中更新世非洲Bodo人类头骨化石与周口店直立人的比较--中国与非洲人类头骨特征对比之三

发现于埃塞俄比亚MiddleAwash地区Bodo地点距今60万年的人类头骨化石是迄今发现的最为古老和完整的非洲中更新世人类化石。由于Bodo头骨化石在形态特征上兼有直立人与智人的特点,多年来学术界对其分类地位一直存在争议。Rightmire认为Bodo头骨化石与BrokenHill及Petralona等在分类上属于古老型智人的中更新世人类更为接近,是非洲直立人向古老型智人过渡的代表。至少在距今60万年的中更新世早期直立人向古老型智人转变的成种事件在非洲就已经发生。以Bodo头骨为代表的一批更新世中期非洲和欧洲人类化石构成了可能是后期人类祖先的人属海德堡种。这些观点导致了近年学术界对古老型智人在非洲及欧亚出现时间以及更新世中期非洲和欧亚地区古人类相互之间演化关系的关注。基于这样的背景,本文对年代与Bodo化石接近的周口店直立人头骨特征与Bodo头骨的相似及差异表现情况进行了对比研究。结果发现Bodo头骨在一系列特征上与周口店直立人相似,同时在包括颅容量在内的其它一些特征上呈现出后期智人的特点,但总体形态上似乎与直立人更为相似。作者认为尽管这种进化上的镶嵌现象在中国古人类化石记录上也广泛存在,但由于中国人类化石标本在年代上的不确定性,目前还没有可靠的证据说明这种集直立人与智人化石特征为一体的镶嵌性在中国古人类化石出现的时间接近或早于非洲。考虑到中国与非洲直立人生存年代的巨大差异及人类演化的不同步或地区间差异,具有较多后期人类特征表现的人类首先出现在非洲是完全可能的。根据这些研究对比,作者就人类演化的镶嵌现象、更新世中期非洲与亚洲地区人类演化上的差异等问题进行了讨论。     

更新世中期中国古人类演化区域连续性与多样性的化石证据

以往,在东亚大陆发现的更新世中期人类化石被分别归入直立人和古老型智人。这种分类的主要依据是化石形态特征以及年代。魏敦瑞对周口店第一地点人类化石研究描述的一些头骨、下颌骨和牙齿特征通常被作为判定直立人的标准。根据这些化石的年代分布,一般将30万年前的中更新世晚期作为划分直立人与古老型智人的大致年代界限。近20年来,在非洲、欧洲和东亚新发现了一些更新世中期人类化石,目前古人类学界对中国更新世中期人类化石特征及演化有了与以往不同的认识。最近对大荔、许家窑、盘县大洞、许昌、华龙洞等人类化石的研究显示,近30万年以来东亚大陆人类演化呈现复杂的多样性,将这一时期人类全部归入古老型智人难以准确反映更新世中期中国古人类演化模式及规律。本文结合近年中国更新世中期人类演化研究进展,选择部分具有演化及分类价值的形态特征,分析这些特征在更新世中期中国古人类化石的表现特点。在此基础上,对更新世中期中国古人类演化模式做了尝试性探讨。本研究发现,周口店、和县、沂源、南京等中更新世早期人类化石呈现有较多的区域性特征,形态特征表现相对稳定;而大荔、金牛山、许家窑、许昌、华龙洞、马坝、盘县大洞等中更新世晚期人类在化石形态特征表现复杂多样,变异范围大。此外,在这一时期人类化石上发现较多与生存活动、健康、环境适应有关的证据。根据这些发现,作者认为中国中更新世早期组人类演化以形态连续性为主;进入中更新世晚期,中国古人类演化区域性特征减弱,演化模式以多样性为主。一系列新的化石发现和研究证据提示中更新世晚期东亚大陆可能生存有不同的古人类成员。根据目前掌握的化石形态和年代证据,大约30万年前是中国更新世中期演化变化关键时间节点。     

门齿孔位置在中国古人类化石与现代人群的表现及其演化意义

魏敦瑞在研究周口店北京直立人化石时发现,位于上颌骨硬腭表面的门齿孔位置在周口店标本靠后,而在现代人靠近齿槽。此后,门齿孔位置作为具有演化意义的形态特征被用于古人类学研究。迄今,对门齿孔位置在中国古人类化石表现的专门研究仅有周口店一件标本,而在现代中国人的数据尚属空白。鉴于此,本文对门齿孔位置在中国古人类化石以及现代中国人标本进行了观察、测量和数据统计。在此基础上,结合世界其他地区古人类数据资料,本文对门齿孔位置在中国古人类化石的表现特点及其演化意义进行了探讨。本研究发现,从更新世早期到更新世晚期,门齿孔位置在中国古人类呈现由后向前的总体变化趋势。更新世早期和中期直立人(郧县曲远河口、周口店)的门齿孔位置都比较靠后;中更新世晚期的部分中国古人类(大荔、长阳、华龙洞)的门齿孔位置前移,并与现代人接近,而金牛山和巢县门齿孔位置比较靠后,位于直立人范围;在更新世晚期,所有中国古人类都比较靠前,位于现代人变异范围。本文对现代人标本的观测显示,门齿孔位置在现代中国人比较靠前。现代人门齿孔大小及形态存在较大变异,这种表现特点在一定程度上影响对门齿孔位置及演化意义的判定。几乎全部现代人标本门齿孔前缘呈...     

东亚中更新世古人类下颔第二臼齿釉质-齿质连接面三维形状和釉质厚度分布

东亚中更新世古人类在头骨、下颌骨、牙齿等解剖部位表现出不同程度的形态多样性,中期成员代表为直立人,而晚期成员的演化地位具有较大争议。为进一步了解东亚中更新世古人类内部的形态变异特点和为东亚中更新世晚期古人类分类提供依据,本文使用微分同胚的表面匹配（Diffeomorphic Surface Matching, DSM）和形态测量图（Morphometric map）对下颌第二臼齿（M₂）釉质-齿质连接面的形状和齿冠侧面釉质厚度分布模式进行了量化分析。结果显示：1）东亚中更新世古人类与晚期人属成员（尼安德特人和现代人）存在较明显的形态差别;2）该时段晚期的东亚古人类相对中期直立人在侧面釉质厚度分布规律上具有独特性,并在釉质-齿质连接面的三维形状上与晚期人属成员更加接近。本文在以往对东亚中更新世古人类牙齿内外结构单个性状研究的基础上,使用三维形态测量方法进一步量化了M₂釉质-齿质连接面三维形状和侧面釉质厚度分布模式两项重要特征的变异特点,这对未来该时段同类型牙齿的形态鉴定以及解决东亚中更新世晚期古人类的分类地位具有一定意义。     

安徽东至华龙洞出土的人类化石

2006年在安徽省东至县华龙洞发现了1枚人类下颌第二臼齿和2件可以拼接在一起的额骨碎片化石。根据华龙洞动物群组成及地层情况,初步确定华龙洞化石层的时代为更新世中期。本文对在华龙洞发现的人类头骨和牙齿化石的形态特征进行了观测,并与相关古人类标本进行了对比。研究发现:华龙洞人额骨和下颌臼齿都呈现出一系列常见于东亚直立人的特征。华龙洞额骨曲度较小,具有粗壮的颞线和较厚的骨壁。此外,华龙洞额骨还具有额中缝结构和扩大的额窦。华龙洞下颌第二臼齿总体显得比较粗壮。齿冠咬合面具有第五尖、第六尖和第七尖。齿冠尺寸明显大于早期现代人、现代人类和欧洲更新世中期人类,位于直立人变异范围。结合对华龙洞人类额骨和牙齿形态对比所揭示的形态特点,在华龙洞发现的人类化石可能代表着生活在更新世中期的直立人。     

山东新泰乌珠台人类牙齿的形态学特征

近些年在东亚发现的晚更新世现代人化石及其研究使得关于该地区现代人起源问题更加复杂,更多该时段人类标本的研究有助于对其有更清晰的认识。1966年在山东新泰乌珠台发现一枚古人类下颌臼齿,吴新智和宗冠福(1973)对其进行了报道,而后再无详细研究。本文将使用牙齿非测量性状的半定量化(分级)、齿冠外轮廓形状的几何形态测量、基于显微断层扫描(Micro-computed tomography 或micro-CT)的釉质厚度、釉质厚度分布规律和齿质表面三维结构复原等方法对乌珠台人类牙齿进行综合研究,进而对东亚晚更新世古人类牙齿形态特征变异有一个进一步的了解。结果显示,乌珠台人类牙齿的形态特征基本与现代人接近,但其所表现出的三角座横脊、Y型齿沟排列、原附尖在现代人中出现率较低,而更多发现在直立人或尼安德特人中。相对于东亚其他晚更新世现代人,乌珠台M3所表现出的特征组合具有特殊性,增加了东亚晚更新世现代人的牙齿形态特征多样性。未来研究可尝试测定乌珠台人类牙齿的绝对年代,以更好的将其归入到现代人演化序列中去。     

中国直立人牙齿特征变异及其演化意义

以往研究发现,中国直立人化石呈现较大的形态变异。对于这种变异程度及造成变异的原因,在古人类学界有不同的认识。有学者提出在直立人阶段,中国古人类已经呈现明显的区域性差异,但也有人认为这些差异似乎没有规律性。近年,本文作者采用不同方法对若干地点的中国直立人牙齿特征及其变异进行了系列研究,取得了一些新的发现和认识。本文在回顾总结这些研究的基础上,结合对其它一些地点中国直立人牙齿特征的观测对比,对中国直立人牙齿特征表现特点及变异作了进一步的分析。本研究发现,中国直立人牙齿特征具有较大的变异范围。这些变异似可分为两种主要类型,元谋、建始、郧县梅铺、和县牙齿呈现出较多的原始特点,代表一种原始类型;周口店、沂源等地点的标本特征相对进步,表现出更多的典型直立人特征。其它一些地点的直立人化石呈现出混合或中间状态。值得注意的是部分呈现出原始牙齿特征类型的中国直立人的生存年代相对较晚,其牙齿特征的原始性与生存时代不具有对应关系。作者认为中国直立人牙齿特征类型反映了更新世早期和中期不同直立人群的演化状态。原始类型牙齿特征的形成不仅与演化时序性和地理分布有关,还在一定程度上反映了一些中国直立人群的演化隔离。     

中更新世晚期许家窑人化石的研究进展

许家窑人类化石在1976-1979年发现于泥河湾盆地北部许家窑遗址（又名许家窑-侯家窑遗址）的74703地点。化石包括1件儿童左侧上颌骨、3颗游离臼齿、2块枕骨、1件上颌支残段和13块顶骨碎片,代表约16个个体,生存于中更新世晚期。对于许家窑人的演化地位,长期以来学者们一直持有不同观点,分别将其归入直立人、尼安德特人、早期智人或者未知人群。最新研究显示：许家窑人的牙齿、头盖骨和下颌骨的形态都具有原始与进步混合的特征;许家窑个体呈现有罕见的先天巨顶孔缺陷遗传疾病、暴力冲突产生的创伤愈合痕迹、因营养缺乏导致的牙齿釉质发育不良及适应潜水环境产生有耳圆枕结构;许家窑人的颅容量为1700 mL以上,其上颌骨内鼻底、颞骨内耳迷路和枕圆枕的形态类似尼安德特人,牙齿生长发育模式接近现代人。许家窑人特殊的形态特征,特别是低而宽的头盖部和巨大的颅容量,与许昌人头骨形态相近,二者可能代表中更新世晚期-晚更新世早期东亚境内生存的一种新型古老型人类——巨颅人,可能是欧洲先驱人或者尼安德特人的祖先向东亚扩散,与东亚直立人杂交的后代。     

