土壤有机碳和氮分解对温度变化的响应机制

土壤碳和氮分解对温度变化响应过程是气候变化对陆地生态系统碳汇影响的关键。本文针对土壤有机碳和氮分解对温度变化响应机制和假说进行了概括分析。土壤碳和氮分解对温度变化的响应机制主要包括：土壤有机质的稳定性、质量及有效性,微生物生物量和活性及群落结构或多样性,土壤湿度,以及植被生产力、凋落物和pH等因素的作用。对这些机制还存在很大不确定性,需要考虑土壤有机质组分或微生物属性,同时需要考虑土壤有机质组分与微生物属性间的相互作用,以及土壤碳和氮分解对温度变化短期和长期响应过程的差异。土壤碳和氮分解对温度变化的响应机制的3个假说包括有机质分解质量．温度假说、有机质物理化学过程假说和功能移动假说,这些假说还需要验证和补充完善。     

全球气候变暖对凋落物分解的影响

凋落物分解作为生态系统核心过程,参与生态系统碳的周转与循环,影响生态系统碳的收支平衡,调控生态系统对全球气候变暖的反馈结果。全球气候变暖通过环境因素、凋落物数量和质量以及分解者3个方面,直接或间接地作用于凋落物分解过程,并进一步影响土壤养分周转和碳库动态。气候变暖可通过升高温度和改变实际蒸散量等环境因素直接作用于凋落物分解。气候变暖可引起植物物种短期内碳、氮和木质素等化学性质的改变以及群落中物种组成的长期变化从而改变凋落物质量。在凋落物分解过程中,土壤分解者亚系统作为主要生命组分(土壤动物和微生物)彼此相互作用、相互协调共同参与调节凋落物的分解过程。凋落物分解可以通过改变土壤微生物量、微生物活动和群落结构来加快微生物养分的固定或矿化,以形成新的养分利用模式来改变土壤有机质从而对气候变化做出响应。未来凋落物分解的研究方向应基于大尺度跨区域分解实验和长期实验,关注多个因子交互影响下,分解过程中碳、氮养分释放、地上/地下凋落物分解生物学过程与联系、分解者亚系统营养级联效应等方面。     

森林土壤有机碳分解对模拟增温的响应

由化石燃料燃烧和土地利用变化引起的全球气候变暖是地球上最严重的人为干扰之一,对陆地生态系统结构和功能产生重要的影响。土壤有机碳（SOC）是陆地生态系统最大的碳库,其微小变化都会影响全球碳平衡和气候变化。近30年来,国内外学者在不同森林生态系统相继开展了野外模拟增温对SOC分解的影响及其调控机制研究。基于在全球建立的26个野外模拟气候变暖实验平台,系统分析增温对森林生态系统SOC分解的影响格局和潜在机制,发现增温通常促进森林SOC的分解,对气候变暖产生正反馈作用。然而,因增温方式和持续时间、土壤微生物群落结构和功能的多样性、SOC结构和组成的复杂性、植物-土壤-微生物之间相互作用以及森林类型等不同而存在差异,导致人们对森林SOC分解响应气候变暖的程度及时空格局变化缺乏统一的认识,且各类生物和非生物因子的相对贡献尚不清楚。基于已有研究,从土壤微生物群落结构和功能、有机碳组分以及植物-土壤-微生物互作3个方面构建了气候变暖影响SOC分解的概念框架,并进一步阐述了今后的重点研究方向,以期深入理解森林生态系统碳-气候反馈效应,为制定森林生态系统管理措施和实现"碳中和"提供科学依据。1）加强模拟增温对不同森林生态系统（特别是热带亚热带森林生态系统） SOC分解的长期观测研究,查明SOC分解的时空动态特征;2）加强土壤微生物功能群与SOC分解之间关系的研究,揭示SOC分解对增温响应的微生物学机制;3）形成统一的SOC组分研究方法,揭示不同碳组分对增温的响应特征和机制;4）加强森林生态系统植物-土壤-微生物间相互作用对模拟增温的响应及其对SOC分解调控的研究;5）加强模拟增温与其他全球变化因子（例如降水格局变化、土地利用变化、大气氮沉降）对SOC分解的交互作用,为更好评估未来全球变化背景下森林土壤碳动态及碳汇功能的维持提供理论基础。     

