the 14 subfamilies with multiple terminals in this study, 11 were supported as monophyletic. The corylophid subfamily Corylophinae and the coccinellid subfamilies Chilocorinae and Scymninae are recovered as paraphyletic. A sister grouping of Anamorphinae+Corylophidae is supported in all analyses. Other taxonomic implications are discussed in light of our results.     

A molecular analysis of the interrelationships of tetraodontiform fishes (Acanthomorpha: Tetraodontiformes)

Tetraodontiform fishes (e.g., triggerfishes, boxfishes, pufferfishes, and giant ocean sunfishes) have long been recognized as a monophyletic group. Morphological analyses have resulted in conflicting hypotheses of relationships among the tetraodontiform families. Molecular data from the single-copy nuclear gene RAG1 and from two mitochondrial ribosomal genes, 12S and 16S, were used to test these morphology-based hypotheses. Total evidence (RAG1+12S+16S), RAG1-only, and mitochondrial-only analyses were performed using both maximum parsimony and Bayesian criteria. Total evidence and RAG1-only analyses recover a monophyletic Tetraodontiformes. However, the relationships recovered within the order differ, and none completely conform to previous hypotheses. Analysis of mitochondrial data alone fails to recover a monophyletic Tetraodontiformes and therefore does not support any of the morphology-based topologies. The RAG1 data appear to give the best estimate of tetraodontiform phylogeny, resulting in many strongly supported nodes and showing a high degree of congruence between both parsimony and Bayesian analyses. All analyses recover every tetraodontiform family for which more than one representative is included as a strongly supported monophyletic group. Balistidae and Monacanthidae are recovered as sister groups with robust support in every analysis, and all analyses except the Bayesian analyses of the mitochondrial data alone recover a strongly supported sister-group relationship between Tetraodontidae and Diodontidae. Many of the intrafamilial relationships recovered from the molecular data presented here corroborate previous morphological hypotheses.     

Phylogeny of the suborder Psocomorpha: congruence and incongruence between morphology and molecular data (Insecta: Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’)

The largest suborder of bark lice (Insecta: Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’) is Psocomorpha, which includes over 3600 described species. We estimated the phylogeny of this major group with family‐level taxon sampling using multiple gene markers, including both nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal RNA and protein‐coding genes. Monophyly of the suborder was strongly supported, and monophyly of three of four previously recognized infraorders (Caeciliusetae, Epipsocetae, and Psocetae) was also strongly supported. In contrast, monophyly of the infraorder Homilopsocidea was not supported. Based on the phylogeny, we divided Homilopsocidea into three independent infraorders: Archipsocetae, Philotarsetae, and Homilopsocidea. Except for a few cases, previously recognized families were recovered as monophyletic. To establish a classification more congruent with the phylogeny, we synonymized the families Bryopsocidae (with Zelandopsocinae of Pseudocaeciliidae), Calopsocidae (with Pseudocaeciliidae), and Neurostigmatidae (with Epipsocidae). Monophyly of Elipsocidae, Lachesillidae, and Mesopsocidae was not supported, but the monophyly of these families could not be rejected statistically, so they are tentatively maintained as valid families. The molecular tree was compared with a morphological phylogeny estimated previously. Sources of congruence and incongruence exist and the utility of the morphological data for phylogenetic estimation is evaluated. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London     

基于线粒体ND1和COI基因序列探讨锯眼蝶亚科主要类群的系统发生关系

测定了分布于中国的锯眼蝶亚科4族10属共20个种的线粒体ND1和COI基因的部分序列,结合从GenBank中获得的4个国外种类的同源序列,以凤蝶科的迪洛尔娟凤蝶(Allancatria deyrolle)、丝带凤蝶(Sericinus montela),以及娟蝶科的西猛娟蝶(Parnassius simonius)为外类群,通过邻接法、最大简约法、最大似然法和贝叶斯法重建了分子系统树,分析了该亚科内主要类群的系统发生关系。分析结果表明:帻眼蝶族和锯眼蝶族具有较近的亲缘关系;黛眼蝶族不是单系群,该族中的黛眼蝶属、荫眼蝶属与眉眼蝶族具有较近的亲缘关系,带眼蝶属、藏眼蝶属、毛眼蝶属和帕眼蝶属聚合为一个独立的支系,其中带眼蝶属和藏眼蝶属在所有的分析方法中均以100%的置信度(BP=100%,PP=1.00)相聚合,建议将它们合并为一属。     

