矮嵩草草甸植物群落数量特征对模拟增温的响应

在5个(A～E)直径不同的开顶式增温小室(OTCs)环境条件下,通过连续5年(2002～2006)的野外试验,分析了植物生长季矮嵩草草甸植物群落地上部分生物量、平均高度、盖度对模拟增温的响应.结果表明:(1)开顶式增温小室能够有效改变微气候环境,室内气温比室外增加0.24～3.41℃,其增温幅度与温室面积大小呈显著负相关(r=-0.993 1·).(2)随着试验时间的持续,各温室植物群落地上部分生物量均逐渐升高,第1年以温室B略高(202.01 g/m2),而第5年以温室A最高(414.56 g/m2)且显著高于其它处理和对照(P<0.05).(3)植物群落平均高度在同一温室呈逐年增加的趋势, 第5年显著高于其它年份(P<0.05);而不同温室间的植物群落平均高度随着室内温度的增高而逐渐显著增加.(4)植物群落总盖度呈逐年上升的趋势,至第5年已接近或达到100%;各温室间分盖度之和无显著差异(P>0.05),而其年际间变化差异极显著(P<0.001),2004～2006年分盖度之和均极显著高于2002和2003年,而2003年又显著高于2002年.可见,随着温室气温的逐渐增加,矮嵩草草甸植物群落地上部分生物量、平均高度、盖度均表现为逐渐上升的趋势.     

二斑叶螨雌成螨对高温胁迫的生理响应

为明确二斑叶螨对设施农业中温室高温环境胁迫的生理响应,在实验室内以二斑叶螨Tetrarcychus urticae雌成虫为试螨,设置36℃、39℃和42℃3个温度梯度,2 h、4 h和6 h 3个胁迫时间,测定各胁迫处理后其体内多功能氧化酶(MFO)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)的酶比活力以及酶动...     

温度对神经元网络活动的影响

利用多通道微电极阵列上培养的海马神经元网络,通过分析28～41℃范围内不同温度时网络自发放电频率．幅度和相邻峰电位时间间隔(interspike interval,ISI)的变化,探讨了温度对网络活动的影响。发现温度升高过程中放电频率、幅度呈不同程度增大的趋势,峰电位数目的变化程度随其间隔的增大呈减小趋势。结果表明体外培养的胎鼠海马神经元的网络活动具有温度敏感性。     

低温胁迫对南方根结线虫存活的影响及在北方温室的应用

本研究采用室内离体测定的方法研究了低温处理对南方根结线虫二龄幼虫(J2)致死率和卵囊孵化率的影响，在此基础上，通过田间试验评价了两种土壤低温处理方法对北方地区温室南方根结线虫存活率的影响。室内研究结果表明：-7℃处理24 h后，南方根结线虫J2存活率为0;-9℃处理24 h后，南方根结线虫卵囊完全不孵化。-1、-2、-3、-4℃分别处理8、5、3、1.5 d后J2存活率均为0;-2、-3、-4、-5℃分别处理9、6、4、1 d后卵囊完全不孵化。拟合分析发现，温度与J2致死时间及温度与卵囊不孵化时间均呈指数函数关系。田间试验结果表明：起垄后0～50 cm土层和平地0～30 cm土层南方根结线虫死亡率均可达100%,平地30～40及40～50 cm较温室同深度病情指数分别减少84.9%、75.8%。因此，在陕西省榆林市及其以北地区，冬季通过低温防控温室南方根结线虫能达到较好效果，技术可操作性强，具有较为广阔的推广前景。     

血雉的产卵时间和产卵间隔

鸟类的产卵时间和产卵间隔因种而异 ,并会影响其繁殖成功。采用在巢内放置含有温度数据自动记录装置的假卵 ,通过记录其温度的变化来监测雌鸟产卵行为的方法 ,对分布于我国青藏高原森林鸟类血雉(Ithaginiscruentus)的产卵时间和产卵间隔进行了研究。结果表明 ,雌鸟每次入巢产卵的时间是在 15 :16± 2 2min (13 :30～ 18:5 1) ,产卵高峰集中在 14:0 0～ 16 :0 0 ,每次在巢中停留 (2 2± 0 2 6 )h。产卵间隔为 (46 4± 3 0 8)h ,大多数 (75 % )产卵间隔 45 8～ 48 9h。由此推测 ,血雉产卵时间较为集中很可能与避开夜行性捕食者的活动高峰有关 ;而隔天产卵则是对高原恶劣环境条件的适应。     

林龄对红松和落叶松人工林土壤温室气体通量的影响

探讨人工林发育过程中土壤温室气体排放及其机制,可为森林温室气体通量估算提供理论依据.采用室内培养方法研究了黑龙江省帽儿山地区不同林龄(15、30和50年生)红松(Pinus koraiensis)和落叶松(Larix gmelinii)人工林土壤温室气体排放/吸收速率及其调控因素.结果 表明:30年生红松和落叶松人工林...     

微小花蝽对温室白粉虱的捕食作用

研究微小花蝽Orius minutus(L.)对温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)的捕食作用。结果表明,微小花蝽成虫对温室白粉虱各虫态的功能反应呈HollingⅡ型。微小花蝽成虫对温室白粉虱卵、1龄和2龄混合若虫及其3龄若虫的理论最大捕食量分别为123,74和52头/d。微小花蝽成虫对温室白粉虱卵的捕食效应随捕食者个体间干扰作用的增加而下降,符合Hassel-Varley方程,捕食作用率(E)随着微小花蝽数(P)增加而呈幂指数下降,模拟模型E=0.1021P-0.3189,干扰系数为0.3189。在15～40℃的温度范围内,随着温度的升高微小花蝽成虫对温室白粉虱卵的寻找效率提高,最高达1.1990,处置时间缩短,最低达到0.0035d。     

下挖深度对节能日光温室环境因子日变化及空间分布的影响

对山东省泰安市下挖0、0.5、1.0、1.5m节能日光温室(不同下挖深度温室的结构参数完全一致)太阳直射辐射能截获量进行分析,研究了2009年12月20日—24日(冬至日前后)和2010年6月19日—23日(夏至日前后)温室环境因子日变化规律及其空间分布特点.结果表明:随着下挖深度的增加,下挖壁面在温室内的阴影面积逐渐增加,进入室内的太阳直射辐射逐渐由南向北迁移,地面辐射/后墙辐射值逐渐减小;日光温室下挖深度在0～1.0m时,下挖越深,温室气温和地温增温效果越显著、保温效果越好,下挖深度达1.5m时增温效果则显著下降、最低地温偏离度增大;下挖越深,温室内光照度越低、相对湿度越大.兼顾温室的采光与保温性能,泰安地区10m跨度的下挖式日光温室的适宜下挖深度应不超过1.0m.     

不同训练间隔时间对双斑蟋嗅觉学习记忆的影响

以双斑蟋为实验动物,探讨训练时间间隔对蟋蟀嗅觉学习记忆产生的响。方法:随机选取6只蟋蟀成虫,设置不同训练间隔时间(30s、2min、5min、10min),用条件刺激和非条件刺激相结合方式,探究不同训练间隔对蟋蟀学习嗅觉记忆行为的影响,进而研究蟋蟀的学习记忆能力。结果表明不同训练间隔时间对双斑蟋的嗅觉记忆有着不同的影响。     

基于冠层温湿度模型的日光温室黄瓜霜霉病预警方法

利用温室环境参数构建室内微环境模拟模型,并结合温室病害模型进行预警,便于开展病害生态防治,以减少农药使用,从而保护温室生态环境和保证农产品质量安全.本文利用温室内能量守恒原理和水分平衡原理,构建了日光温室冠层叶片温度和空气相对湿度模拟模型.叶片温度模拟模型考虑了温室内植物与墙体、土壤、覆盖物之间的辐射热交换,以及室内净辐射、叶片蒸腾作用引起的能量变化;相对湿度模拟模型综合了温室内叶片蒸腾、土壤蒸发、覆盖物与叶面的水汽凝结引起的水分变化.将温湿度估计模型输出值作为参数,输入黄瓜霜霉病初侵染和潜育期预警模型中,估计黄瓜霜霉病发病日期,并与田间观测的实际发病日期比较.试验选取2014年9月和10月的温湿度监测数据进行模型验证,冠层叶片温度实际值与模拟值的均方根偏差（RMSD)分别为0.016和0.024 ℃,空气相对湿度实际值与模拟值的RMSD分别为0.15%和0.13%.结合温湿度估计模型结果表明,黄瓜病害预警系统预测黄瓜霜霉病发病日期与田间调查发病日期相吻合.本研究可为黄瓜日光温室病害预警模型及系统构建提供微环境数据支持.     

Indoor climate and air quality

 In industrialized countries about 90% of the time is spent indoors. The ambient parameters affecting indoor thermal comfort are air temperature and humidity, air velocity, and radiant heat exchange within an enclosure. In assessing the thermal environment, one needs to consider all ambient parameters, the insulating properties of the occupants’ clothing, and the activity level of the occupants by means of heat balance models of the human body. Apart from thermal parameters, air quality (measured and perceived) is also of importance for well-being and health in indoor environments. Pollutant levels are influenced by both outdoor concentrations and by indoor emissions. Indoor levels can thus be lower (e.g. in the case of ozone and SO₂) or higher (e.g. for CO₂ and formaldehyde) than outdoor levels. Emissions from cooking play an important role, especially in developing countries. The humidity of the ambient air has a wide range of effects on the energy and water balance of the body as well as on elasticity, air quality perception, build-up of electrostatic charge and the formation or mould. However, its effect on the indoor climate is often overestimated. While air-handling systems are commonly used for achieving comfortable indoor climates, their use has also been linked to a variety of problems, some of which have received attention within the context of ”sick building syndrome”. Received: 27 October 1997 / Accepted 26 November 1997     

An initial assessment of the bioclimatic comfort in an outdoor public space in Lisbon

This paper describes the application of a methodology designed to analyse the relationship between climatic conditions and the perception of bioclimatic comfort. The experiment consisted of conducting simultaneous questionnaire surveys and weather measurements during 2 sunny spring days in an open urban area in Lisbon. The results showed that under outdoor conditions, thermal comfort can be maintained with temperatures well above the standard values defined for indoor conditions. There seems to be a spontaneous adaptation in terms of clothing whenever the physiological equivalent temperature threshold of 31°C is surpassed. The perception of air temperature is difficult to separate from the perception of the thermal environment and is modified by other parameters, particularly wind. The perception of solar radiation is related to the intensity of fluxes from various directions (i.e. falling upon both vertical and horizontal surfaces), weighted by the coefficients of incidence upon the human body. Wind was found to be the most intensely perceived variable, usually negatively. Wind perception depends largely on the extreme values of wind speed and wind variability. Women showed a stronger negative reaction to high wind speed than men. The experiment proved that this methodology is well-suited to achieving the proposed objectives and that it may be applied in other areas and in other seasons.     

Relationship between cerebrovascular disease and indoor thermal environment in two selected towns in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan

1. 1. This paper describes the results of an investigation of the relationship between mortality from cerebrovascular disease (hereafter called stroke) and the indoor thermal environment in two selected towns with different socioeconomic compositions: Shiwahime, an agricultura town with relatively high stroke mortality, and Karakuwa, a fishing town with relatively low stroke mortality, using a case-control research design.

2. 2. The measurement of the indoor thermal environments were conducted and the surveyed with a questionnaire during the winter of 1986.

3. 3. The findings are summarized as detailed below.

4. 4. Room temperatures in the control households were generally higher than those in the case households by up to 1.3°C.

5. 5. The thermal conditions of the housing in the case households were a little inferior to those in the control households.

6. 6. Despite much lower room temperatures than the so-called comfort temperature, members of both the case and the control households did not express feelings of being cold in the rooms.

7. 7. It is concluded, including the survey results from other literature, that improvements in the indoor thermal environment should receive more attention with respect of the reduction in stroke mortality, particularly in areas of cold climates.

Airborne bacteria and fungal spores in the indoor environment. A case study in Singapore

The concentration of airborne fungal spores and bacteria as related to room temperature, humidity and occupancy levels within a library building in Singapore was determined. Measurement of indoor air quality with respect to microorganisms is of particular importance in tropical environments due to the extensive use of air‐conditioning systems and the potential implications for human health. This study has revealed a number of interesting relationships between the concentrations of fungal spores and bacteria in relation to both environmental and human factors. The levels of fungal spores measured in the indoor environment were approximately fifty times lower than those measured outside, probably because of the lowered humidity caused by air‐conditioning in the indoor environment. The variation in fungal spore concentration in the outdoor environment is likely to be due to the diurnal periodicity of spore release and the response to environmental factors such as light temperature and humidity. The indoor concentration of fungal spores in air was not clearly correlated to concentrations measured in air outside of the library building and remained relatively constant, unaffected by the difference in the numbers of occupants in the library. In contrast, the indoor concentrations of bacteria in air were approximately ten times higher than those measured outdoors, indicating a signficant internal source of bacteria. The elevated levels of indoor bacteria were primarily attributed to the number of library occupants. Increased human shedding of skin cells, ejection of microorganisms and particulates from the respiratory tract, and the transport of bacteria on suspended dust particles from floor surfaces probably accounts for the strong positive correlation between occupancy levels and the concentration of bacteria in internal air.     

Infrared Regulating Smart Window Based on Organic Materials

Windows are vital elements in the built environment that have a large impact on the energy consumption in indoor spaces, affecting heating and cooling and artificial lighting requirements. Moreover, they play an important role in sustaining human health and well‐being. In this review, we discuss the next generation of smart windows based on organic materials which can change their properties by reflecting or transmitting excess solar energy (infrared radiation) in such a way that comfortable indoor temperatures can be maintained throughout the year. Moreover, we place emphasis on windows that maintain transparency in the visible region so that additional energy is not required to retain natural illumination. We discuss a number of ways to fabricate windows which remain as permanent infrared control elements throughout the year as well as windows which can alter transmission properties in presence of external stimuli like electric fields, temperature and incident light intensity. We also show the potential impact of these windows on energy saving in different climate conditions.     

Criteria for a comfortable indoor environment in buildings

1. 1. The major purpose of buildings is to provide a healthy and comfortable environment for occupants.

2. 2. The indoor environment is a complex system including factors like thermal, visual and acoustic conditions, indoor air quality, electromagnetic fields, static electricity and vibration.

3. 3. To obtain an indoor environment that is acceptable in terms of health as well as comfort, criteria for these factors need to be established.

4. 4. The present paper gives an overview of the criteria recommended in current existing standards and guidelines.

5. 5. As most studies to date have focussed on thermal conditions and indoor air quality, these two factors are described in more detail.

ENDOGENOUS RHYTHM IN OPENING AND ODOR OF FLOWERS OF CESTRUM NOCTURNUM

Overland , Lillian . (Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.) Endogenous rhythm in opening and odor of flowers of Cestrum nocturnum. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(5): 378—382. Illus. 1960.–The opening and closing of flowers of Cestrum nocturnum have been found to occur in a cyclic manner both in constant light and constant darkness at constant temperature. The strong odor, which in nature occurs at night and was previously believed to be a direct result of darkness, has been shown to exist as an endogenous rhythm, occurring under constant conditions of temperature and light, as well as in darkness. Although in nature the odor cycle is so synchronized by the environment as to have a period of roughly 24 hr., in constant conditions temperature affects the cycle by lengthening it at low temperature and reducing it at high temperature. The cycle may be disrupted by shifting between extreme temperatures, but it is not destroyed. The controlling mechanism for odor production seems to be located in the tips of the corolla and the cycle exists independently in the excised tips.     

物联网技术支持下的城市热环境时空变化分析

热环境是城市生态系统最为关键的大气环境要素之一,开展城市热环境研究的前提是在时空维度上获取足量的热环境参数。利用先进的物联网技术构建了在线式热环境监测设备,收集2022年10月16日至24日广州大学校园气温、风速、太阳辐射和地面温度四种热环境参数,分析小尺度下城市热环境的时空变化特征。研究结果表明:1)不同测点之间的风速特征具有一定的相关性,极个别测点的风速特征与其它测点相关性仅在0.5左右,显示其小气候的独特性;2)不同测点风速和热岛强度变化时空差异明显,即使距离靠近的测点,受邻近建筑和植被特征的影响热环境特征会有所差异,各测点的日间风速大,热岛强度较为明显,夜间风速较小,热岛强度较弱;3)地面温度与气温的相关性达0.8左右,这种相关性在夜间表现更为密切,并且这种关系受风速的影响不大。研究结果反映了城市热环境参数在小尺度上的高度异质性,并揭示了物联网技术在城市热环境监测领域的可行性、便捷性和高效性。     

Bioclimatic evaluation of the human discomfort level for several Antarctic regions

A set of unfavorable climatic factors determines how extreme the environment is for humans in particular regions. The Arctic and Antarctic (polar) regions are generally considered to be the most extreme environments. Assessing the extreme conditions is of importance for developing life support systems and personal protective equipment, implementing proper labor management, and preventing frostbite. Several methods are currently used to assess the climate severity, but none of them addresses the level of discomfort for humans. Two indices, the Wind Chill Index (WCI) and Bioclimatic Index of Severity of Climatic Regime (BISCR), were previously developed to estimate the level of bioclimatic discomfort. With the indices, bioclimatic parameters were evaluated for eight Antarctic stations: Amundsen–Scott, Bellingshausen, Byrd, McMurdo, Mirny, Molodezhnaya, Novolazarevskaya, and Vostok. Monthly and annual data on air temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, altitude, and air pressure were used to calculate the WCI and BISCR. The BISCR, which includes hypoxia as a component of bioclimatic discomfort, was found to better predict the impact of meteorological conditions on the human body in Antarctica and to allow comparisons of outdoor climatic conditions and indoor microclimate for Antarctic stations. The WCI proved to detect no difference between stations from different climatic zones, especially in indoor conditions, thus being unsuitable for comparisons. The findings can be used for labor management at inland Antarctic stations to minimize possible health risks.     

Thermoregulation and flying habits of the Japanese sulfur butterfly Colias erate (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in an open habitat

This study evaluated the impact of the thermal environment on the flying behavior of male Japanese sulfur butterflies Colias erate searching for females in an open habitat. Thoracic temperature was monitored before and after flight. Mean thoracic temperature of butterflies immediately after landing was consistently higher than, but independent of, ambient temperature. Although ground speed of flying butterflies was different between flight types, air speed against the butterfly was similar across flight types. The excess of thoracic over ambient temperature was lower in flying butterflies than in basking ones, as predicted by a model. This difference appeared to be due to air current, which enhanced heat loss. In a laboratory study, newly eclosed male butterflies were placed under an incandescent lamp to measure their thoracic temperature at different air current speeds. The excess of thoracic over ambient temperature decreased as the speed of air currents increased. When the air current was similar to the air speed against flying butterflies in the field, a substantial decrease occurred in the operative thoracic temperature.