The Ratio of Monocytes to Lymphocytes in Peripheral Blood Correlates with Increased Susceptibility to Clinical Malaria in Kenyan Children

Background

Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains a major cause of illness and death in sub-Saharan Africa. Young children bear the brunt of the disease and though older children and adults suffer relatively fewer clinical attacks, they remain susceptible to asymptomatic P. falciparum infection. A better understanding of the host factors associated with immunity to clinical malaria and the ability to sustain asymptomatic P. falciparum infection will aid the development of improved strategies for disease prevention.

Methods and Findings

Here we investigate whether full differential blood counts can predict susceptibility to clinical malaria among Kenyan children sampled at five annual cross-sectional surveys. We find that the ratio of monocytes to lymphocytes, measured in peripheral blood at the time of survey, directly correlates with risk of clinical malaria during follow-up. This association is evident among children with asymptomatic P. falciparum infection at the time the cell counts are measured (Hazard ratio (HR)  =  2.7 (95% CI 1.42, 5.01, P  =  0.002) but not in those without detectable parasitaemia (HR  =  1.0 (95% CI 0.74, 1.42, P  =  0.9).

Conclusions

We propose that the monocyte to lymphocyte ratio, which is easily derived from routine full differential blood counts, reflects an individual''s capacity to mount an effective immune response to P. falciparum infection.     

人外周血淋巴细胞体外诱导培养前后细胞表型与细胞毒活性相关性研究

为了分析体外细胞因子诱导培养CIK细胞过程中细胞表型的变化与其杀瘤活性的相关性及为临床过继免疫治疗提供实验依据,本研究采用体外诱导方法扩增培养正常人外周血淋巴细胞及单个核细胞,应用流式细胞术测定培养前、培养第7天和第14天的CD3~+等15种不同表型细胞百分率的变化,用CCK-8试剂检测第7天和第14天的细胞毒活性。结果显示,扩增培养后T细胞活化表型的表达和细胞毒活性在第7天最强,与其细胞表型CD3~+CD25~+、CD3~+CD28~+、CD3~+CD25~+CD28~+、CD3~+CD4~+呈正相关(P<0.05),与CD3~+CD45RA~+CD45RO~+呈负相关(P<0.05)。本研究表明测定培养细胞活化相关表型可以间接监测其杀瘤能力,为临床CIK细胞过继免疫治疗的应用提供实验依据。     

Comparative Analysis of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Lymph Nodes and Peripheral Blood of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Monkeys