Phylogeny of the Polycentropodidae (Insecta: Trichoptera) based on protein-coding genes reveal non-monophyletic genera

We tested the previous hypotheses of the phylogenetic position and monophyly of the caddisfly family Polycentropodidae. We also tested previous hypotheses about the internal generic relationship within the family by including 15 ingroup genera, many of them also represented by the genotype. All families that were previously taxonomically associated with the polycentropodids were included in the analysis. The total data set of 2225bp representing sequences of combined nuclear and mitochondrial genes and 171 taxa, was analyzed using Bayesian inference. We found strong support for a monophyletic Polycentropodidae with Ecnomidae as the closest sister group. The recently erected families Kambaitipsychidae and Pseudoneureclipsidae were monophyletic and distantly related to the Polycentropodidae. Within Polycentropodidae, monophyly and validity of the genera Neucentropus, Neureclipsis, Cyrnus, Holocentropus, Tasmanoplegas, Pahamunaya, Cernotina and Cyrnellus was strongly supported, while the genera Polycentropus, Polyplectropus, Plectrocnemia, Placocentropus and Nyctiophylax were all polyphyletic. The New Caledonian species were polyphyletic and represented three distinct clades. The sister group to the New Caledonian clades are from Australia, New Zealand and Chile, respectively. The Vanuatu species evolved after dispersal from the Fiji Islands. New internal primers for cytochrome oxidase I sequences of Trichoptera are introduced.     

92 Phylogenetic analysis of the caulerpales (ulvophyceae,chlorophyta) based on rbcl gene sequences

Our research seeks to clarify the phylogeny of the Caulerpales through analyses of rbcL (large subunit of ribulose 1,5 biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) gene sequences. In a review of caulerpalean taxonomy, Hillis‐Colinvaux (1984) recognized two suborders (Bryopsidineae and Halimedineae) on the basis of anatomical, physiological, and habitat characteristics. The Bryopsidineae (including the genera Bryopsis, Derbesia, and Codium) have cosmopolitan distributions, non‐holocarpic reproduction, and homoplasty, while the Halimedineae (including Caulerpa, Halimeda, and Udotea) have tropical to subtropical distributions, holocarpic reproduction, and heteroplasty. Previous phylogenetic analyses based on 18S rRNA sequence data supported the hypothesis of two monophyletic suborders within the Caulerpales (Zechman et al 1990). However, cladistic analyses of morphological characters (Vroom 1998) suggested that only the Halimedineae was monophyletic. Preliminary maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses suggest the Halimedineae and Bryopsidineae form separate monophyletic groups, with robust support (bootstrap and posterior probabilities) for the former and moderate to poor support for the latter. The families of the Halimedineae (Caulerpaceae, Udoteaceae) form monophyletic sister groups with robust support. The freshwater family Dichotomosiphonaceae was inferred to be basal to the marine Halimedineae clade. The families within the Bryopsidineae (Derbesiaceae, Bryopsidaceae, Codiaceae) each form distinct monophyletic groups. The Codiaceae forms a basal monophyletic group to the sister clade of Bryopsidaceae and Derbeseaceae. This research was partially supported from a NSF grant (DEB‐0128977 to FWZ).     

Phylogenetic Relationships among Higher Nemertean (Nemertea) Taxa Inferred from 18S rDNA Sequences

We estimated the phylogenetic relationships of 15 nemertean (phylum Nemertea) species from the four subclasses Hoplo-, Hetero-, Palaeo-, and Bdellonemertea with 18S rDNA sequence data. Three outgroup taxa were used for rooting: Annelida, Platyhelminthes, and Mollusca. Parsimony and maximum-likelihood analyses supported the monophyletic status of the Heteronemertea and a taxon consisting of hoplonemerteans and Bdellonemertea, while indicating that Palaeonemertea is paraphyletic. The monophyletic status of the two nemertean classes Anopla and Enopla is not supported by the data. The unambiguous clades are well supported, as assessed by a randomization test (bootstrapping) and branch support values.