科学出版社生命科学编辑部新书推介

《生物实验室管理手册》at the Helm:A Labortory Navigator〔美〕K.巴克著黄伟达王维荣等译科学出版社2005年9月出版ISBN7-03-015280-8定价:38.00元实验室的负责人要组建、领导研究团队,管理人事和机构,申请科研经费,同时还要出科研成果以保持学术的领先地位.但许多实验室管理者往往缺少经营管理意识以及相应的知识储备.本书为实验室管理者提供了全面的指导,通过对众多科研管理人员的访问及相关资料的搜集,运用生动而丰富的例证,讨论了一系列管理中具有挑战性的问题以及可以促进成功的技巧.对于所有对实验室管理和实践感兴趣的愿意思考…     

景观生态分类概念释义及研究进展

景观生态分类通过建立等级分类系统,能够全面反映一定区域景观的空间分异和组织关联,揭示其空间结构与生态功能特征,是景观生态评价和规划管理的基础.本文首先对景观生态分类的概念进行剖析,然后从分类系统的制定及对分类因子选择的发展进程、分类方法的改进和创新、景观生态类型制图及应用领域等方面阐述国内外景观生态分类的进展和现状,并在总结以前研究存在不足的基础上,进一步指出今后景观生态分类研究的重点和发展趋势.

Abstract：

Landscape ecological classification (LEC), through establishing hierarchical classifi-cation system, can comprehensively reflect the spatial heterogeneities and their associations of definite regional landscape,, and reveal its spatial structural characteristics and ecological func-tions, being the basis of landscape evaluation, landscape planning, and landscape management. In this paper, the concept of LEC was paraphrased, and the research progress of LEC was reviewed and analyzed from the aspects of framing classification systems, selecting indices, im-proving classification methods, mapping landscape ecotypes, and applications. The problems of LEC research and its development trend were pointed out.     

水土流失生态修复生态效益评价指标体系研究进展

建立合理的评价指标体系是科学评价区域水土流失生态修复效益的基础.在分析水土流失生态修复生态效益评价指标体系的研究现状与存在问题的基础上,结合国内外最新的研究成果,提出今后的生态效益评价指标体系除体现蓄水保土效益外,还应加强生态系统的植被结构、生物多样性和生态过程3个方面的监测与评价,进而从生态系统健康层面上评价水土流失生态修复效益.

Abstract：

To establish a rational evaluation index system is the basis of scientifically evaluating the benefit of ecological restoration for controlling regional water and soil loss. Based on the anal-ysis of current researches on ecological benefit evaluation index system of ecological restoration for controlling water and soil loss, and the latest research achievements, it was suggested that be-sides the benefit of water and soil conservation, the monitoring and evaluation of vegetation struc-ture, biological diversity, and ecological processes should be strengthened to make that the bene-fit evaluation of ecological restoration for water and soil loss can be conducted on ecosystem health level.     

多米诺效应次生地质灾害的生态后果

接受我们采访的是中国科学院生态环境研究中心副主任、城市与区域生态国家重点实验室主任欧阳志云研究员,他是最早关注震区生态并进入现场调查的专家之一。他说：这次地震导致的生态破坏十分严重．这绝不只是一种学术上的讨论,因为这一地区是我国生态环境十分脆弱的地区,     

Whole genome sequencing of cotton—a new chapter in cotton genomics

<正>A Cotton Genome Consortium led by the Cotton Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,with scientists from Peking University,Wuhan University,BGI and US Department of Agriculture Southern Plains Research Center has completed the genome sequence of the allotetraploid G.hirsutum(At Dt)by using the second-generation high-throughput sequencing technology     

Niches of plant populations in mangrove reserve of Qi’ao Island, Pearl River Estuary