Most studies of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) have been confined to the evaluation of these effector cells in the peripheral blood. What has not been clear is the extent to which CTL activity in the blood actually reflects this effector cell function in the lymph nodes, the major sites of HIV-1 replication. To determine the concordance between CTL activity in lymph nodes and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), CTL specific for simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (SIVmac) have been characterized in lymph nodes of infected, genetically selected rhesus monkeys by using both Gag peptide-specific functional CTL assays and tetrameric peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule complex staining techniques. In studies of six chronically SIVmac-infected rhesus monkeys, Gag epitope-specific functional lytic activity and specific tetrameric peptide-MHC class I staining were readily demonstrated in lymph node T lymphocytes. Although the numbers of tetramer-binding cells in some animals differed from those documented in their PBL, the numbers of tetramer-binding cells from these two different compartments were not statistically different. Phenotypic characterization of the tetramer-binding CD8⁺ lymph node T lymphocytes of the infected monkeys demonstrated a high level of expression of the activation-associated adhesion molecules CD11a and CD49d, the Fas molecule CD95, and MHC class II-DR. These studies documented a low expression of the naive T-cell marker CD45RA and the adhesion molecule CD62L. This phenotypic profile of the tetramer-binding lymph node CD8⁺ T cells was similar to that of tetramer-binding CD8⁺ T cells from PBL. These observations suggest that characterization of AIDS virus-specific CTL activity by sampling of cells in the peripheral blood should provide a reasonable estimation of CTL in an individual’s secondary lymphoid tissue.CD8⁺ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are important in containing the spread of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in infected individuals. Studies have shown that virus-specific CD8⁺ CTL can inhibit AIDS virus replication in autologous CD4⁺ T lymphocytes in vitro, probably by release of chemokines and cytokines, as well as by lysis of infected cells (35, 36). In vivo the containment of HIV-1 replication that occurs during the period of primary infection coincides temporally with the generation of virus-specific CTL (8, 17, 29). Finally, a potent CTL response is correlated with low virus load and a stable clinical status in individuals chronically infected with HIV-1 (25, 27).HIV-1 replication occurs predominantly in the lymph nodes of the infected individual (30). However, most studies of HIV-1-specific CTL have been confined to the evaluation of these effector cells in the peripheral blood. It is not clear to what extent CTL activity in the blood actually reflects this effector cell function at the major sites of HIV-1 replication. An extensive evaluation of CTL in lymph nodes of HIV-1-infected humans has not been undertaken, at least in part because of the numerous surgical procedures that would be required for such a study. The use of such procedures in clinically stable individuals might be difficult to rationalize.The simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaque provides an ideal animal model in which to examine AIDS virus-specific CTL in lymph nodes. SIVmac-infected rhesus monkeys develop a disease with remarkable similarities to HIV-1-induced disease in humans (19, 20). SIVmac-specific CTL are readily detected in infected monkeys by functional killing assays (21, 38). We have made use of a dominant CTL response to the SIVmac Gag epitope p11C, C-M in rhesus monkeys expressing the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule Mamu-A*01 to explore the role of CTL in the immunopathogenesis of AIDS (1, 22). In the present study, CTL specific for SIVmac have been characterized in lymph nodes of infected, Mamu-A*01⁺ rhesus monkeys using both Gag peptide-specific functional CTL assays and tetrameric peptide-MHC class I molecule complex staining techniques (2, 6, 12, 18, 24, 27).     

Fumonisin and Beauvericin Induce Apoptosis in Turkey Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes

Fumonisins, a family of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium verticillioides (synonym Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon) and F. proliferatum, have been associated with various deleterious effects in different animal species. Serological, hematological and pathological effects and mortality have previously been observed in broiler chicks fed F. proliferatum culture material containing known concentrations of fumonisin, moniliformin and beauvericin. Turkey peripheral blood lymphocytes were exposed in vitro for 72 hours to fumonisin B₁(FB₁), fumonisin B₂(FB₂), hydrolyzed fumonisin B₁ (HFB₁), moniliformin and tricarballylic acid (TCA) (0.01-25 g/ml). A decrease in cell proliferation, as determined by the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] bioassay, occurred in the order: FB₂ > FB₁ > HFB₁, with IC₅₀ = 0.6 M, 1 M and 10 M, respectively. Internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and morphological features characteristic of apoptosis were observed following exposure to fumonisin B₁ and beauvericin; cytoplasmic condensation and membrane blebbing were seen by light microscopy. Tricarballylic acid and moniliformin did not interfere with cell proliferation. Results suggested that fumonisin B₁ and beauvericin may affect immune functions by suppressing proliferation and inducing apoptosis of lymphocytes.     