积雪变化对陆地生态系统植被特征和土壤碳氮过程的影响

在季节性积雪地区,冬季气候变暖导致积雪变薄、积雪不连续、融雪提前及雪盖面积缩小等现象。然而相较于氮沉降、增温、降水变化等全球变化因子,目前尚缺乏积雪因子对陆地生态系统过程和功能影响的系统报道。为加深人们对积雪特征变化生态后果的认知,综述了积雪深度和融雪时间变化对植被物候和群落组成、凋落物分解、土壤碳氮过程、温室气体排放和土壤微食物网(土壤动物和微生物)的影响。由于模拟积雪变化手段不同和复杂的气候、土壤背景,生态系统各要素对积雪特征变化的响应规律存在较大的分异和不确定性。例如,在未来气候变暖导致积雪变薄和融雪提前情景下,植被物候提前,生长季延长,导致生产力增加和凋落物数量增加,禾草比例减少导致凋落物质量增加,早春温度高刺激微生物活性,凋落物分解速率高,促进土壤碳氮周转过程。但积雪减少和融雪提前导致的早春低温和夏季干旱也可能引起植被生产力下降,凋落物数量减少质量降低,土壤微生物活性低,分解速率低,从而减缓碳氮周转过程。此外,积雪特征变化对植被特征和土壤碳氮过程影响相关研究目前还存在以下问题：1)积雪深度和融雪时间对生态系统的影响是否存在交互效应仍缺乏关注,且积雪变化对后续生长季是否存在持续...     

土壤有机碳对外源氮添加的响应及其机制

土壤有机碳库是陆地生态系统碳库的重要组成, 在全球碳循环中发挥着重要的作用。受元素化学计量平衡调控作用, 氮输入的增加将会对土壤有机碳库产生重要影响。然而, 目前关于陆地生态系统碳库对氮添加的响应主要集中在植被碳库, 对土壤碳库研究较少, 且研究结论争议较大, 尤其对其响应机制缺少系统梳理。该文作者通过对已有文献进行梳理, 认为生态系统类型、土壤碳变化的检测方法、土壤深度, 以及土壤稳定性碳和易变碳含量的差异可能是造成当前研究土壤碳汇增量(每克氮输入所增加的碳)差异的重要原因。氮添加条件下土壤有机碳的积累机制可能包括3个方面: 1)氮添加增加了凋落物输入, 促进了碳积累; 2)氮添加减少土壤碳输出, 尤其是抑制了稳定性碳的分解; 3)促进土壤腐殖质及稳定性碳的形成。此外, 该文结合当前研究中存在的不足, 提出今后需加强对深层土壤碳、土壤可溶性有机碳的淋溶及吸附, 以及不同土壤碳组分对氮添加的响应研究, 并通过改进检测方法减少氮添加条件下碳储量的测量误差。     

北方泥炭地氮素有效性的变化及其对碳汇功能的影响

北方泥炭地是典型的氮限制性生态系统,对全球气候变化及人类活动响应敏感。气候变暖导致内源有效氮增加以及人类活动引起的大量外源氮输入,改变了北方泥炭地氮素有效性,对泥炭地碳氮循环过程及碳汇功能产生了深远影响。本文综述了北方泥炭地碳积累速率和碳汇功能的影响因素,分析了氮沉降、冻融、火烧等因素对北方泥炭地氮素有效性的影响,分别从碳固定和碳排放过程阐述了植物及土壤微生物对氮素有效性变化的响应,并对全球变化影响下泥炭生态系统碳汇功能相关研究进行了展望,以期助力“双碳”目标的实施。     