Thirty-two 10 × 10 m² quadrats were set up in four mangrove communities for the study of the niches of nine plants with horizontal and vertical resource sequences in Dawei Bay, Qi’ao Island, Zhuhai City. Generally, species diversities of natural mangroves were higher than those of plantations. The diversities decreased along sequence of substrate layer, shrub layer and tree layer in natural mangroves; and were highest on the shrub layer in plantations. At the horizontal resource sequence, the niche breadth varied 0.132–0.896 (B_(sw)) and 0.120–0.693 (B_(L)). The niche breadth of Acanthus ilicifolius and Aegiceras corniculatum were the highest and that of Spartina alterniflora was the lowest. At the vertical resource sequence, the niche breadth varied 0–0.400 (B_(sw)) and 0.333–0.747 (B_(L)). All the niche breadth values were the lowest except those of A. ilicifolius and A. corniculatum. The niche similarity of the populations varied 0–0.746 and 0–1.000 at the horizontal and vertical resource sequences, respectively. A. ilicifolius and A. corniculatum had niche overlap with all plants at the horizontal resource sequence, while the introduced Sonneratia caseolaris and Sonneratiaapetala had no such overlapping between six and five plants in the community, respectively. At the vertical resource sequence, A. ilicifolius and A. corniculatum had niche overlapping with all the populations. The more niche overlapping existed among the other populations. The results indicated that, currently, the mangrove plantation in Qi’ao Island had a simplex structure and composition of species. The status of plant populations’ niche was determined by the species selected and structure of afforestation. It is suggested to create forest gaps artificially and introduce Kandelia obovata saplings to reverse its current status of lower niche breadth, facilitate natural regeneration and spreading of A. corniculatum and A. ilicifolius, and accelerate the restoration process of natural mangrove. Simultaneously, the species matching and planting methods of mix stands should be emphasized in the future.     

Niches of plant populations in mangrove reserve of Qi’ao Island, Pearl River Estuary

Thirty-two 10 × 10 m² quadrats were set up in four mangrove communities for the study of the niches of nine plants with horizontal and vertical resource sequences in Dawei Bay, Qi’ao Island, Zhuhai City. Generally, species diversities of natural mangroves were higher than those of plantations. The diversities decreased along sequence of substrate layer, shrub layer and tree layer in natural mangroves; and were highest on the shrub layer in plantations. At the horizontal resource sequence, the niche breadth varied 0.132–0.896 (B_(sw)) and 0.120–0.693 (B_(L)). The niche breadth of Acanthus ilicifolius and Aegiceras corniculatum were the highest and that of Spartina alterniflora was the lowest. At the vertical resource sequence, the niche breadth varied 0–0.400 (B_(sw)) and 0.333–0.747 (B_(L)). All the niche breadth values were the lowest except those of A. ilicifolius and A. corniculatum. The niche similarity of the populations varied 0–0.746 and 0–1.000 at the horizontal and vertical resource sequences, respectively. A. ilicifolius and A. corniculatum had niche overlap with all plants at the horizontal resource sequence, while the introduced Sonneratia caseolaris and Sonneratiaapetala had no such overlapping between six and five plants in the community, respectively. At the vertical resource sequence, A. ilicifolius and A. corniculatum had niche overlapping with all the populations. The more niche overlapping existed among the other populations. The results indicated that, currently, the mangrove plantation in Qi’ao Island had a simplex structure and composition of species. The status of plant populations’ niche was determined by the species selected and structure of afforestation. It is suggested to create forest gaps artificially and introduce Kandelia obovata saplings to reverse its current status of lower niche breadth, facilitate natural regeneration and spreading of A. corniculatum and A. ilicifolius, and accelerate the restoration process of natural mangrove. Simultaneously, the species matching and planting methods of mix stands should be emphasized in the future.     

