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1.
N. Rashevsky 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1960,22(1):73-84
The principle of biotopological mapping (Rashevsky, 1954,Bull. Math. Biophysics,16, 317–48) is given a generalized formulation, as the principle of relational epimorphism in biology. The connection between
this principle and Robert Rosen’s representation of organisms by means of categories (1958,Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 317–41) is studied. Rosen’s theory of (M,R)-systems, (1958,Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 245–60) is generalized by dropping the assumption that only terminalM
i
components are sending inputs into theR
i
components. It is shown that, if the primordial organism is an (M,R)-system, then the higher organisms, obtained by a construction well discussed previously (1958,Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 71–93), are also (M,R)-systems. Several theorems about such derived (M,R)-systems are demonstrated.
It is shown that Rosen’s concept of an organism as a set of mappings throws light on phenomena of synesthesia and also leads
to the conclusion that Gestalt phenomena must occur not only in the fields of visual and auditory perception but in perceptions
of any modality. 相似文献
2.
N. Rashevsky 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1964,26(1):57-61
In connection with a series of previous papers by this author (Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics,21, 299–308, 375–385;22, 257–262, 263–267;23, 19–29;24, 319–325) results obtained by A. Crawford (Economics
5, 417–428) on the effects of irrelevant lights on reaction times toward a given light stimulus are discussed. The conclusions
from a previous paper of this author (Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics,23, 19–29) are elaborated. 相似文献
3.
H. E. Hart 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1960,22(1):41-52
The methods of C. W. Sheppard and A. S. Householder (Jour. App. Physcis,22, 510–20, 1951), H. D. Landahl (Bull. Math. Biophysics,16, 151–54, 1954) and H. E. Hart (Bull. Math. Biophysics,17, 87–94, 1955;ibid.,19, 61–72, 1957;ibid.,20, 281–87, 1958) are employed in studying the kinetics of generalN compartment systems. It is shown that the nature of the transfer processes occurring in fluid flow systems and the chemical
processes occurring in quadratic systems and in catalyzed quadratic systems can in principle be completely determined for
all polynomial dependencies. Systems involving three-body and higher-order interactions can be completely solved, however,
only if supplementary information is available.
Research supported by the Atomic Energy Commission, Contract AT (30-1)-1551. 相似文献
4.
Kevin D. Reilly 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1968,30(4):565-579
A mathematical model for learning of a conditioned avoidance behavior is presented. An identification of the net excitation
of a neural model (Rashevsky, N., 1960.Mathematical Biophysics. Vol. II. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.) with the instantaneous probability of response is introduced and its usefulness
in discussing block-trial learning performances in the conditioned avoidance situation is outlined for normal and brain-operated
animals, using experimental data collected by the author. Later, the model is applied to consecutive trial learning and connection
is made with the approach of H. D. Landahl (1964. “An Avoidance Learning Situation. A Neural Net Model.”Bull. Math. Biophysics,26, 83–89; and 1965, “A Neural Net Model for Escape Learning.”Bull. Math. Biophysics,27, Special Edition, 317–328) wherein lie further data with which the model can be compared. 相似文献
5.
N. Rashevsky 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1969,31(3):591-603
A previous study (Bull. Math. Biophysics,30, 735–749) is generalized to the case of active transport, which acts together in general with ordinary diffusion. The basic
results obtained are the same except for an additional important conclusion. In principle it is possible to obtain sustained
oscillations even when the secretions of the different glands do not affect the rates of formation or decay of each other
at all, but affect the “molecular pumps,” which are responsible for the active transports in various parts of the system.
Thus no biochemical interactions need necessarily take place between then-metabolites to make sustained oscillations possible in principle. This is an addition to a previous finding (Bull. Math. Biophysics,30, 751–760) that due to effects of the secreted hormones on target organs, non-linearity of biochemical interactions is not
needed for production of sustained oscillations. 相似文献
6.
N. Rashevsky 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1968,30(4):751-760
Previous studies of L. Danziger and G. Elmergreen (Bull. Math. Biophysics,16, 15–21, 1954;18, 1–13, 1956) of possible biochemical periodicities in organisms assumed non-linear biochemical interaction between different
metabolites, because linear systems do not lead to undamped ocsillations. They treated homogeneous systems. Later N. Rashevsky
generalized their results to a more realistic case where the non-homogeneity due to the histological structure is considered.