脾切断流术围术期患者外周血淋巴细胞的变化及免疫功能的研究

目的:本实验旨在探讨脾切除门奇静脉断流术后患者外周血T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞、NK细胞的变化,评估患者的抗肿瘤免疫能力是否有所影响,及机体的免疫系统有何变化.方法:选择择期行脾切除门奇静脉断流术的肝硬化患者20名,给予全凭静脉麻醉.分别于麻醉前(T0)、切皮前(T1)、脾切除即刻(T2)、脾切除后1h(T3)、手术完毕(T4)、手术后1d(T5)、手术后7d(T6)时抽取病人外周静脉血2mL,采用流式细胞仪测定CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD19+B细胞、CD3-56+(NK细胞)绝对数量.结果:与麻醉前相比,切皮前CD3+T细胞、CD3+CD4+T细胞、CD3+CD8+T细胞、CD19+B细胞、NK细胞均明显的降低,而在脾脏切除即刻各系细胞又明显恢复,基本与麻醉前水平相当.然而随着手术继续,在脾脏切除后1h,仅B细胞低于术前,一直持续到手术完毕,但是,此时B细胞与麻醉前比已没有统计学差异.手术完毕时T、B细胞和NK细胞再次降低,但仍明显高于切皮前水平.手术后1d时,CD4+T细胞与NK细胞仍然低于麻醉前,CD3T细胞、CD3+CD8+T细胞和B细胞已经恢复到麻醉前水平.术后7d时,CD3+T细胞、CD3+CD4+T细胞、CD3+CD8+T细胞及B细胞不仅得到恢复,而且还比麻醉前明显升高,但是NK细胞仍与麻醉前的水平相当.结论:异丙酚联合瑞芬太尼麻醉对门脉高压患者行脾切除门奇静脉断流术患者的T、B淋巴细胞和NK细胞有快速、短期的降低作用,术后7d人体淋巴细胞数量不仅得到恢复,并且反馈性地升高,提示脾脏切除手术能够有效提升患者的免疫细胞数量.     

Transport of the Immunosuppressant 15-Deoxyspergualin in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes

15-deoxyspergualin (DSG) is a potent immunosuppressive compound currently in clinical trials. In this study, we have characterized the uptake and intracellular localization of DSG in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL′s). DSG is transported into human PBL′s and reaches an estimated maximum concentration of approximately 500μM in 6 hours. The majority of the [³H]-DSG remains in the cytoplasm of cells and that which is associated with the nucleus is only loosely associated. DSG was transported by HeLa cells, as well, suggesting uptake is not specific for hematopoietic cells. Positively charged amino acids and polyamines, which are structurally similar to DSG, were unable to compete for DSG transport suggesting that DSG is transported into cells via a pathway distinct from amino acids or polyamines.     

从肿瘤病人少量外周血淋巴细胞克隆抗体基因

建立杂交瘤单抗亲和层析纯化抗原、体外抗原致敏淋巴细胞和RT-PCR克隆人抗体基因的技术.将亲和层析纯化的大肠癌相关抗原CA-Hb3经SDS-PAGE和免疫印迹鉴定后,与IL-2和丝裂原于体外致敏大肠癌病人10 ml外周血淋巴细胞(PBL),出现淋巴母细胞化和集落形成现象.致敏PBL的总RNA比未致敏PBL的量增加了2.5倍.致敏后RT-PCR扩增的人抗体VH-CH1(IgG)和VL-CL(κ)基因的量比未致敏者多1.3倍.该技术可将鼠源杂交瘤单抗人源化.     

日本七鳃鳗类淋巴细胞的分离及细胞学特征

为分离纯化并鉴定日本七鳃鳗(Lampetra japonica)血液中的类淋巴细胞,采用Ficoll密度梯度离心法分离出单个核细胞层,并得到分离单个核细胞层的最佳分离液比重为1.092。利用流式细胞仪对分离到的单个核细胞层细胞进行分选,根据细胞的前向光及侧向光散射特征成功分选出类淋巴细胞,分选效率为95.68%,每毫升外周血可分离纯化得到类淋巴细胞2.4×106个。通过透射电镜观察七鳃鳗类淋巴细胞,细胞为圆形或椭圆形,细胞表面有突起、无微绒毛,胞质内含有板状嵴线粒体、粗面内质网、游离核糖体和液泡等。淋巴细胞异质性实验结果表明,日本七鳃鳗血液白细胞中尚未发现T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞的分化。     

Evaluation of Costimulatory Molecules in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Canine Patients with Histiocytic Sarcoma

