郑州青台遗址新石器时代中晚期人群龋齿的统计与分析

本文通过对郑州青台遗址新石器时代中晚期91例个体、1913枚牙齿罹患龋齿的统计与分析可知,青台人群患龋率为71.43%,龋齿率为13.38%。其中,龋齿率女性高于男性,可能与女性孕期生理变化、食物选择及性别分工等有关。上颌龋齿率高于下颌,臼齿及咬合面为龋齿易患齿类及部位。通过对比可知青台人群显示出较高的龋齿罹患率,暗示该人群饮食中应包含较多的碳水化合物类食物,这可能与新石器时代中晚期黄河中游发达的旱作农业有关。此外,龋齿率在黄河及长江中、下游新石器时代农业人群中的区域性差异可能与龋病病因的复杂性和各地区不同的文化面貌、人群生活方式有关。     

鲤鱼墩遗址出土人牙的牙齿磨耗和龋齿

距今约6000年以前, 华南先民以渔猎采集经济为主, 并辅之以块茎植物种植的观点已为学界所共识。这种类型的生业方式与长江中下游、华北及其以北地区有着较大的区别。这不仅反映在遗址出土的动植物遗存和生产工具的不同, 也体现在出土人骨体质特征的差异上。后者已初步为C、N稳定同位素的比较研究所证实。本文则利用鲤鱼墩遗址出土的人牙,从牙齿磨耗和龋齿两方面考察上述差异。     

河南渑池笃忠遗址仰韶晚期出土的人骨骨病研究

本文对河南省渑池笃忠遗址仰韶晚期灰坑出土人骨的骨病做了详细的观察.在牙病方面.对龋病、牙周病、牙釉质发育不全等情况做了记录和分析,应用两样本率差异的x2检验,比较了龋病在性别、年龄的差异.研究结果表明,笃忠组龋病的患齿率性别差异不显著,与年龄变化也没有明显的关系.此外,笃忠组人骨标本中还观察到错(牙合)畸形、骨瘤、退行...     

磨盘山遗址新石器时代人骨研究

磨盘山遗址是分布在云南省楚雄彝族自治州元谋盆地的一处新石器时代聚落。本文通过对遗址出土的6例新石器时代人骨的体质人类学研究,得出以下结论:磨盘山组颅骨的形态特征可以概括为中颅型与正颅型相结合,阔额型、阔上面型、阔鼻型、中眶型并伴有颇大的面部扁平度;磨盘山组应属于亚洲蒙古人种范畴,在次级分类比较中与南亚类型在鼻眶形态和上面部形态上表现出更多的相似性;在与亚洲蒙古人种各近代组的比较中,磨盘山组与广西壮族组关系最为密切,与蒙古组关系最为疏远;在与其他新石器对比组的比较中,磨盘山组与代表"古华南类型"的甑皮岩组、鲤鱼墩组和昙石山组表现出更多的一致性,与"古中原类型"和"古华北类型"关系疏远。     

苏州草鞋山遗址新石器时代以来的植硅石研究

本文首次对苏州草鞋山遗址新石器时代以来的植硅石进行分析。结果表明：马家浜文化时期气候发展经历了三个阶段。第一阶段（距今约６２７５ａ以前）气候温暖湿润,禾本科植物以芦竹亚科、竹亚科和水稻为主;第二阶段（距今约６２７５－６２００ａ间）气候温凉略干,黍亚科大量出现;第三阶段（距今约６２００－５９８５ａ间）气温回升。菘泽文化至宋代,气温继续变暖,此阶段,禾本科各亚科植物均有生长。本遗址马家浜文化时期发现典型水稻扇型及亚铃型硅酸体,反映该地自马家浜文化时期以来,水稻栽培已有一定规模     

山西陶寺遗址出土人骨的病理和创伤

本文对陶寺文化中晚期部分墓葬和灰坑中出土的人骨的牙齿病理和头骨创伤进行了观察。病理观察项目包括龋齿、牙周病、牙齿釉质发育不全三个指标, 还对稳定同位素15N数据进行了再分析。研究结果指出, 牙齿的龋齿率处于较低水平, 其原因可能有两个方面, 一是调查人群的平均年龄相当低; 二是与陶寺人群的饮食中有一定比例的肉食量有关。这一认识得到陶寺早期人群牙齿磨耗速率的研究和对稳定同位素δ15N数据的再分析的支持。另外, 牙周病的调查结果显示墓葬和灰坑人骨半数以上个体都有牙周病。牙齿釉质发育不全的调查显示, 约三分之一的陶寺人群在其儿童生长发育过程中受到机体代谢压力的影响, 如常患感染性疾病、发烧或营养失调等。灰坑再现的乱骨现象以及头骨片上多见的创缘和裂缝反映出人群之间的暴力色彩, 折射出陶寺社会矛盾的激化和动荡。     

吉林白城双塔新石器时代遗址的动物遗存及其环境

本文对中国东北地区目前所知较早的双塔新石器时代遗址的动物遗存及其生存环境进行了研究,探讨了古代人类的生存模式。本项研究的主要材料基于2007年双塔遗址一期地层及遗迹单位出土的三万多件以脊椎动物为主的动物遗存,并结合孢粉分析的研究成果。研究工作主要采用比较解剖学、动物地理学、动物生态学,以及文化历史考古学的分析方法。约一万年前双塔遗址周围处于干旱的沉积环境,气候较冷,双塔一期早中段,植被覆盖率较高,呈现出草甸为主的植被景观,还曾有林地和一定规模的河湖;然而,晚段的植被覆盖率降低,环境变为半荒漠;人们采用的是以蒙古兔、环颈雉等小型动物为主要狩猎对象,兼营渔捞的广谱型肉食资源获取的经济形态;结合对遗址出土的石制工具组合分析,推断当时人们采用的是以渔猎采集经济为主的广谱型生业模式,一定程度上显示出可持续性发展的生存对策。     

内蒙古察右前旗庙子沟遗址新石器时代人骨的稳定同位素分析

稳定同位素分析技术近年来发展为复原古代民族食物结构、社会经济模式的有效手段。本文在应用该技术对庙子沟新石器时代遗址出土人骨中的C、N同位素比值进行了测定。结果显示,庙子沟新石器时代居民日常饮食习惯中保持着相当比例的动物性食物摄入,植物类食物的摄入中以C4类植物为主。结合其他相关资料,我们认为该组居民是以农业生产方式为主,狩猎业、采集业和渔猎业在经济生活中占据重要地位。本文的研究结果可以为复原新石器时代北方农牧交错带居民的经济模式研究提供有益的线索。     

广西百色六合遗址发掘简报

六合遗址位于百色盆地右江南岸第4级阶地上, 于2005年6月至11月进行了抢救性发掘, 揭露面积1000㎡。遗址地层分为5层, 其中第①、②和③层为次生堆积, 第④层为原生的网纹红土, 第⑤层为砾石层。本次发掘出土71件文化遗物, 包括磨制石器2件、打制石器69件; 此外还发现1件玻璃陨石。打制石器以大型和中型为主, 包括石核、石片、工具、断块等, 以断块居多; 工具类型有砍砸器和手镐。石制品原料采自遗址附近第4级阶地砾石层, 有石英岩、角砾岩、细砂岩、硅质岩、中砂岩和石英, 以石英岩为主。根据出土的玻璃陨石, 并结合地层、石制品特征比较, 六合遗址打制石器的年代可能为中更新世早期。     

桂林甑皮岩新石器时代遗址居民的龋病

作者对新石器时代早期的桂林甑皮岩遗址出土的16例龋病作了观察。这批遗存的人骨材料的患龋率为93.75％,龋均为6.07。该遗址居民患龋病的普遍性及严重性远大于同时代的居民及现代居民。     

Secretor status and dental caries in Iceland

Abstract The proportion of non-secretors of ABH blood-group substances among Icelanders is one of the highest recorded for European countries. Dental caries prevalence is also very high. In this study of dental caries in young adults mean number of decayed, missing and filled teeth for secretors were 17.4 and for non-secretors 19.9 ( P < 0.05). A majority of patients seeking free dental treatment in the Dental School were non-secretors (62.7%) significantly more than the proportion of non-secretors in the general population (36%; P < 0.01). It is postulated that blood group substances may interfere with the adherence of Streptococcus mutants to teeth.     

牙齿残留物反映的闽西新石器时代人类食谱

本项目对福建闽西地区奇和洞与南山两处新石器时代遗址出土古人类牙齿进行了表面残留物提取与鉴定,通过对其中淀粉粒残留物的种类与数量对比,讨论了全新世初期至中期闽西地区古人类对植物资源的利用方式。这些古人类牙齿表面包含四大类形态不同的淀粉粒:1)多面体形;2)圆形或椭圆形;3)圆锥形;4)水滴形。这些淀粉粒分别代表了禾本科植物种子、植物地下根茎部分和疑似的坚果类,这些都是古人类容易获得的野生食物资源,在新石器时代古人类的饮食中占据着重要的地位。     

Ancient dental calculus and diet

Dental calculus has been often considered as a consequence of dietary habits, mainly related to the post Neolitic agricultural development. The presence of fossilized bacteria in the Kebara 2 teeth, aged 60.000 years BP, and the similarity of oral pathologies in pre and post Neolithic samples confirm the multifactorial etiology of oral diseases in general and dental calculus in particular.     

细菌生物膜与龋齿相关性的研究进展

牙菌斑是由多种微生物在牙面上沉积,有机基质互相集聚、交联而形成的生物膜结构,生物膜中微生物相互依存、相互竞争,构成了复杂的微生态关系。牙菌斑生物膜的形成是导致龋齿重要过程。本文综述了细菌生物膜与龋齿发生的关系,以期为龋齿的预防与治疗提供新的思路。     

Log-linear analysis of dental caries occurrence in four skeletal series.

Four skeletal series (Corinth, Greece; Gran Quivira, New Mexico; Semna South, Sudanese Nubia, and a large group from scattered sites in England) were coded for sex, jaw, tooth group, dental attrition, dental caries, site and time period. Through thec concepts of a basal level of caries and a cariosity gradient, a single model was found which best described the occurrence of this disease in these samples. All factors were found to contribute significantly to the model. Within the possible subsamples the general characteristics are that the profiles of males, of the mandibulae and of those with light attrition are more likely to have lower overall dental caries levels and to be relatively more carious in the back of the mouth than the front when compared to the pooled sample of all teeth and caries. The opposite is also found to be generally true; the teeth of females, maxillae and heavy attrition are associated with more caries, especially toward the front of the mouth. These results imply that samples appearing otherwise homogeneous display much variation. They also reveal distinct regularities in the reactions of diverse human groups to dental caries.     

益生菌防治龋病的研究进展

随着人们生活水平日益提高,口腔健康越来越受到关注。近年来,益生菌对口腔菌群和宿主健康的调节作用已成为广泛研究的话题。已有证据表明,益生菌可以竞争性地抑制口腔中致病细菌的黏附和定植,分泌抗菌物质以减少病原菌。本文综述了相关益生菌对变形链球菌这一公认的龋齿病原菌的作用,包括:(1)生物表面活性剂、细菌素、胞外多糖等益生菌代谢产物对变形链球菌牙菌生物膜的抑制作用;(2)刺激宿主免疫反应,调节口腔菌群组成;(3)下调或阻断变形链球菌细胞中与黏附在牙齿表面形成生物膜相关的基因表达。     

Interobserver reliability of methods for paleopathological diagnosis of dental caries

There is disagreement as to whether clinical methods of caries diagnosis will produce reliable results in skeletal material, and studies vary greatly in the extent to which such methods are employed. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to evaluate the interobserver reliability of visual, tactile, and radiographic methods of scoring dental caries in ancient populations. Thirty-three individuals from a Mogollon skeletal sample were scored on three occasions by pairs of examiners. The first exam employed visual criteria alone. In the second exam, visual methods were supplemented with the dental explorer. For the third exam, mesial and distal surfaces were scored from “intraoral” radiographs. Examiners worked independently, but did calibrate on material from clinical populations prior to the second and third exams. Exams were conducted on a “blind” basis, and analysis was delayed until all exams were completed. Caries scores were expressed as a percentage of total surfaces present per individual. Repeat-measures ANOVA and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to estimate interobserver reliabilities. For visual scores, ICC = 0.97, and there is no significant difference between examiners (P = 0.897). For visual plus explorer scores, ICC drops to 0.90, and there is a significant difference between examiners (P = 0.003). For the radiographs, ICC = 0.86, and there is no significant difference between observers (P = 0.117). These results suggest that clinical methods are less reliable in skeletal populations. Probable sources of error include postmortem dehydration of carious dentin, confusing radiolucencies engendered by worn or fractured enamel, and inadequate radiologic standards for root caries. These problems can be avoided through reliance on visual criteria.     

Palaeoecological and palaeoethnological analysis of botanical macrofossils found at the Neolithic site of Rivaltella ca'Romensini, northern Italy

The botanical macrofossils (charcoals, seeds and fruits) found during the archaeological excavation of the middle Neolithic site of Rivaltella Ca'Romensini near Reggio Emilia, northern Italy, have been analyzed. Among the charcoal fragments 11 different taxa have been identified, with a clear predominance of oaks. The relative frequencies of the different taxa probably do not reflect the real frequencies in the forest, but suggest that firewood had been gathered selectively. Among the seeds and fruits, four different Gramineae, a small wild apple and some hazelnut shells have been identified. These results indicate that the food economy of the Neolithic Rivaltella inhabitants was partially based on agriculture and on fruit gathering.