贵州毕节韦家洞古人类遗址年代测定及人牙的形态学意义

2007年贵州毕节韦家洞首次发现古人类活动遗物。2016～2018年对遗址做深入考察,发现韦家洞是一个严重破坏的晚更新世古人类遗址,在深度破坏的扰乱层中出土了大量古人类活动证据,包括石制品、动物烧骨和人类牙齿,2018年在洞口和洞内深处发现残留的原生文化层。本文报告了韦家洞原生文化层的¹⁴C年代测定结果,距今1.2～2.7万年前,属于晚更新世末期。同时,观察描述了韦家洞出土的一枚古人类上颌第四前臼齿化石,对牙齿形态测量进行了研究比较,发现韦家洞人牙测量值落在现代中国人变异范围内,牙冠咬合面及釉质-齿质交界面EDJ形态简单,牙根短,根管简单纤细,与现代人相似。牙冠颊舌径大,具有三角形隆起和齿带,牙冠颊侧和舌侧均有垂直沟,近中和远中缘有边缘副结节,牙根中部膨大,这些特征显示了韦家洞人牙形态的原始性。综合比较国内外出土的古人类上颌第四前臼齿的形态特点及其演化趋势,结合遗址年代测定结果,我们认为韦家洞出土的人类上颌第四前臼齿形态特点体现了古人类牙齿演化的镶嵌性,为晚更新世东亚早期现代人的形态变异及其演化增添了新证据。     

山西襄汾石沟砂场发现人类枕骨化石

2012年,山西襄汾县南贾镇上鲁村石沟砂场发现一件人类枕骨化石。该化石埋藏于汾河西岸第Ⅲ级阶地的砂砾层,地质时代可能是中更新世晚期。本文对枕骨形态特征进行描述,并将其与亚洲直立人、早期智人、早期现代人相关标本进行对比。观察发现,石沟古人类具有印加骨的形态特征,为中国古人类印加骨高频出现增添了新的证据;枕鳞中部没有发育枕骨圆枕,而具有最上项线,显示出枕骨形态的进步性,推测石沟古人类可能属于早期现代人。石沟古人类枕骨化石对于探讨中国及东亚地区古人类的系统演化问题提供了证据。     

云南禄丰晚中新世的长臂猿类化石

本文记述的是在禄丰腊玛古猿化石产地发现的长臂猿类化石,它是一种与上猿较为相似而又具有一些进步性质的长臂猿类。它的发现从根本上改变了晚中新世此类化石记录稀少的状况,使我们对这一时期的长臂猿类有了新的认识;同时,对现生长臂猿起源的研究提供了较为充分的化石依据。鉴于它的形态特征和地史分布,作者把它订为一新属新种Laccopithecusrobussus gen.et sp.nov.     

The Spy VI child: a newly discovered Neandertal infant

Spy cave (Jemeppe-sur-Sambre, Belgium) is reputed for the two adult Neandertal individuals discovered in situ in 1886. Recent reassessment of the Spy collections has allowed direct radiocarbon dating of these individuals. The sorting of all of the faunal collections has also led to the discovery of the remains of a Neandertal child, Spy VI. This individual is represented by two mandibular corpus fragments. The left fragment is the most complete and both sides preserve the mental foramen. Four deciduous teeth are associated with these mandibular remains: three incisors and one canine. The lower left canine (Spy 645a) conjoins with the corresponding alveolar socket in the left part of the mandible. Following extant standards, the developmental stage of the preserved teeth indicate an age at death of about one and a half years. In addition to performing a classical morphometric comparative study of the mandible and teeth, we have evaluated the dental tissue proportions using high-resolution microtomographic techniques. Our results show that Spy VI generally falls within the Neandertal range of variation. However, this specimen also exhibits particular traits, notably in the dental internal structural organization, which reveals that variation in the immature Neandertal variation is larger than what was variation currently represented by the available fossil record. These observations demonstrate the need for investigating the frequency and expression of immature Neandertal traits in fossil anterior teeth, as well as their temporal and geographic variation. Direct radiocarbon dating of the Spy VI specimen has been conducted in two different laboratories. The results of Spy VI confirm the age previously determined for the two adults, making the Spy Neandertal remains the youngest ever directly dated in northwest Europe.     