(Some Medical Aspects of Mathematical Biology, Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, 1964;Bull. Math. Biophysics,29, 389–393, 1967.) As long as the histological structure remains constant, the existence of sustained periodicities requires
the assumption of non-linearity of biochemical interactions. If, however, the secretions of an endocrine gland affect the
histological structure of the target organ, notably as in the menstrual cycle, and if there is a feed-back, the equations
become non-linear and may admit sustained periodic solutions even if the purely biochemical interactions are linear. 相似文献
7.
N. Rashevsky 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1969,31(3):605-617
A previous study (Bull. Math. Biophysics,31, 417–427, 1969) on the definitions of stability of equilibria in organismic sets determined byQ relations is continued. An attempt is made to bring this definition into a form as similar as possible to that used in physical
systems determined byF-relations. With examples taken from physics, biology and sociology, it is shown that a definition of equilibria forQ-relational systems similar to the definitions used in physics can be obtained, provided the concept of stable or unstable
structures of a system determined byQ-relations is considered in a probabilistic manner. This offers an illustration of “fuzzy categories,” a notion introduced
by I. Bąianu and M. Marinescu (Bull. Math. Biophysics,30, 625–635, 1968), in their paper on organismic supercategories, which is designed to provide a mathematical formalism for
Rashevsky's theory of Organismic Sets (Bull. Math. Biophysics,29, 389–393, 1967;30, 163–174, 1968;31, 159–198, 1969). A suggestion is made for a method of mapping the abstract discrete space ofQ-relations on a continuum of variables ofF-relations. Problems of polymorphism and metamorphosis, both in biological and social organisms, are discussed in the light
of the theory. 相似文献
8.
Gordon C. K. Yeh 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1962,24(2):197-207
In Yeh, Martinek, and de Beaumont (Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 203–216, 1958), multipole representations of current generators in a volume conductor are used, based upon the Taylor series
expansion of the potential function. In Yeh, (Bull. Math. Biophysics,23, 263–276, 1961) multipole representations of current generators in a spherical volume conductor are used, based upon the
spherical harmonic expansion. This paper correlates these two systems of multipole representations so that formulations in
terms of one system of the representations may be readily transformed into formulations in terms of the other system. Since
the Taylor series representation is more graphic, whereas the spherical harmonic representation is more compact, such a transformation
between these two systems of formulations can serve useful purposes in the application of the theory of electrocardiography.
This investigation was supported by the National Heart Institute under Research Grant H-2263 (c-4). 相似文献
9.
N. Rashevsky 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1971,33(4):555-559
In combining the author's theories of organismic sets (Rashevsky,Bull. Math. Biophysics,31, 159–198, 1969a) and Robert Rosen's theory of (M, R)-systems (Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 245–265, 1958), a conclusion is reached that the number of either normal or pathological phenomena in organismic sets may
occur. Those phenomena are characterized by occurring spontaneously once in a while but are not exactly periodic. Some epilepsies
are an example of such pathological phenomena in the brain. 相似文献
10.
N. Rashevsky 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1967,29(2):389-393
It is shown that the principle of biological epimorphism (Rashevsky,Mathematical Principles in Biology and Their Applications, Springfield, Ill.: Charles Thomas, 1960) is contained in the theory of organismic sets (Bull. Math. Biophysics,29, 139–152, 1967) if an additional postulate not directly connected to mappings is made. 相似文献
11.
N. Rashevsky 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1968,30(1):153-162
In a previous paper (Bull. Math. Biophysics,22, 257–262, 1960), an expression for the probability that a car jumps off a road as a function of the speed and the size of
the car was derived mostly from geometric and kinematic considerations, introducing only the reaction time as a biological
parameter. In subsequent papers (Bull. Math. Biophysics,29, 181–186, 187–188, 1967) a more detailed study was made of the exact shape of the tracking curve of the car which involved
several biological parameters of the driver. In the present paper the results of the previous studies are combined, and a
more general equation for the probability of jumping off the road is obtained. This probability, as in the earlier study,
increases with the speedv, widths
o and lengthl
o of the car, and decreases with widths of the lane. However, this probability also depends on several parameters which characterize the psychobiological constitution
of the driver. Unpublished experiments by Ehrlich, which corroborate the general conclusions, are briefly described. 相似文献
12.
The theory of relations between sets, proposed and outlined in previous publications (Bull. Math. Biophysics,23, 233–235, 1961;28, 117–124, 1966;28, 309–313, 1966), is tentatively expanded and generalized with a view to biological applications. 相似文献
13.