Niches of plant populations in mangrove reserve of Qi’ao Island, Pearl River Estuary

Thirty-two 10 × 10 m² quadrats were set up in four mangrove communities for the study of the niches of nine plants with horizontal and vertical resource sequences in Dawei Bay, Qi’ao Island, Zhuhai City. Generally, species diversities of natural mangroves were higher than those of plantations. The diversities decreased along sequence of substrate layer, shrub layer and tree layer in natural mangroves; and were highest on the shrub layer in plantations. At the horizontal resource sequence, the niche breadth varied 0.132–0.896 (B_(sw)) and 0.120–0.693 (B_(L)). The niche breadth of Acanthus ilicifolius and Aegiceras corniculatum were the highest and that of Spartina alterniflora was the lowest. At the vertical resource sequence, the niche breadth varied 0–0.400 (B_(sw)) and 0.333–0.747 (B_(L)). All the niche breadth values were the lowest except those of A. ilicifolius and A. corniculatum. The niche similarity of the populations varied 0–0.746 and 0–1.000 at the horizontal and vertical resource sequences, respectively. A. ilicifolius and A. corniculatum had niche overlap with all plants at the horizontal resource sequence, while the introduced Sonneratia caseolaris and Sonneratiaapetala had no such overlapping between six and five plants in the community, respectively. At the vertical resource sequence, A. ilicifolius and A. corniculatum had niche overlapping with all the populations. The more niche overlapping existed among the other populations. The results indicated that, currently, the mangrove plantation in Qi’ao Island had a simplex structure and composition of species. The status of plant populations’ niche was determined by the species selected and structure of afforestation. It is suggested to create forest gaps artificially and introduce Kandelia obovata saplings to reverse its current status of lower niche breadth, facilitate natural regeneration and spreading of A. corniculatum and A. ilicifolius, and accelerate the restoration process of natural mangrove. Simultaneously, the species matching and planting methods of mix stands should be emphasized in the future.     

Drosophila melanogaster as a model system of aluminum toxicity and aging

The aim of this study was to investigate the toxic effects of aluminum （A1） on the model organism-Drosophila melanogaster. The study is especially concerned with the effects of aluminum on the fruit fly＇s development, life span, and circadian rhythm in rest and activity. Flies were exposed to aluminum in concentrations from 40 to 280 mg/kg in rearing media or the flies were raised on control medium. Moreover, the life span of insects exposed to aluminum containing 40, 120, or 240 mg/kg of A1 in the medium, only during their larval development, during the whole life cycle and only in their adult life was tested. To check if aluminum and aging cause changes in D. melanogaster behavior, the locomotor activity of flies at different ages was recorded. Results showed that aluminum is toxic in concentrations above 160 mg/kg in the rearing medium. Depending on A1 concentration and time of exposure, the life span of the flies was shortened. At intermediate concentrations （120 mg/kg）, however, A1 had a stimulating effect on males increasing their life span and level of locomotor activity. At higher concentration the aluminum exposure increased or decreased the level of locomotor activity ofD. melanogaster depending on age of flies. In addition, in the oldest insects reared on aluminum supplemented media and in mid-aged flies reared on the highest concentration of A1 the daily rhythm of activity was disrupted.     

Assembly of lamins in vitro

After lamins A,B and C were isolated and purified from rat liver,their assembly properties were examined by electron microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy by electron microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy using negative staining and the glycerol coating method,respectively.By varying the assembly time or the ionic conditions under which polymerization takes place,we have observed different stages of lamin assembly,which may provide clues on the structure of the 10 nm lamin filaments.At the first level of structural organization,two lamin polypeptides associate laterally into dimers with the two domains being parallel and in register.At the second level of structural organization,two dimers associate in a half-staggered and antiparallel fashion to form a tetramer 75 nm in length.At the third level of structural organization,4-10 lamin tetramers associate laterally in register to form 75 nm long 10nm filaments,which in turn combine head to head into long,fully assembled lamin filaments.The assembled lamin filaments are nonpolar.     

