苗期水稻根部性状的QTL定位

耐旱是水稻抗逆研究中最重要的性状之一。利用水稻籼粳品种窄叶青8号（ZYQ8）和京系17（JX17）及其通过杂交F1代花药培养获得的127个单株组成的双单倍体分离群体（double haploid,DH)为材料,在营养液中培养10天后,对影响抗旱能力的根部几个主要性状进行了分析,发现最大根长（Maximum root Length,MRL)、根干重（Dry Root Weight,DRW)和根茎干重比（Root/Shoot Ratio of Dry Weight,RSR)3个性状在群体中变异较大,利用该群体建立的水稻分子遗传图谱,对上述3个水稻性状进行数量性状座位（Quantitative Trait Locus,QTL)的分析定位,结果表明,2／1／2个QTLs的亲本JX17等位基因分别控制着最大根长、根干重和茎士重比的表达,对表型变异的解释率分别为16．4％、17．0％、16．4％、10．4％和19．9％;2／1个QTLs的亲本ZYQ8等位基因分别控制着最大根长和根茎干重比的增加,表表型变异的解释率分别为19．6％、13．0％和13．2％。检测到的8个QTLs分别位地水稻的染色体2、3、4、5、6、9和10上。与其他已发表的定位结果比较表现,在3个性状的总共8个QTLs中,各有1个性状的1个QTL（控制最大根长的L169－CT106A,控制根干重的G45－G1314A和控制根茎干重比的G62－G144）与早先报道的结果相吻合。     

结球甘蓝植株相关主要农艺性状 的遗传及相关性分析

利用主要农艺性状上具有显著差异的结球甘蓝高代纯合自交系01-88和02-12杂交获得F1,通过游离小孢子培养获得含有189个基因型的DH群体为试验材料,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对结球甘蓝外叶数、开展度、株高、外叶颜色、外叶长和外叶宽6个与植株相关的主要农艺性状进行遗传和相关性分析。结果表明,在DH分离群体中6个主要农艺性状呈连续的、单峰、偏态分布,说明这些性状为多基因控制的数量性状。除外叶宽和外叶颜色性状受多基因控制外,其余4个农艺性状均受2对主基因+多基因控制。主基因遗传率大小顺序为株高(59.16%)>外叶长(56.56%)>外叶数(55.67%)>开展度(19.56%)。株高、外叶长和外叶数性状具有较高的主基因遗传率,早代选择效果较好。这6个农艺性状间存在一定的相关性,其中外叶数与开展度、外叶长与外叶宽等成对性状呈极显著正相关;外叶数与外叶宽成对性状呈极显著负相关,在育种实践中可利用其相关性实行间接选择。     

晒晾烟重要农艺性状遗传分析

以8个优良的晒晾烟品种(系)为亲本,配置完全双列杂交,进而利用基于混合线性模型的统计学方法,对晾晒烟株高、叶数、节距、腰叶长、腰叶宽以及茎围6个主要农艺性状进行遗传分析。结果表明,在多数农艺性状遗传中加性效应和显性效应都起重要作用,但所占比例有所不同,腰叶长和叶数主要受加性效应影响,而株高、节距、腰叶宽和茎围性状显性效应起主要作用;6种重要农艺性状狭义遗传率由高到低分别为:腰叶长>叶数>株高>节距>腰叶宽>茎围,其中,腰叶长和叶数狭义遗传率较高,分别为0.35和0.33,适合进行早代选择。另外,估算了供试材料的遗传效应值,并对各亲本及组合的育种利用价值进行了评价。本研究为晒晾烟重要农艺性状遗传改良提供了一定的理论依据。     

茎瘤芥主要数量性状遗传力和遗传进度的初步研究

以23个茎瘤芥地方品种为试材估算了15个性状遗传力、遗传进度及遗传变异系数。结果表明各性状遗传力从大到小顺序为营养生长期、瘤茎膨大期、茎／叶、菜皮百分率、瘤茎产量、叶宽、瘤茎横径、出苗至瘤茎膨大始期、株鲜重、瘤茎纵径、叶长、菜形指数、开展度、瘤茎空心率、株高。瘤茎空心率、茎／叶、菜皮百分率和瘤茎产量的遗传变异较大,具有较大的选择潜力。在5％的选择率下,可获得较大的遗传进展。综合试验结果认为,瘤茎膨大期、营养生长期、茎／叶宜在早代进行一次性单株选择,菜皮百分率、瘤茎产量、叶宽等性状可适当加强早代选择。     