N. Rashevsky 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1966,28(4):655-661
The paper develops further some suggestions made previously (Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics,28, 283–308, 1966) that certain biological phenomena may be more easily interpreted from a “sociological” point of view by considering
the organism as a social aggregate of cells and a cell as a social aggregate of genes. In this light the problems of origin
of life on earth, of aging, and of parasitism and symbiosis are discussed. The notion of social aggregates of different orders
is introduced. 相似文献
14.
Anatol Rapoport 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1960,22(1):85-97
The derivation of H. D. Landahl’s learning curve (1941,Bull. Math. Biophysics,3, 71–77) from a single information-theoretical assumption obtained previously (Rapoport, 1956,Bull. Math. Biophysics,18, 317–21) is extended to obtain the entire family of such curves with the number of stimuliM (to each of which one ofN responses is to be associated) as a parameter. No additional assumptions are required. The entire family thus appears as
a function of a single free parameter,k, all other parameters being experimentally determined. The theory is compared with a set of experiments involving the learning
of artificial languages. An alternative quasi-neurological model leading to the same equation is offered. 相似文献
15.
N. Rashevsky 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1968,30(2):355-357
It is suggested that the development of organismic sets is governed not by the maximalization of the integral survival value,
as suggested previously (Bull. Math. Biophysics,28, 283–308, 1966;29, 139–152, 1967;30, 163–174, 1968), but by maximizing the number of new relations which appear as an organismic set develops. 相似文献
16.
Robert Plonsey 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1966,28(2):161-166
This paper continues a comparison of the Taylor series and spherical harmonic forms of multipole representations initiated
by Yeh (Bull. Math. Biophysics,24, 197–207, 1962). It is shown that while transformations from Taylor series form into spherical harmonic form is always possible,
the inverse cannot be accomplished as suggested by Yeh; corrected transformation equations are given. It is also shown that
direct measurement of Taylor coefficients, as outlined in Yeh, Martinek, and de Beaumont (Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 203–216, 1958), is actually not possible. Accordingly, only the spherical harmonic coefficients can be determined by measurement
of surface potentials, as in electrocardiography. 相似文献
17.
D. A. Sprott 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1957,19(3):163-170
Some probability distributions connected with distinct hits on targets, using two different firing schemes, are developed.
It is assumed that any shot has a probabilityp, not necessarily unity, of hitting the target at which it was aimed. The development uses a well-known expression for the
probability that exactlyt ofN possible events occur simultaneously. Some of the formulae developed here include as special cases the probabilities derived
separately and by more complicated arguments in papers by N. Rashevsky. (Bull. Math. Biophysics,17, 45–50, 1955) and A. Rapoport (Bull. Math. Biophysics,13, 133–38, 1951). 相似文献
18.
N. Rashevsky 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1971,33(3):321-338
After giving a brief review of the theory of organismic sets (Bull. Math. Biophysics,29, 139–152, 1967;31, 159–198, 1969), in which the concept of relational forces, introduced earlier (Bull. Math. Biophysics,28, 283–308, 1966a) plays a fundamental role, the author discusses examples of possible different structures produced by relational
forces. For biological organisms the different structures found theoretically are in general agreement with observation. For
societies, which are also organismic sets as discussed in the above references, the structures can be described only in an
abstract space, the nature of which is discussed. Different isomorphisms between anatomical structures, as described in ordinary
Euclidean space, and the sociological structures described in an abstract space are noted, as should be expected from the
theory of organismic sets. 相似文献
19.
The purpose of this work is to express current concepts on the relationship between the rates of secretion of thyroxin and
of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) by a set of linear differential equations (two attempts have been made previously in
this direction; cf. Roston,Bull. Math. Biophysics,21, 271–282, 1959; Danziger and Elmergreen,Bull. Math. Biophysics,16, 15–21, 1954), and to show that the solutions to these equations fulfill two criteria: that they correctly express the previously
observed behavior of thyroxin and TSH, and that they allow certain predictions to be made which are amenable to experimental
verification or disproval by currently existing techniques. This mathematical model is necessarily only an approximation of
reality. 相似文献
20.
N. Rashevsky 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1970,32(1):79-81
The basic postulate la, which governs the development of organismic sets, introduced previously (Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics,31, 159–198, 1969), is generalized so as to contain also the rates of changes of the number and variety of differentQ-relations which determine an organismic set. It is thus brought closer to the Lagrangian principle in physics. It is pointed
out that the postulate also provides a criterion of stability of an organismic set. 相似文献