秦岭生态地质环境系统研究关键思考

生态地质环境系统研究应以地质学为基础，以生态学为指导，研究岩石、土壤、水、生物等在地质作用下产生的生态问题。秦岭生态地质特色鲜明，是催生生态地质基础理论、形成生态地质保护对策的理想实践地，迫切需要对秦岭生态地质环境角色地位予以系统剖析，梳理秦岭生态地质环境系统面临的主要挑战，构建秦岭生态地质环境系统框架体系。研究提出秦岭生态地质环境系统研究要把握以下关键思考：一是秦岭生态地质环境要素多元、圈层互馈过程复杂、灾害叠加影响效应突出、人-地-生相互作用强烈，立足生态秦岭面临的现实挑战，需认知秦岭生态地质环境系统的要素构成及家底，构建秦岭生态地质环境系统要素互馈演化模型，探索生态退化、水土流失和地质灾害共存递进关系，进而提出地质环境-生态环境-人类环境动态平衡调控对策；二是秦岭生态地质环境系统框架体系应以地质环境认知为基础，将生态环境充分融入地质环境之中整体考虑，并对各要素对生态环境影响进行梳理；其中，构造、地貌地质环境是“生态容器”,岩石、土壤及水文地质环境是“生态载体”,灾害地质环境是引起“生态损害”的重要因素，人类活动环境则为造成“生态扰动”的外在驱动；三是秦岭林体-土体-岩体-山体-水...     

Endo-β-1,4-glucanases impact plant cell wall development by influencing cellulose crystallization

Cell walls are vital to the normal growth and development of plants as they protect the protoplast and provide rigidity to the stem. Here, two poplar and Arabidopsis orthologous endoglucanases, which have been proposed to play a role in secondary cell wall development, were examined. The class B endoglucanases, Pt GH9B5 and At GH9B5, are secreted enzymes that have a predicted glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, while the class C endoglucanases, Pt GH9C2 and At GH9C2, are also predicted to be secreted but instead contain a carbohydrate-binding module.The poplar endoglucanases were expressed in Arabidopsis using both a 35 S promoter and the Arabidopsis secondary cell wall-specific Ces A8 promoter. Additionally, Arabidopsis t-DNA insertion lines and an RNAiconstruct was created to downregulate At GH9C2 in Arabidopsis. All of the plant lines were examined for changes in cell morphology and patterning, growth and development, cell wall crystallinity, micro fibril angle, and proportion of cell wall carbohydrates. Misregulation of Pt GH9B5/At GH9B5 resulted in changes in xylose content, while misregulation of Pt GH9C2/At GH9C2 resulted in changes in crystallinity, which was inversely correlated with changes in plant height and rosette diameter. Together, these results suggest that these endoglucanases affect secondary cell wall development by contributing to the cell wall crystallization process.     

基于未来情景模拟的安徽省潜山市生态网络构建与优化

城市快速发展对多山型城市景观格局产生不利影响，探究山区生态网络时空演变，对实现区域生态安全极具现实意义。以潜山市为例，基于2012、2020年土地利用数据，以PLUS模型模拟2036年用地情况，并分别构建2020和2036年生态网络，进而分析其时空演变特征，探讨生态网络的优化路径。结果表明：2020—2036年，潜山市各类用地规模变化较小，建设用地以已建区为中心，呈点状和块状向四周扩张，生态空间不断被挤压、蚕食。潜山市生态网络整体复杂程度和连通性提高；生态源地数量和面积增加，空间上向西南、东北方向扩张；生态廊道总体密度和数量上升，但东西向仍缺乏生态廊道连接，亟须改善。可通过保护修复源地、优化培育廊道、分区管控三大措施提升生态网络稳定性。     

生态毒理学研究工作内容和方向的探讨

本文对现有的一些生态毒理学著作中不同作者对本学科研究内容的理解作了介绍。作者认为：本学科将个体以上的研究工作作为主要的发展方向是对的,但个体及个体以下水平的工作应该是生态毒理学的基础,两者相结合才能组成一个完整的生态毒理学体系。我国目前还需要大力发展个体水平的研究工作,建立一批示范性的生态毒理学实验室,及大力开展与本学科有关的环境标准、操作规范方面的研究及制订工作。     