草地群落多样性和生态系统碳氮循环对氮输入的非线性响应及其机制

理解草地生态系统结构和功能对氮富集的响应及其机制有助于准确评估大气氮沉降等外源氮输入的生态效应。全球范围内建立的多水平氮添加实验为认识草地生态系统结构和功能对氮输入的非线性响应机制提供了有效途径。为了反映学术界基于多水平氮添加控制实验取得的主要研究进展,该文综述了草地群落多样性和生态系统碳氮循环过程对外源氮输入的非线性响应特征及其驱动机制。按照目前的研究,氮输入会导致草地植物物种多样性、功能多样性以及土壤细菌多样性下降,但真菌多样性的变化并不明显。地上和地下生产力对氮输入的响应趋势存在差异:地上生产力沿氮添加梯度呈“先上升后饱和”的变化规律,而根系生产量和根冠比呈下降趋势,根系周转速率则呈“先上升后下降”的单峰格局。不同碳分解过程对氮输入的响应也不尽相同:凋落物分解速率沿氮添加梯度表现出“指数衰减、线性增加或无显著变化”的多元响应,而土壤呼吸和CH₄吸收速率与施氮量的关系则以“低氮促进、高氮抑制”的单峰趋势为主。类似地,不同土壤碳组分对氮输入的响应存在差异:氮添加总体会导致草地土壤碳库和颗粒态有机碳含量增加,而矿物结合态碳含量随施氮量呈“增加、不变或下降”的多元响...     

增温和降雨减少对杉木幼林土壤酶活性的影响

土壤酶在土壤过程中扮演着一个重要的角色,其通过参与凋落物和土壤有机质的分解过程从而驱动着土壤养分循环和碳循环,而影响这个过程的因素很多,主要包括温度和土壤含水量。本研究在中亚热带杉木人工幼林进行对照、增温、隔离降雨以及增温+隔离降雨联合处理实验,探究温度和水分变化对土壤胞外酶活性的影响,包括参与碳循环的β-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、纤维素水解酶(CBH)、酚氧化酶(PHO)、过氧化物酶(PEO),和参与氮循环的β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)以及参与磷循环的酸性磷酸酶(AP)。结果表明:增温和隔离降雨以及两者的交互作用使土壤含水量、微生物生物量氮、可溶性有机氮和可溶性有机碳(DOC)显著下降(P0.05)。此外,增温显著增加了铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)和硝态氮含量(P0.05),以及βG、CBH和NAG酶活性(P0.05);隔离降雨在一定程度上对βG、CBH和NAG(P 0. 05)酶活性起到促进作用;而增温+隔离降雨处理下,βG、CBH、NAG、PHO、PEO酶活性都略微上升(P 0.05); AP酶活性在各个处理后均剧烈下降(P 0.05)。冗余分析结果显示,全氮、NH_4~+-N和DOC是驱动土壤酶活性变化的主要影响因子。研究表明,参与碳、氮循环的土壤酶在温度升高和降水减少下响应较为积极,酶活性有所上升,从而加速了土壤碳分解,但参与磷循环的土壤酶活性却显著下降,未来该地区的磷限制情况将进一步加剧。本研究将为未来气候变暖和降水减少下对预测养分循环和碳循环提供一定的科学依据。     

林冠氮添加和林下植被去除对杉木林土壤有机碳组分的影响

为探讨氮添加和林下植被管理对杉木人工林土壤有机碳组分的影响,以福建沙县官庄国有林场杉木人工林为对象,设置对照（CK）、林冠氮添加（CN）、林下植被去除（UR）、林冠氮添加和林下植被去除（CNUR）4个处理的野外控制实验,研究林冠氮添加和林下植被去除对土壤总有机碳、惰性有机碳、易氧化有机碳、颗粒有机碳、微生物生物量碳和水溶性有机碳的影响。结果表明：5年CN添加处理显著降低易氧化有机碳（10—20 cm）和微生物生物量碳（20—40 cm）含量,增加表层土壤颗粒有机碳占总有机碳的比例。UR处理对土壤有机碳组分的作用不显著,而CNUR处理显著降低表层土壤水溶性有机碳含量及其比例。土壤各有机碳组分均与土壤含水量、可溶性有机氮、微生物生物量氮和铵态氮呈显著正相关。研究表明,土壤活性有机碳比惰性有机碳对林冠氮添加（5年）的响应更敏感,且表现为中下层土壤响应大于表层土壤,短期氮添加能促进土壤活性有机碳的分解,而林下植被去除在短时间内可能通过改变土壤含水量和可利用氮减缓有机碳的分解与转化,从而补偿由于氮添加引起的土壤活性有机碳下降,未来需要通过长期氮添加实验进一步研究土壤有机碳动态变化的响应机制。     

氮沉降对中亚热带米槠天然林微生物生物量及酶活性的影响

氮沉降对土壤微生物的扰动可能会影响土壤的养分循环,然而关于中亚热带天然林土壤微生物及酶活性对氮沉降的响应鲜有报道。通过3 a的氮沉降模拟实验,研究中亚热带米槠天然林土壤的理化性质、土壤微生物量及土壤酶活性的响应。结果表明:氮沉降并未引起土壤的有机碳和总氮显著性变化;高氮(80 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1))处理下,土壤p H下降,出现酸化现象;低氮(40 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1))处理促进淋溶层(A层)中土壤纤维素分解酶(β-葡萄糖苷酶和纤维素水解酶)和木质素分解酶(多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶)活性升高,同时促进土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的积累。冗余分析(RDA)表示,可溶性有机碳(DOC)是驱动A层土壤酶活性的重要环境因子;而在淀积层(B层),这4种酶活性并未发生显著性差异。施氮处理后,A、B层中土壤的酸性磷酸酶活性增加(P0.05)。研究表明:低水平氮沉降增加了土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量以及土壤有机碳分解相关酶活性,从而加速了土壤碳周转;这为未来氮沉降增长背景下,探索中亚热带天然林土壤碳源汇问题提供了依据。     

Effects of external nitrogen additions on soil organic carbon dynamics and the mechanism

What would be the impact of external nitrogen additions on soil carbon, an issue still under debating, as reported experimental results were either positive, negtive or neutral. Several factors may be related to these seemingly controversial results: differences in ecosystem types and soil properties, soil carbon detection methods, soil depths, and contents of soil labile and recalcitrant carbon that affect the responses to nitrogen additions, all could cause discrepancies and variations in carbon sequestration. The several processes that contribute to enhance soil organic carbon storage include increasing litter input, decresing soil carbon output, particularly, by supressed decomposition of recalcitrant carbon, promoting soil humifiction and formation of recalcitrant carbon storage. However, there are still many uncertainties associated with these issues. To improve our understanding, the research about carbon in deep soil layers, dissolved organic carbon leaching and accumulation, and the effect of labile and recalcitrant soil C ratios on N addition responses, should be further investigated in the future studies.     

植物群落向土壤有机碳输入及其对气候变暖的响应研究进展

植物群落作为陆地生态系统土壤有机碳的主要来源,可通过地表凋落物分解、细根周转和根系分泌物等方式将光合作用同化的碳输入到土壤中。全球气候变暖正深刻地影响植物群落的分布、结构与功能,改变森林地上和地下凋落物产量与分解速率和根系分泌过程,从而改变植物群落向土壤输入有机碳数量。本文综述了植物群落向土壤有机碳输入过程及其对气候变暖的响应研究进展。研究表明,气候变暖可通过影响植物群落生产直接影响凋落物产量和根系分泌过程,还可通过改变凋落物分解环境条件、凋落物基质质量和分解者群落结构与活性等非生物与生物因子而间接作用于凋落物向土壤有机碳输入过程。气候变暖还可通过影响植物根系性状、根系分泌物化学组成等间接影响植物根系向土壤输入的碳量,但其具体机制还需深入探讨。未来的研究应该关注气候变暖导致植物群落结构改变进而影响土壤有机碳输入的具体机制以及粗木质残体对土壤有机碳输入的贡献,同时还应注重植物凋落物与根系分泌过程的整合研究,以期更全面地认识气候变暖背景下植物群落对土壤碳库及碳循环过程的贡献。     

武夷山不同海拔土壤呼吸对变暖和变冷的响应

由于人类活动,我国亚热带地区正面临剧烈的气候变化,这可能对土壤呼吸有潜在影响.本研究选择武夷山国家公园内针叶林(1442 m)和常绿阔叶林(645 m)为对象,通过土柱置换试验模拟变暖(针叶林置换到常绿阔叶林)和变冷(常绿阔叶林置换到针叶林),探讨模拟变暖和变冷对土壤碳过程的影响,测定两个海拔样地的原位和置换处理的微气...     

Long‐term changes in forest carbon under temperature and nitrogen amendments in a temperate northern hardwood forest

Currently, forests in the northeastern United States are net sinks of atmospheric carbon. Under future climate change scenarios, the combined effects of climate change and nitrogen deposition on soil decomposition, aboveground processes, and the forest carbon balance remain unclear. We applied carbon stock, flux, and isotope data from field studies at the Harvard forest, Massachusetts, to the ForCent model, which integrates above‐ and belowground processes. The model was able to represent decadal‐scale measurements in soil C stocks, mean residence times, fluxes, and responses to a warming and N addition experiment. The calibrated model then simulated the longer term impacts of warming and N deposition on the distribution of forest carbon stocks. For simulation to 2030, soil warming resulted in a loss of soil organic matter (SOM), decreased allocation to belowground biomass, and gain of aboveground carbon, primarily in large wood, with an overall small gain in total system carbon. Simulated nitrogen addition resulted in a small increase in belowground carbon pools, but a large increase in aboveground large wood pools, resulting in a substantial increase in total system carbon. Combined warming and nitrogen addition simulations showed a net gain in total system carbon, predominately in the aboveground carbon pools, but offset somewhat by losses in SOM. Hence, the impact of continuation of anthropogenic N deposition on the hardwood forests of the northeastern United States may exceed the impact of warming in terms of total ecosystem carbon stocks. However, it should be cautioned that these simulations do not include some climate‐related processes, different responses from changing tree species composition. Despite uncertainties, this effort is among the first to use decadal‐scale observations of soil carbon dynamics and results of multifactor manipulations to calibrate a model that can project integrated aboveground and belowground responses to nitrogen and climate changes for subsequent decades.     

How interactions between microbial resource demands,soil organic matter stoichiometry,and substrate reactivity determine the direction and magnitude of soil respiratory responses to warming

Recent empirical and theoretical advances inform us about multiple drivers of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition and microbial responses to warming. Absent from our conceptual framework of how soil respiration will respond to warming are adequate links between microbial resource demands, kinetic theory, and substrate stoichiometry. Here, we describe two important concepts either insufficiently explored in current investigations of SOM responses to temperature, or not yet addressed. First, we describe the complete range of responses for how warming may change microbial resource demands, physiology, community structure, and total biomass. Second, we describe how any relationship between SOM activation energy of decay and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stoichiometry can alter the relative availability of C and N as temperature changes. Changing availabilities of C and N liberated from their organic precursors can feedback to microbial resource demands, which in turn influence the aggregated respiratory response to temperature we observe. An unsuspecting biogeochemist focused primarily on temperature sensitivity of substrate decay thus cannot make accurate projections of heterotrophic CO₂ losses from diverse organic matter reservoirs in a warming world. We establish the linkages between enzyme kinetics, SOM characteristics, and potential for microbial adaptation critical for making such projections. By examining how changing microbial needs interact with inherent SOM structure and composition, and thus reactivity, we demonstrate the means by which increasing temperature could result in increasing, unchanging, or even decreasing respiration rates observed in soils. We use this exercise to highlight ideas for future research that will develop our abilities to predict SOM feedbacks to climate.     

Allometric constraints on,and trade‐offs in,belowground carbon allocation and their control of soil respiration across global forest ecosystems

To fully understand how soil respiration is partitioned among its component fluxes and responds to climate, it is essential to relate it to belowground carbon allocation, the ultimate carbon source for soil respiration. This remains one of the largest gaps in knowledge of terrestrial carbon cycling. Here, we synthesize data on gross and net primary production and their components, and soil respiration and its components, from a global forest database, to determine mechanisms governing belowground carbon allocation and their relationship with soil respiration partitioning and soil respiration responses to climatic factors across global forest ecosystems. Our results revealed that there are three independent mechanisms controlling belowground carbon allocation and which influence soil respiration and its partitioning: an allometric constraint; a fine‐root production vs. root respiration trade‐off; and an above‐ vs. belowground trade‐off in plant carbon. Global patterns in soil respiration and its partitioning are constrained primarily by the allometric allocation, which explains some of the previously ambiguous results reported in the literature. Responses of soil respiration and its components to mean annual temperature, precipitation, and nitrogen deposition can be mediated by changes in belowground carbon allocation. Soil respiration responds to mean annual temperature overwhelmingly through an increasing belowground carbon input as a result of extending total day length of growing season, but not by temperature‐driven acceleration of soil carbon decomposition, which argues against the possibility of a strong positive feedback between global warming and soil carbon loss. Different nitrogen loads can trigger distinct belowground carbon allocation mechanisms, which are responsible for different responses of soil respiration to nitrogen addition that have been observed. These results provide new insights into belowground carbon allocation, partitioning of soil respiration, and its responses to climate in forest ecosystems and are, therefore, valuable for terrestrial carbon simulations and projections.     

Effects of substrate availability on the temperature sensitivity of soil organic matter decomposition

Soil carbon is a major component in the global carbon cycle. Understanding the relationship between environmental changes and rates of soil respiration is critical for projecting changes in soil carbon fluxes in a changing climate. Although significant attention has been focused on the temperature sensitivity of soil organic matter decomposition, the factors that affect this temperature sensitivity are still debated. In this study, we examined the effects of substrate availability on the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in several different kinds of soils. We found that increased substrate availability had a significant positive effect on temperature sensitivity, as measured by soil Q ₁₀ values, and that this effect was inversely proportional to original substrate availability. This observation can be explained if decomposition follows Michaelis–Menten kinetics. The simple Q ₁₀ model was most appropriate in soils with high substrate availability.     

冬季升温对高山生态系统碳氮循环过程的影响

全球温度升高是目前面临的重要环境问题,但存在明显的季节差异性,即冬季升温幅度显著高于夏季的季节非对称性趋势,这在高纬度和高海拔地区更加显著。冬季升温会直接影响积雪覆盖与冰冻层厚度,并引起冻融交替循环的增加,而冬季植物处于休眠状态,这会直接影响土壤中有效氮的吸收与损失,引起土壤有效氮可利用性的变化。然而,关于冬季增温对后续生长季节植物活动、土壤碳氮循环过程的影响等方面的研究仍存在诸多不确定。综述了冬季升温对积雪覆盖与冻融交替循环改变对高山生态系统物质循环的影响,以及冬季升温对土壤碳氮循环、微生物与酶活性的影响,并由此引起的植物物候期、群落结构、生产与养分循环与凋落物分解等生理、生态过程方面的研究进展。在未来的研究中,应针对不同生态系统特点选择合适的冬季增温方式,加强非极地苔原地区关于冬季升温的研究,注重关注冬季升温对植物-土壤微生物之间反馈作用的影响,重点关注冬季升温对生态系统的延滞效应。