按单叶叶面积估测法评估蒿柳（Salix viminalis L．）第一生长季整株叶面积

本文在蒿柳（ＳａｌｉｘｖｉｍｉｎａｌｉｓＬ．）单叶叶面积（ＡＬ）估测的基础上预测枝条水平上的叶面积．ＡＬ与叶特征度量叶长（Ｌ）、宽（Ｗ）、Ｌ２、Ｗ２、乘积（ＬＷ）,叶干重（ＷＬ）之间相关性分析表明,尽管大多数相关关系本质上为非线性,但线性（Ｙ＝ｂ×Ｘ）和非线性指数方程（Ｙ＝ｂ×Ｘｃ）均有较高的复相关系数ｒ２和较好的预测能力,且以ＬＷ最好。ＡＬ估测方程的建立必须考虑植物生长阶段、枝类型及叶片着生的相对高度的影响．椭圆和抛物面的组合能成功地拟合叶片形状,反映叶形变化和较准确的计算单叶面积．以主技基径Ｄ,枝长Ｈ,Ｄ２Ｈ以及主枝上的叶片数与基径的乘积（ＮＬ·Ｄ）为独立交量来估测主枝叶面积（Ａｐ）的非线性方程好于线性方程,但方程的估计精度因腋生枝的萌生而受影响．腋生枝数与主枝基径的乘积组合（ＮＳＳ·Ｄ）、腋生枝干重（ＷＳ）的非线性方程可用于估测胶生枝叶面积（Ａｓ）,枝水平上叶面积的估测方程都因植物生长阶段的不同而有差异．     

苎麻疫霉雄器侧生性状的遗传研究

在来自江苏、江西棉花、苎麻和构树的１２个苎麻疫霉菌株中均观察到侧生雄器,其比率为４．０－１６．５％,在以菌ＪＳ－５和ＰＭ－８（雄器侧生比率分别为１６．５％和９．５％）为亲本所建立的连续２－３代单游动孢子无性一代中,雄器侧生性状可以遗传,但单孢株间雄器侧手比率有一定差异,其分布范围分别为９．０－３４．０％和２．５－１５．５％,进一步诱导菌株ＪＳ－５的单游动孢子株的卵孢子萌发,分别对具侧生雄器和具围生     

有机肥对羊草营养生长期功能性状变化的影响

本文研究不同有机肥水平下羊草（Leymus chinensis）营养生长期功能性状的变化规律、响应机制及其相关性的变化,试图为资源环境与植物功能性状的动态研究和草地生态系统的恢复提供参考。结果显示：（1）有机肥会使羊草叶长、叶面为了探讨不同有机肥施用水平下羊草（Leymus chinensis）营养生长期功能性状的变化规律、响应机制及其相关性的变化,为资源环境与植物功能性状的动态研究和草地生态系统的恢复提供参考。选择中国农业科学院呼伦贝尔草原生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站附近,割草利用超过20 a未施用过肥料的固定草场作为试验场地,围封并划分若干小区,设置对照以及低、中、高4个有机肥施用水平（有N效养分用量分别为0、 63、127和 190 kg/hm2）,在羊草主要营养生长的前、中、后期采集样品,测定相关功能性状。分别采用二次曲线方程拟合、单因素多元方差分析、Pearson相关分析和积分（逐步）回归等方法分析羊草功能性状的变化趋势、差异性、相关性及影响系数。结果显示：（1）有机肥会使羊草叶长、叶面积、自然叶宽、展开叶宽、比叶面积、茎长、茎质量、株高由先升后降的变化趋势变为逐渐增加的趋势,同时使叶干物质含量和茎干物质含量有所下降;（2）有机肥会改变羊草功能性状之间的相关性,增强叶面积与比叶面积、茎长与茎质量、茎长与单株质量的相关性,降低叶质量与单株质量、叶宽与株高的相关性;（3）有机肥会改变羊草表型性状（叶、茎、株高）对单株质量的贡献率,随施肥水平的提高,叶、茎、株高的贡献率逐渐趋于均衡。羊草表型性状影响单株质量的大小顺序为叶性状＞株高＞茎性状。研究发现,短期施用有机肥对羊草功能性状变化影响显著,且作用效果主要发生在羊草营养生长后期,尤其对单株质量提升效果显著。叶长、展开叶宽、叶面积、株高对羊草单株质量影响较大,其中株高是驱动羊草单株质量变化的最稳定因子。同时,羊草功能性状之间的相关性也受施肥水平的影响,施肥在增强部分功能性状相关性的同时减弱了其他性状之间的相关性,整体存在着一定的平衡。     

植物油对虫霉菌液体培养与保存的作用*

在萨氏营养液（ＳＤＢ）中加入用 ０．１％蔗糖脂肪酸酯－１５（ＳＥ１５）乳化的０．５０％芝麻油,可使在ＳＤＢ中生长慢而结块的新蚜虫疠霉、安徽虫瘟霉、飞虱虫疠毒和根虫瘟霉等四种虫霉的五个菌株形成均匀分散的菌丝体和能稳定转接的菌液。在ＳＤＢ中加入乳化芝麻油 （ ０．２５％～１．５％）、菜籽油（ ０．５０％～１．５％）和色拉油（ ８０％花生油和 ２０％菜籽油,０．７５％～１．５％）,能明显提高新蚜虫疠霉Ｆ９８０１８的生物量;而在ＳＤＢ中加入０．５０％乳化芝麻油,可使液培菌丝产孢量增加近一倍;在ＳＤＢ中加入的三种植物油（０．７５％）,在Ｆ９８０１８生长４ｄ后,含量分别下降了８５％～９４％,但其中脂肪酸相对组成基本不变,表明该菌生长能充分利用植物油中各脂肪酸。用萨氏培养基（ ＳＤＡＹ）、加入 ０．５０％乳化芝麻油的 ＳＤＡＹ（ ＯＳ－ＳＤＡＹ）和牛奶蛋黄培养基（ＳＥＭＡ）培养安徽虫瘟霉Ｆ９７０２８和新蚜虫疠霉Ｆ９８０２８,两菌株在ＳＥＭＡ上生长最快;在ＯＳ－ＳＤＡＹ以较慢速度正常生长;而在ＳＤＡＹ上,两菌株或不能生长,或在第二次培养时出现明显退化。用ＳＥＭＡ和ＯＳ－ＳＤＡＹ在３℃下来保存上述四种虫霉的七个菌株,在ＯＳ－ＳＤＡＹ上?     

三化螟危害损失与防治指标的研究

２代三化螟平均每块卵为害 １１．２５个枯心丛,３４．７５个枯心株; ３代每块卵平均为害 ７．９５个白穗丛,１４．５５个白穗株。模拟为害与水稻产量损失的关系：２代Ｙ＝ｓ８０６０．５－２１８１．５Ｘ,Ｙ－水稻产量（ｋｇ／ｈｍ２）,Ｘ－枯心株率,水稻耐害补偿作用明显,枯心株率与产量损失率之比１：０．２７;３代Ｙ＝７６５４．２－３９０２．２Ｘ,Ｙ－水稻产量（ｋｇ／ｈｍ２）,Ｘ－白穗株率,水稻表现一定的耐害补偿能力,白穗株率与产量损失率之比１：０．５１。三化螟危害允许水平１．２８％。防治指标：２代卵块４８７５万块／ｈｍ２,３代卵块６５１９块／ｈｍ２。     

朱砂叶螨抗氧化乐果品系选育及遗传分析

对采自棉田的朱砂叶螨种群使用氧化乐果选择压（６６．６７－１３３．３３μｌ／ｌ）１６次筛选后,抗氧化乐果由８、３３倍上升到３６、９３倍。利用此抗性品系（Ｒ）和采自河南省固始县的敏感品系（Ｓ）杂交和回交,研究了朱砂叶螨抗氧化乐果的遗传方式,正交和反交（ＳＲ和ＲＳ）Ｆ１代的ＬＣ－Ｐ线介于Ｓ与Ｒ之间偏向Ｒ方,显性系数ＤＳＲ和ＤＲＳ分别为０．５６７９和０．５６５９,表明抗性是由不完全显性基因控制,对Ｆ１杂合     

On a method of estimating the genetic correlation between characters measured in different experimental units

Summary Yamada's method of estimating genetic co-variances between traits measured in different experimental units is discussed. It is shown that if the data are unbalanced, this method gives biased estimates of genetic covariances unless the traits have identical genetic and residual variances. An alternative unbiased procedure is suggested.     

植物种质群体遗传结构改变的测度

本文旨在探讨植物种质资源保存中由于人为和自然缘故导致遗传结构改变的评价指标和评价方法.在介绍植物种质资源保存研究一些基本概念的基础上,归纳了测度种质库(收集品)遗传潜势的6种遗传多样性统计指标,包括同一变异层次的类型数、类型分布均衡度、遗传相似性与遗传距离、遗传方差与遗传变异系数、多元变异指数以及亲本系数.指出若无遗传丰富度相伴,单有遗传离散度并未提供遗传多样性的完整测度.探讨了人为条件导致植物种质资源遗传结构改变的遗传流失、环境胁迫所致植物种质资源遗传结构改变的遗传脆弱性和种子扩繁所引发的植物种质资源遗传结构改变的遗传漂变和遗传漂移等的统计指标.文末给出了自花授粉植物和异花授粉植物群体适宜样本容量研究的个例.     

Genetic differentiation among local populations of Asian elephant

Electrohoretically detectable enetic variation for 29 kinds of blood protein encoded by 33 loci was analyzed for 78 Asian eletants (Elephas maximus) which were collected from its four local populations: Sri Lanka, Souti India, Thailand and Nepal. Elehants in Sri Lanka are classified into the subspecies E.m. maximus, and those from the other tlree localities into the subspecies E. m. indicus. Six variable loci were detected, and one of them, the tetrazolium oxidase locus, was observed to show a complete allele substitution between the subspecies. Average heterozgosity within local populations were in a range of 0.0152 ? 0.0303. Whereas the Nei's genetic distance among three local populations of the subspecies indicus were 0.0013 ? 0.0031, the distance between the subspecies indicus and maximus were 0.0328 ? 0.0370, indicating that the two subspecies were well differentiated genetically.     

Genetic polymorphism in varietal identification and genetic improvement

Summary New sources of genetic polymorphisms promise significant additions to the number of useful genetic markers in agricultural plants and animals, and prompt this review of potential applications of polymorphic genetic markers in plant and animal breeding. Two major areas of application can be distinguished. The first is based on the utilization of genetic markers to determine genetic relationships. These applications include varietal identification, protection of breeder's rights, and parentage determination. The second area of application is based on the use of genetic markers to identify and map loci affecting quantitative traits, and to monitor these loci during introgression or selection programs. A variety of breeding applications based on these possibilities can be envisaged for Selfers, particularly for those species having a relatively small genome size. These applications include: (i) screening genetic resources for useful quantitative trait alleles, and introgression of chromosome segments containing these alleles from resource strain to commercial variety; (ii) development of improved pure lines out of a cross between two existing commercial varieties; and (iii) development of crosses showing increased hybrid vigor. Breeding applications in segregating populations are more limited, particularly in species with a relatively large genome size. Potential applications, however, include: (i) preliminary selection of young males in dairy cattle on the basis of evaluated chromosomes of their proven sire; (ii) genetic analysis of resource strains characterized by high values for a particular quantitative trait, and introgression of chromosome segments carrying alleles contributing to the high values from resource strain to recipient strain.Contribution from The Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel, No. 767-E, 1983 Series     

Remarkable genetic divergence of Gymnodiptychus dybowskii between south and north of Tianshan Mountain in northwest China

Gymnodiptychus dybowskii is endemic to Xinjiang, China and has been locally listed as protected animals. To investigate its genetic diversity and structure, specimens were collected from six localities in Yili River system and Kaidu River. Fragments of 1092bp Cyt b gene were sequenced for 116 individuals. A total of 21 haplotypes were found in all samples, and no haplotype was shared between Yili River system and Kaidu River population. Sequence comparisons revealed 123 variable sites, with eight singleton sites and 115 parsimony informative sites. For all the populations examined, the haplotype diversity (h) was 0.8298 ± 0.0226, nucleotide diversity (π) was 0.2521 ± 0.1202, and average number of pairwise nucleotide differences (k) was 275.3369 ± 118.5660. AMOVA analysis showed that the differences were significant for total populations except for Yili River system populations. The pairwise F_st values revealed same conclusion with AMOVA analysis: Kaidu River population was divergent from Yili River system populations. The genetic distance between two groups was 0.108 and the divergence time was estimated at 5.4–6.6 Ma, the uplift of Tianshan Mountain might have separated them and resulted in the genetic differentiation. The neutrality test and mismatch analysis indicated that both two groups of G. dybowskii had went through population expansion, the expansion time of Yili River system and Kaidu River population was estimated at 0.5859–0.7146 Ma and 0.5151–0.6282 Ma, respectively. The climate changes of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau might have influenced the demographic history of G. dybowskii.     

Loss of genetic diversity from heterogeneous self-pollinating genebank accessions

Genebank seed accessions of predominantly self-pollinating species may be stored either as bulked (mixed) seed lines or as pure line cultivars. If seed lines are bulked in storage then when considered over several regeneration cycles, loss of genetic diversity within heterogeneous self pollinating genebank accessions is shown to be severe. This within-accession loss of diversity represents opportunities foregone through the random loss of individual genotypes. Amongst working collections, the utility and repeatability of genebank accessions is paramount in the justification of the germ plasm resource. Therefore, the only practical solution to the management of predominantly self-pollinating species is to preserve individual accessions as pure lines.     

Genetic traits

Recognizing that all traits are the result of an interaction between genes and environment, I offer a set of criteria for nevertheless making sense of our practice of singling out certain traits as genetic ones, in effect making a distinction between causes and mere conditions. The central criterion is that a trait is genetic if it is genetic differences that make the differences in that trait variable in a given population. A second criterion requires that genetic traits be individuated in a way that matches what some genetic factors cause specifically. Clarifying our causal and classificatory language here can help us to avoid confusions of both theoretical and practical significance.     

Genetic diversity and structure of the noxious alien grass Praxelis clematidea in southern China

Praxelis clematidea (Asteraceae), a plant species native to South America, is a noxious weed in southern China. We examined the genetic variation and population structure of 12 populations (76 individuals) of P. clematidea from Fujian, Guangdong, and Hainan Provinces in China using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis. From an initial set of 69 ISSR primers, 10 were selected which yielded 80 reproducible bands. Polymorphic bands (P) were 100%, Shannon's information index (I) was 0.4226, and Nei's gene diversity (H) was 0.2791. We infer that the high levels of genetic diversity exhibited by P. clematidea may have contributed to its invasiveness. Gene flow among populations was 2.4930, which has led to homogenization. The coefficient of population differentiation (Gst = 0.1671) indicated low levels of genetic variation among populations and high levels of genetic polymorphism within populations. There was a negative correlation between population elevation and genetic diversity, while there was a significant positive correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance based on a Mantel test (r = 0.5820, P < 0.01). Some populations from different provinces clustered together in principal coordinate and UPGMA analyses indicating that human-mediated events may have contributed to the dispersal of the species.     

Comparative analysis of genetic diversity and population genetic structure in Abies chensiensis and Abies fargesii inferred from microsatellite markers

Abies chensiensis Tieghem and Abies fargesii Franchet are two closely related tree species of Pinaceae endemic to China. A. chensiensis is usually found scattered in small forest fragments, whereas A. fargesii is a dominant member of coniferous forest. To evaluate the genetic effect of fragmentation on A. chensiensis, a total of 24 populations were sampled from the whole distribution of the two species. Seven nuclear microsatellite loci were employed to analyze comparatively the genetic diversity and population genetic differentiation. Both A. chensiensis and A. fargesii have high level within-population genetic diversity and low inter-population genetic differentiation. Low microsatellite differentiation (2.1%) between A. fargesii and A. chensiensis was observed. But microsatellite marker was able to discriminate most populations of these two species. Compared to A. fargesii, A. chensiensi has lower allelic diversity and higher genetic differentiation among populations. It suggested the existence of negative genetic impacts of habitat fragmentation on A. chensiensis.     

Genetic diversity and population structure of the ark shell Scapharca broughtonii along the coast of China based on microsatellites

As a commercially important species in East Asia, the natural resources of Scapharca broughtonii have been suffering from severe population decline across its main habitats. In China, recovery efforts for S. broughtonii are in progress. To provide scientific bases for fisheries management and conservation program, genetic diversity and population structure of seven wild populations of S. broughtonii from the northern China coast was assessed using seven microsatellite loci in this study. High genetic diversity was present in all the seven populations, as observed in mean allelic richness per locus (11.3–12.5), and average expected heterozygosity (0.835–0.867). No significant difference in allelic richness or expected heterozygosity was observed among the seven populations. Pairwise F_ST estimates and NJ tree topologies based on D_C distances indicated that the seven populations fell into two groups, showing a clear division between the populations from the south and north of the Shandong Peninsula. Genetic differentiation was further analyzed using AMOVA and assignation tests. Genetic barrier analysis using Monmonier algorithm also confirmed that the Shandong Peninsula was the putative barrier separating the northern and southern populations. In addition, marine currents probably play an important role in high gene flow among three populations from the same marine gyre.