基于时空地理加权模型的中国沿海地区自然资本动态演变与生态补偿

海陆交错地带是经济与生态矛盾最为突出的敏感性地带，明晰沿海地区自然资本动态演变，核算和评估其生态补偿金额对区域可持续发展具有重要意义。采用扩展的三维生态足迹模型，对2009—2019年中国沿海地区自然资本占用情况进行量化，并利用时空地理加权模型进行驱动力因素分析，同时计算各地区2017年生态补偿金额。结果表明：研究期间，中国沿海地区人均生态足迹先升后降，总体增幅为42.4%,人均生态承载力变幅较小，人均生态赤字增幅达51.5%,人类活动对生态环境的胁迫越来越强；足迹深度和足迹广度持续增加，需要近9个沿海地区的自然资本流量才能满足其发展，且需要消耗自然资本存量或引入区域外存量来填补不足；经济发展和产业结构对自然资本利用影响较大且存在时空异质性；生态补偿支付区占比较大且补偿金额差异显著。通过量化沿海地区自然资本利用格局与动态演变趋势，分析其影响因素并进行生态补偿测算，可以为区域生态文明建设和管理提供决策参考。     

景观生态学研究：传统领域的坚守与新兴领域的探索——2013厦门景观生态学论坛述评

由城市与区域生态国家重点实验室、中国科学院城市环境与健康重点实验室联合举办的厦门景观生态学论坛,于2013年11月1日至3日在中国科学院城市环境研究所顺利召开。来自中国科学院、国内高校、国土资源部等单位的30多名景观生态领域的专家学者参加了会议。本届论坛的科学议题集中在四个方面：（1）生态系统过程与服务的尺度推绎和区域集成;（2）生态文明的科学基础;（3）全球气候变化背景下城市化过程中的城乡形态、足迹与系统可持续性;（4）景观的生态过程与全球化响应。论坛强调国家战略需求与景观生态学科发展,景观生态学研究的国际前沿,学科、区域和尺度的多元融合与交叉研究。我国未来景观生态学的研究需要加强国际交流与合作,注重在尺度转换与区域集成的综合、生态过程与生态系统服务的耦合、生态文明与景观可持续性的结合、新技术新方法的应用等方面的探索。     

池塘浮游植物生态种组的研究

本文在对池塘浮游植物生物量研究的基础上发现:池塘浮游植物根据它们对环境的适应方式可划分为四个生态种组,生态种组A是一个环境适应能力强,但竞争力弱的类群;生态种组B的动态变化过程与水体中无机氮的含量密切相关;而生态种组C的动态变化过程受水体无机氮含量影响较小;生态种组D是与生态种组A和B相抗衡的一个类群。     

龙泉市松属古树名木生长状况与生态敏感性研究

目的：分析松属古树名木生长状况与生态敏感性之间的关系，旨在为松属古树名木保护提供参考依据。方法：以龙泉市范围内生长良好的松属古树名木为研究对象，基于层次分析法（AHP）选取了自然和人为活动两个方面7个评价因子，建立生态敏感性评价体系，进而分析不同生态敏感性区域内松属古树名木生长状况的差异性以及生长状况与生态敏感性评价因子之间的相关性。结果：龙泉市范围内较高敏感性区域的面积占比最大，为82.54%；松属古树名木的胸径、树高和平均冠幅在不同生态敏感性等级上均存在显著或极显著差异；松属古树名木的胸径、树高和平均冠幅与生态敏感性评价因子之间存在显著或极显著的负相关关系；各评价因子按影响程度大小排序为：坡度>海拔>人口密度>用地类型>水系距离>坡向>NDVI。结论：生态敏感性对松属古树名木生长状况具有显著影响，开展松属古树名木保护时，应充分考虑其影响情况。     

Erratum

正The publisher would like to draw the reader’s attention to an error in the following article:Jiaojiao W,Han MM,Yi Z,Jing W,Lei M,Haiyun R(2013)At FH16,an Arabidopsis Type II Formin,Binds and Bundles both Microfilaments and Microtubules,and Preferentially Binds to Microtubules J.Integr.Plant Biol.55(11),1002–1015.A typographical error has been made in the title of the article.It should be: