Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) feeding on Arabidopsis induces the formation of a deterrent indole glucosinolate

Cruciferous plants produce a wide variety of glucosinolates as a protection against herbivores and pathogens. However, very little is known about the importance of individual glucosinolates in plant defense and the regulation of their production in response to herbivory. When Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) feeds on Arabidopsis aliphatic glucosinolates pass through the aphid gut intact, but indole glucosinolates are mostly degraded. Although aphid feeding causes an overall decrease in Arabidopsis glucosinolate content, the production of 4-methoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate is induced. This altered glucosinolate profile is not a systemic plant response, but is limited to the area in which aphids are feeding. Aphid feeding on detached leaves causes a similar change in the glucosinolate profile, demonstrating that glucosinolate transport is not required for the observed changes. Salicylate-mediated signaling has been implicated in other plant responses to aphid feeding. However, analysis of eds5, pad4, npr1 and NahG transgenic Arabidopsis, which are compromised in this pathway, demonstrated that aphid-induced changes in the indole glucosinolate profile were unaffected. The addition of purified indol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate to the petioles of cyp79B2 cyp79B3 mutant leaves, which do not produce indole glucosinolates, showed that this glucosinolate serves as a precursor for the aphid-induced synthesis of 4-methoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate. In artificial diets, 4-methoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate is a significantly greater aphid deterrent in the absence of myrosinase than its metabolic precursor indol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate. Together, these results demonstrate that, in response to aphid feeding, Arabidopsis plants convert one indole glucosinolate to another that provides a greater defensive benefit.     

Studies on the morphometry of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Aphids are one of the most important groups of phytophagous insects because of their polyphenism, host alternation, heteroecious behavior and reproductive habits. Laboratory culture of the aphid Myzus persicae on the host plant Brassica pekinensis Hubner was maintained seasonally for biometrical studies. The metric analysis revealed gradual developmental changes from the first instar nymph to the adult stage in size, shape, and a number of characters. The transitional changes were sufficiently distinct to allow differentiation of each of the life stages irrespective of the season. A key to the nymphal stages of the pest is provided.     

Redox responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to the green peach aphid,Myzus persicae

The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) is a phloem-feeding insect that causes economic damage on a wide array of crops. Using a luminol-based assay, a superoxide-responsive reporter gene (Zat12::luciferase), and a probe specific to hydrogen peroxide (HyPer), we demonstrated that this aphid induces accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Similar to the apoplastic oxidative burst induced by pathogens, this response to aphids was rapid and transient, with two peaks occurring within 1 and 4 hr after infestation. Aphid infestation also induced an oxidative response in the cytosol and peroxisomes, as measured using a redox-sensitive variant of green fluorescent protein (roGFP2). This intracellular response began within minutes of infestation but persisted 20 hr or more after inoculation, and the response of the peroxisomes appeared stronger than the response in the cytosol. Our results suggest that the oxidative response to aphids involves both apoplastic and intracellular sources of ROS, including ROS generation in the peroxisomes, and these different sources of ROS may potentially differ in their impacts on host suitability for aphids.     

Behavioural response of green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) to volatiles from different rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) clones

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桃蚜自然种群初级和次级共生菌的分子鉴定

蚜虫不仅带有专性初级内共生菌,还常常带有不同类群的兼性次级共生菌。本研究采用真细菌16S rDNA的通用引物,从桃蚜Myzus persicae (Sulzer)烟草种群体内扩增出1.5 kb的共迁移目的条带,然后将其克隆,并在阳性克隆筛选时进行了RFLP分析。当采用EcoRⅠ进行单酶切分析时,目的片段被切割成～650 bp和～850 bp两个小片段;当采用EcoRⅠ和HindⅢ进行双酶切分析时,该蚜群共生菌酶切谱带被分成2组,其中1组(GroupⅠ)只具有一个EcoRⅠ酶切位点,而另1组(Group Ⅱ)不仅具有一个EcoRⅠ酶切位点,还具有一个HindⅢ酶切位点,而且GroupⅠ为优势共生菌群。在此基础上分别对2组共生菌的16S rDNA全序列（～1.5 kb）进行了测定,结果表明：GroupⅠ属于泛菌属Pantoea,与成团泛菌Pantoea agglomerans亲缘关系最近（同源性达99.70%）,而Group Ⅱ属于蚜虫的专性内共生菌,即Buchnera aphidicola（同源性达99.50%）。这是在蚜虫体内存在泛菌次级共生菌的首次报道。     

Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) salivary components induce defence responses in Arabidopsis thaliana

Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) feeding on Arabidopsis thaliana induces a defence response, quantified as reduced aphid progeny production, in infested leaves but not in other parts of the plant. Similarly, infiltration of aphid saliva into Arabidopsis leaves causes only a local increase in aphid resistance. Further characterization of the defence-eliciting salivary components indicates that Arabidopsis recognizes a proteinaceous elicitor with a size between 3 and 10 kD. Genetic analysis using well-characterized Arabidopsis mutants shows that saliva-induced resistance against M. persicae is independent of the known defence signalling pathways involving salicylic acid, jasmonate and ethylene. Among 78 Arabidopsis genes that were induced by aphid saliva infiltration, 52 had been identified previously as aphid-induced, but few are responsive to the well-known plant defence signalling molecules salicylic acid and jasmonate. Quantitative PCR analyses confirm expression of saliva-induced genes. In particular, expression of a set of O -methyltransferases, which may be involved in the synthesis of aphid-repellent glucosinolates, was significantly up-regulated by both M. persicae feeding and treatment with aphid saliva. However, this did not correlate with increased production of 4-methoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate, suggesting that aphid salivary components trigger an Arabidopsis defence response that is independent of this aphid-deterrent glucosinolate.     

Performance of the tobacco aphid Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Oriental and Virginia tobacco varieties

Abstract 1 The life parameters of one red and one green clone of Myzus persicae reared on 11 Oriental tobacco type varieties (KP7, K63, KZ10/z, MA13/b, BX2/a, N34/4, KP14/a, Kolindros, S79, TA21 and BX81) and on five Virginia ones (VE9, VE3, SPG28‐VE2, Kleio‐KN1 and Niki‐NK3) at 20 °C and LD 16 : 8 h were examined. 2 In general, the clones, performed better on Oriental than on Virginia type varieties. The varieties TA21 and Kolindros could be considered as the most resistant among the Oriental ones. Aphids on Virginia varieties showed longer developmental time (9.1–9.6 days), a lower intrinsic rate of increase (0.2347–0.2647) and higher nymphal mortality (27.9–52.5%) than on Oriental varieties. The corresponding values in the latter were 7.3–9.0 days, 0.2784–0.3302 and 10.0–47.9%. 3 The leaves of Virginia type varieties (188–471 hairs/cm²) and one Oriental (K63) 273 hairs/cm² were more hairy than the other Oriental type varieties (61–150 hairs/cm²). The Virginia type varieties showed also a lower level of reducing sugars (3.5–7.2%) than the Oriental ones (7.0–9.8%). Trichome density and level of reducing sugars were significantly negatively correlated with developmental time and intrinsic rate of increase. 4 An interclonal variation in performance, possibly related to the colour of aphids, was observed. The red clone performed better than the green one. The same trend was observed when the results of the previous clones on the variety KP14/a were analysed with the data obtained on the same variety from two other clones (one red and one green).     

Infectivity of entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae Pocheon strain (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) on the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its parasitoids

Infectivity of entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Steinernema carpocapsae Pocheon strain on the green peach aphid Myzus persicae and its parasitic wasps (e.g., Aphidius colemani, Aphidius gifuensis and Diaeretiella rapae) was evaluated under laboratory conditions. Infective juveniles (IJs) of S. carpocapsae Pocheon strain had low infectivity against nymph and adult stages of M. persicae, showing 2% and 6.7% of mortality, respectively. Application of the EPNs had little effect on mummies caused by the three parasitoid species, allowing them to remain intact. No IJ invaded the host, regardless of EPN application rate. The parasitoid emergence from mummies ranged from 80% to 85% in the presence of EPN while 79–86% was recorded in the absence of EPN. However, the presence of the IJs reduced oviposition by the three parasitoid species, decreasing the rate up to 59% when the nematodes were applied before parasitoid release, while little difference in oviposition was observed when nematodes were applied after parasitoid release.     

几种病原真菌对二点叶螨、桃蚜的侵染能力研究

从兰州市刘家堡乡自然感病的菜豆蚜尸上,经分离、纯化、筛选得到5种病原真菌,即新接霉属、干尸霉属、虫瘴霉属、虫疠霉属、匍柄霉属。以室内盆栽菜豆上饲养供试桃蚜、二点叶螨为供试生物,测定了几种病原真菌的侵染力。结果表明:匍柄霉属、新接霉属、虫瘴霉属、虫疠霉属对桃蚜有较高的侵染力,接种第7 d后校正死亡率分别为74.0%、70.0%、64.0%、62.0%;对二点叶螨雌成螨的侵染力相对较低,干尸霉属、新接霉属、虫瘴霉属、匍柄霉属接种第7 d后校正死亡率分别为48%、45.9%、42.7%和38.8%。几种病原真菌孢子悬浮液处理二点叶螨螨卵后,可延长螨卵的发育历期,降低螨卵孵化率。     

阿维菌素对南方小花蝽抑制烟蚜的影响

在室内分别测定了阿维菌素类杀虫剂1% 9512-1乳油和虫螨克对南方小花蝽Orius similis的毒力,研究了无阿维菌素介入后南方小花蝽对烟蚜Myzus persicae捕食效应所受的影响,结果表明：阿维菌素类杀虫剂对南方小花蝽具有一定毒力,不同虫态对阿维菌素的敏感性有差异,卵的敏感性明显低于若虫和成虫;不同的阿维菌素类药剂对南方小花蝽的毒力存在差异,9512-1对南方小花蝽卵、若虫及成虫的LC_５０依次为11.2743±3.8613、2.6584±1.2139、2.4508±1.3266 mg·L^-１,虫螨克则为10.8699±3.7653、6.4422±2.8596、6.4738±3.0124 mg·L^-１;阿维菌素显著降低了南方小花蝽对烟蚜的捕食量和捕食能力,也降低了同种个体间的竞争能力;阿维菌素对南方小花蝽若虫的发育速率有显著的抑制作用,但对发育速率与取食量的线性关系无明显影响,而且对存活个体成虫期的产卵量无显著影响。     

Abscisic acid deficiency increases defence responses against Myzus persicae in Arabidopsis

Comparison of Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) gene expression induced by Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) feeding, aphid saliva infiltration and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment showed a significant positive correlation. In particular, ABA‐regulated genes are over‐represented among genes that are induced by M. persicae saliva infiltration into Arabidopsis leaves. This suggests that the induction of ABA‐related gene expression could be an important component of the Arabidopsis–aphid interaction. Consistent with this hypothesis, M. persicae populations induced ABA production in wild‐type plants. Furthermore, aphid populations were smaller on Arabidopsis aba1‐1 mutants, which cannot synthesize ABA, and showed a significant preference for wild‐type plants compared with the mutant. Total free amino acids, which play an important role in aphid nutrition, were not altered in the aba1‐1 mutant line, but the levels of isoleucine (Ile) and tryptophan (Trp) were differentially affected by aphids in wild‐type and mutant plants. Recently, indole glucosinolates have been shown to promote aphid resistance in Arabidopsis. In this study, 4‐methoxyindol‐3‐ylmethylglucosinolate was more abundant in the aba1‐1 mutant than in wild‐type Arabidopsis, suggesting that the induction of ABA signals that decrease the accumulation of defence compounds may be beneficial for aphids.     

四株蜡蚧轮枝菌对桃蚜的侵染力及对其生殖力的影响

通过研究来自不同寄主的 4株蜡蚧轮枝菌菌株对桃蚜的侵染致死力、发病强度指数、以及对无翅成蚜生殖力及子代的影响 ,综合探讨病菌的侵染致病力及其潜力。试验 (2 4℃ ,10 0 % RH,5× 10 6孢子 /ml)结果表明 ,蜡蚧轮枝菌对无翅成蚜的侵染致死力和发病指数总体上是一致的 ,但二者在 4菌株间有明显差异 ,强弱依次为 VL FNL 95≥ VLNTV94 >VL ASA87>VLKTV79;对不同虫态 ,二者也有较大差异 ,对无翅成蚜明显高于有翅若蚜和 2～ 3龄若蚜。上述 4菌株对无翅成蚜的感染死亡高峰 ,依次为 4～ 5天、4～ 7天、4～ 8天和 5～ 9天 ,感染死亡分别为 84 .2 1～ 10 0 %、75.0 0～ 10 0 %、4 8.2 8～ 10 0 %和 2 9.6 3～ 77.78%。其中对 2～ 3龄若蚜 ,菌株间差异不很大。前 2个菌株 6天可达最高发病指数 ,虫体表面布满菌丝和分生孢子。与对照相比 ,可明显抑制无翅成蚜的生殖力。处理后 3天 ,产仔蚜量明显减少 ;4～ 5天锐减 ;8天种群产仔蚜量降低 39.59～ 4 8.37%。     

不同桃树品种上桃蚜遗传多样性的研究

桃蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)寄主广泛,是一种全球性的广食性害虫。为了探明不同桃树品种对桃蚜遗传分化的影响,我们采用微卫星分子标记技术对白油蟠桃,黄油蟠桃等7个桃树品种上的桃蚜进行遗传多样性研究。结果表明,7对微卫星引物在171个样本中检测到118个等位基因,平均每个位点有16.857个等位基因。不同品种桃树上桃蚜的遗传多样性较为丰富,表明种内存在着较大的遗传变异。种群间没有遗传分化或分化不明显,这可能是种群间存在着明显的基因交流而造成的,说明桃树品种间的差异对桃蚜的分化影响较小。     

Olfactory response by the aphidophagous gall midge, Aphidoletes aphidimyza to honeydew from green peach aphid, Myzus persicae

Female adults of the aphidopagous gall midge, Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), showed an olfactory response to honeydew excreted by the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) under laboratory conditions. The response was only elicited by treatments with honeydew, whereas aphids, aphids with pepper plants or leaves, and pepper plants or leaves were not attractive to the midges. Dose‐dependent responses were observed from whole honeydew, honeydew volatiles extracted in pentane, and honeydew volatiles captured on Porapak Q®. When honeydew was eluted with three sequential pentane washes, a positive response was only observed from the midges for the first wash. Female midges laid more eggs on pepper plants infested with higher densities of M. persicae. The olfactory response of midges to honeydew is discussed with respect to prey location.     

Long-term effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on populations of the peach potato aphid Myzus persicae and its parasitoid Aphidius matricariae

Model terrestrial ecosystems were set-up in the Ecotron controlled environment facility. The effects of elevated CO₂ (ambient + 200 mol/mol) and temperature (ambient + 2.0°C) on plant chemistry, the abundance of the peach potato aphid Myzus persicae, and on the performance of one of its parasitoids Aphidius matricariae, were studied. Total above-ground plant biomass at the end of the experiment was not affected by elevated atmospheric CO₂, nor were foliar nitrogen and carbon concentrations. Elevated temperature decreased final plant biomass while leaf nitrogen concentrations increased. Aphid abundance was enhanced by both the␣CO₂ and temperature treatment. Parasitism rates remained unchanged in elevated CO₂, but showed an increasing trend in conditions of elevated temperature. Our results suggest that M. persicae, an important pest of many crops, might increase its abundance under conditions of climate change. Received: 26 January 1998 / Accepted: 20 April 1998     

Both farnesyl diphosphate synthase genes are involved in the production of alarm pheromone in the green peach aphid Myzus persicae

Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) catalyzes the formation of FPP, providing the precursor for the biosynthesis of (E)‐β‐farnesene (EβF) in plants, but it is unknown if FPPS supplies the precursor for the biosynthesis of EβF, the major component of aphid alarm pheromone, though our previous studies support the hypothesis that EβF is synthesized by the aphid itself. Here, we used two cohorts of the green peach aphid Myzus persicae separately, reared on pepper plant and artificial diet to test the correlations among droplet emission, EβF quantity, and FPPS gene expression. It was found that the proportion of aphids emitting cornicle droplets and the quantity of EβF per milligram of aphid were both significantly different between the two cohorts, which were positively correlated with the expression of the two FPPS genes ( MpFPPS1/ 2) in M. persicae. These results were further confirmed by RNAi‐mediated knockdown of MpFPPS1/ 2. Specifically, knockdown of MpFPPS1/ 2 imposed no significant cost on the survival of aphid but remarkably increased the number of offspring per aphid; most importantly, knockdown of MpFPPS1/ 2 significantly reduced the proportion of aphids emitting droplets and the quantity of EβF calculated as per the weight of aphid. Our results suggest that both FPPS genes are involved in the production of EβF in M. persicae and cornicle droplet emission is closely associated with the EβF release in the aphid.     

Low temperature mortality of the peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae

ABSTRACT.

• 1 The mean supercooling points of first instar and adult Myzus persicae (Sulzer) maintained at 20°C and cooled at 1°C min^?1 were ?26.6 and ?25.0°C respectively.
• 2 The LT₅₀ (temperature) of the same age groups drawn from the same population and cooled at the same rate were ?8.1 and ?6.9°C, indicating extensive pre-freeze mortality in M.persicae under laboratory conditions.
• 3 Acclimation at 10 and 5°C did not affect supercooling but depressed the LT₅₀ of both first instars and adult aphids.
• 4 Freezing of leaves during feeding did not increase mortality above that expected from the direct effects of low temperature.
• 5 The level of cold in different winters can be expressed in terms of the total number of frost days, and the frequency of abnormally cold days. Winter temperatures differ markedly in a vertical profile from the soil to the soil or grass surface, and then to the air (and foliage) above.
• 6 The time of the first record of M.persicae in suction trap samples is correlated with January and February temperatures except in the west of England and Wales. Further north December and January temperatures are relatively more important.
• 7 Winter temperatures and the resultant aphid mortality is a primary determinant of the timing of the spring migration.

     

Probing behavior of aposymbiotic green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) on susceptible Solanum tuberosum and resistant Solanum stoloniferum plants

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is one of the potato important pests; it is the most efficient vector of potato viruses. Myzus persicae harbors the endosymbiotic bacteria Buchnera aphidicola which supplements their diet. There is increasing evidence that B. aphidicola is involved in plant–aphid interactions and we previously demonstrated that B. aphidicola disruption (aposymbiosis) affected the probing behavior of M. persicae on radish plants, delaying host plant acceptance. In this work, we evaluated the effect of aposymbiosis on the probing behavior of M. persicae on 2 Solanum species with different compatibility with M. persicae, Solanum tuberosum (susceptible) and Solanum stoloniferum (resistant) with the electrical penetration graph technique (EPG). To disrupt B. aphidicola, rifampicin was administered to aphids through artificial diets. Aposymbiotic aphids, on both plant species, showed increased pathway activities, mechanical problems with the stylets, and delayed salivation in the phloem. The extended time in derailed stylet mechanics affected the occurrence of most other probing activities; it delayed the time to the first phloem phase and prevented ingestion from the phloem. The effect of aposymbiosis was more evident in the compatible interaction of M. persicae–S. tuberosum, than in the incompatible interaction with S. stoloniferum, which generated the M. persicae–S. tuberosum interaction to become incompatible. These results confirm that B. aphidicola is involved in the plant–aphid interaction in relation to plant acceptance, presumably through a role in stylets penetration in the plant.     

Organic farming-compatible insecticides against the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) in peach orchards

Abstract:  Three products allowed in organic farming (kaolin, mineral oil and insecticidal soap) as alternatives to chemical insecticides, were evaluated for the control of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) in a peach orchard. Their efficacy was compared with the neonicotinoid imidacloprid and an untreated control. The experiment was replicated for 2 years (2003 and 2004). The products were applied once in May every year and aphid infestation was recorded three to four times post-treatment. In 2004, the effect of the products on the predatory coccinellid species was also recorded. In 2003, all four products showed good control with average Abbott's efficiency ranging from 80% to 88%. In the next year, however, the products were less effective and only imidacloprid and kaolin reduced aphid population significantly compared with the untreated control, with an average Abbott's efficiency of 62% and 31%, respectively. This reduced efficiency was attributed to high rainfall occurring post-treatment. Regarding the effects on beneficial coccinellids, only imidacloprid and mineral oil reduced their numbers after application. The results showed that the three alternative products and especially kaolin are promising for aphid control in peach orchards. Kaolin has also low side-effects on beneficials and it could be used in organic peach orchards.     

Sublethal effects of selected insecticides on fecundity and wing dimorphism of green peach aphid (Hom., Aphididae)

Effects of sublethal concentrations (LC₂₅) of six insecticides (imidacloprid, rotenone, fenvalerate, abamectin, pirimicarb and azadirachtin) on fecundity and wing dimorphism of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), were studied both under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. In the laboratory, aphid reproduction reduced by 44.29% and 54.01% when rotenone and abamectin treatments were applied at sublethal dose, respectively, and sublethal fenvalerate application resulted in markedly lower average reproduction per female per day compared with control. Reproductive duration of aphid treated with abamectin significantly decreased by 44.19%. But in the greenhouse, there were no evident differences in the aphid fecundity and reproductive duration between treatments and control. Life‐table parameters also demonstrated that the six insecticides at sublethal doses did not stimulate the aphid reproductive potential. In the laboratory, after being exposed to sublethal doses of imidacloprid and fenvalerate, the proportions of alate progeny in aphid progeny were significantly higher than that of the control. In the greenhouse, percentages of alate offspring from the mother aphids treated with imidacloprid, fenvalerate and abamectin increased pronouncedly compared with control. Mortality rates of offspring in the nymphal stages from adults treated with insecticides revealed no significant changes between laboratory and greenhouse. The developmental time in days of the offspring varied in all treatments. Mechanisms of insecticide‐induced resurgence are discussed.