Dental development in Megaladapis edwardsi (Primates, Lemuriformes): implications for understanding life history variation in subfossil lemurs

Teeth grow incrementally and preserve within them a record of that incremental growth in the form of microscopic growth lines. Studying dental development in extinct and extant primates, and its relationship to adult brain and body size as well as other life history and ecological parameters (e.g., diet, somatic growth rates, gestation length, age at weaning), holds the potential to yield unparalleled insights into the life history profiles of fossil primates. Here, we address the absolute pace of dental development in Megaladapis edwardsi, a giant extinct lemur of Madagascar. By examining the microstructure of the first and developing second molars in a juvenile individual, we establish a chronology of molar crown development for this specimen (M1 CFT = 1.04 years; M2 CFT = 1.42 years) and determine its age at death (1.39 years). Microstructural data on prenatal M1 crown formation time allow us to calculate a minimum gestation length of 0.54 years for this species. Postnatal crown and root formation data allow us to estimate its age at M1 emergence (approximately 0.9 years) and to establish a minimum age for M2 emergence (>1.39 years). Finally, using reconstructions or estimates (drawn elsewhere) of adult body mass, brain size, and diet in Megaladapis, as well as the eruption sequence of its permanent teeth, we explore the efficacy of these variables in predicting the absolute pace of dental development in this fossil species. We test competing explanations of variation in crown formation timing across the order Primates. Brain size is the best single predictor of crown formation time in primates, but other variables help to explain the variation.     

云南元谋古猿地点的小哺乳动物化石

本文依据元谋盆地西北小河村一带古猿化石地点所产６种小哺乳动物（Ａｎｏｕｒｏｓｏｒｅｘｓｐ．,Ｌｅｐｏｎｄａｅｇｅｎ．ｅｔｓｐ．ｉｎｄｅｔ．,Ｓｃｉｕｒｏｔａｍｉａｓｓｐ．,Ｍｏｎｏｓａｕｌａｘｓｐ．,Ｂｒａｃｈｙｒｈｉｚｏｍｙｓｂｌａｃｋｉ,Ｒｈｉｚｏｍｙｉｄａｅｇｅｎ．ｅｔｓｐ．ｉｎｄｅｔ）,初步论证了几个合古猿化石地点（８６０３、８７０１、８７０４、８８０１、９００１）的时代均为晚中新世,相当于欧洲Ｔｕｒｏｌｉａｎ晚期,比禄丰古猿化石地点的时代稍晚．     

Generalized individual dental age stages for fossil and extant placental mammals

The traditional age stages for eutherian mammals (infant, juvenile, adult, senile) can be difficult to apply in the fossil record. Based on the tooth eruption and wear of the cheek teeth we propose six “individual dental age stages” (IDAS) that can be applied to almost all fossil and extant mammalian dentitions. The six stages of IDAS cover the entire life span. Traditional terms can be correlated to the IDAS stages and thus redefined based on the dentition: IDAS 0—prenatal, IDAS 1—infant, IDAS 2—juvenile, IDAS 3—adult, IDAS 4—late adult, and IDAS 5—senile. Furthermore IDAS enables comparison between individuals, characterizing the mortality in monospecific populations, and even of entire communities composed of various species. The data obtained can be used for paleoecological interpretations. The varying duration of different stages in the IDAS pattern during the life history forms an additional way to characterize mammalian groups by development and wear of their dentition.     

Life-History Inference in the Early Hominins Australopithecus and Paranthropus

The life histories of early hominins are commonly characterized as being like those of great apes. However, the life histories of the extant great apes differ considerably from one another. Moreover, the extent to which their life histories correlate with the two aspects of morphology used to infer the life histories of fossil species, brain size and dental development, has remained subject to debate. Increased knowledge of great ape life histories and, more recently, dental development —in particular ages at first molar emergence— now make it clearer that the latter is strongly associated with important life-history attributes, whereas brain size, as reflected by cranial capacity, is less informative. Here we estimate ages at M1 emergence in several infant/juvenile individuals of Australopithecus and Paranthropus based on previous estimates of ages at death, determined through dental histology. These are uniformly earlier than would be predicted either by adult cranial capacity or by comparison to ages at M1 emergence in free-living extant great apes. This suggests that either, 1) the life histories of the early hominins were faster than those of all extant great apes; 2) there was selection for rapid initial dental development and presumably early weaning, but that early hominin life histories were otherwise more prolonged and consistent with adult cranial capacities; or 3) the ages at death have been systematically underestimated, resulting in underestimates of the ages at M1 emergence. We investigate the implications of each of these alternatives and, where possible, explore evidence that might support one over the others.     

Pleistocene foxes (Vulpes,Canidae, Carnivora) from the Taurida Cave,Crimea

Doklady Biological Sciences - A mandible fragment and four isolated teeth of the fossil foxes, Vulpes alopecoides (Del Campana, 1913), Vulpes cf. vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) and Vulpes sp., are...     

The mixed dentition and associated skull fragments of a juvenile fossil hominid from Sterkfontein,South Africa

In April–May 1983, the late A.R. Hughes and his field team recovered more than 40 bone fragments and teeth from a single solution pocket of the Sterkfontein Formation. After preparation and reconstruction by JMC, it was recognised that these fragments represent a single juvenile individual (Stw 151), consisting of more than 40 cranial and dental parts, with mixed dentition. It constitutes the most complete set of jaws and teeth of an early hominid child since the Taung child was recovered in 1924. In this paper, the morphological and metrical features of the individual teeth are described. The other associated skull fragments (right ramus of the mandible, left petrous bone, right glenoid region) are also described. Comparisons are made with other South (and East) African fossil hominids. The beautiful preservation simultaneously of most of the deciduous teeth and of the permanent teeth exposed in their crypts allows an accurate analysis of the developmental sequence. A report on the dental developmental status of this juvenile is presented. On the basis of the microanatomical study of the developing permanent teeth, the estimated age at death is 5.2–5.3 years. Reconstructions of the maxillary and mandibular arcades are also offered. The morphological and metrical features of Stw 151 raise the possibility that it may represent a hominid more derived towards an early Homo condition than the rest of the A. africanus sample from Member 4. Am J Phys Anthropol 106:425–465, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

记吉林集安仙人洞的鹿类化石,兼述我国斑鹿化石的分类

本文记述了产于吉林省集安县大路乡仙人洞洞穴堆积中的晚更新世鹿超科化石。这些化石可以分别归入麝科Moschidae和鹿科Cervidae,共四个种:Moschus moschiferus, Cervus (Sika) nippon horiulorum, Megaloceros ordosianus和Capreolus manchuricus。它们代表四种大小不同的鹿类动物,同为我国北方猛犸象-披毛犀动物群的成员。本文还指出斑鹿亚属的拉丁学名应为Sika,而不是Pseudaxis。产于我国的斑鹿化石可分为四个种。     

New Australopithecus robustus fossils and associated U-Pb dates from Cooper's Cave (Gauteng, South Africa)

Australopithecus robustus is one of the best represented hominin taxa in Africa, with hundreds of specimens recovered from six fossil localities in the Bloubank Valley area of Gauteng Province, South Africa. However, precise geochronological ages are presently lacking for these fossil cave infills. In this paper, we provide a detailed geological background to a series of hominin fossils retrieved from the newly investigated deposit of Cooper's D (located partway between Sterkfontein and Kromdraai in the Bloubank Valley), including uranium-lead (U-Pb) ages for speleothem material associated with A. robustus. U-Pb dating of a basal speleothem underlying the entire deposit results in a maximum age of 1.526 (±0.088) Ma for Cooper's D. A second U-Pb date of ca. 1.4 Ma is produced from a flowstone layer above this basal speleothem; since this upper flowstone is not a capping flowstone, and fossiliferous sediments are preserved above this layer, some of the hominins might be slightly younger than the calculated age. As a result, we can broadly constrain the age of the hominins from Cooper's D to between 1.5 and approximately 1.4 Ma. Extinct fauna recorded in this comparatively young deposit raise the possibility that the Bloubank Valley region of South Africa represented a more stable environmental refugium for taxa relative to tectonically more active East Africa. The sediments of the deposit likely infilled rapidly during periods when arid conditions prevailed in the paleoenvironment, although it is unclear whether sediment deposition and bone deposition were necessarily contemporaneous occurrences. We reconstruct the paleoenvironment of Cooper's D as predominantly grassland, with nearby woodlands and a permanent water source. The hominin teeth recovered from Cooper's D are all from juveniles and can be confidently assigned to A. robustus. In addition, two juvenile mandibular fragments and an adult thoracic vertebra are tentatively attributed to A. robustus.