Histiocytic sarcoma is a rapidly progressive and fatal neoplastic disease in dogs. It is unclear whether costimulatory molecules, including CD28, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), and programmed death-1 (PD-1), are expressed on peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) of canine patients with histiocytic sarcoma. The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of CD28, CTLA-4, and PD-1 molecules on PBLs of patients with histiocytic sarcoma, patients with other tumors, and healthy controls. Twenty-six dogs were included in the study, with eight, ten, and eight dogs in the histiocytic sarcoma, other tumor, and healthy control groups, respectively. PBLs and serum were prospectively obtained from patients diagnosed histopathologically with histiocytic sarcoma, other tumors and healthy controls. The surface expression of CTLA-4, CD28, and PD-1 on T lymphocytes was examined using flow cytometric analysis. Serum samples were frozen at −30°C until serum interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression level of CTLA-4 on CD4+ lymphocytes was significantly higher in the histiocytic sarcoma group than in the control group. The expression of CTLA-4 on CD8+ lymphocytes was significantly higher in the histiocytic sarcoma group than in the other two groups. In addition, the expression of PD-1 on CD8+ lymphocytes was significantly higher in the histiocytic sarcoma group than in the control group. However, no significant differences in CD28 expressions and serum IFN-γ levels were observed. The present results provided evidence showing that the expression levels of CTLA-4 on both CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes and PD-1 on CD8+ lymphocytes in peripheral blood obtained from dogs with histiocytic sarcoma were upregulated. The overexpressions of CTLA 4 and PD-1 suggested that antitumor immunity may be suppressed in dogs with histiocytic sarcoma.     

Pro-Inflammatory Action of MIF in Acute Myocardial Infarction via Activation of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

Objectives

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple inflammatory disorders. We determined changes in circulating MIF levels, explored the cellular source of MIF, and studied the role of MIF in mediating inflammatory responses following acute myocardial infarction (MI).

Methods and Results

We recruited 15 patients with MI, 10 patients with stable angina and 10 healthy volunteers and measured temporal changes of MIF in plasma. Expression of MIF, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the media were measured by ELISA or real-time PCR. Compared to controls, plasma levels of MIF and IL-6 were significantly elevated at admission and 72 h post-MI. In contrast, expression of MIF, MMP-9 and IL-6 by PBMCs from MI patients was unchanged at admission, but significantly increased at 72 h. Addition of MIF activated cultured PBMCs by upregulating expression of inflammatory molecules and also synergistically enhanced stimulatory action of IL-1β which were inhibited by anti-MIF interventions. In a mouse MI model we observed similar changes in circulating MIF as seen in patients, with reciprocal significant increases in plasma MIF and reduction of MIF content in the infarct myocardium at 3 h after MI. MIF content in the infarct myocardium was restored at 72 h post-MI and was associated with robust macrophage infiltration. Further, anti-MIF intervention significantly reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 at 24 h and incidence of cardiac rupture in mice post-MI.

Conclusion

MI leads to a rapid release of MIF from the myocardium into circulation. Subsequently MIF facilitates PBMC production of pro-inflammatory mediators and myocardial inflammatory infiltration. Attenuation of these events, and post-MI cardiac rupture, by anti-MIF interventions suggests that MIF could be a potential therapeutic target following MI.     

Mechanism of the Cytotoxic Action of Gold Polyacrylate on Human Blood Lymphocytes

Biophysics - This work concerns the mechanism of the action of gold polyacrylate (aurumacryl) on human blood lymphocytes. The effects of the medication on cell viability and DNA structure and the...     

Uptake of L-leucine by Trout Red Blood Cells and Peripheral Lymphocytes

The uptake of l-leucine by trout red blood cells and peripheral lymphocytes has been analyzed. The present study shows two functionally different Na⁺-independent systems for apolar branched-chain amino acids. They are designated as L systems because they share some properties with the mammalian L system. The carrier present in red blood cells has low K _m values, is trans-stimulable and not stereospecific for leucine uptake; on the other hand, the system present in lymphocytes is stereospecific for leucine uptake and trans-inhibitable. Both carriers are pH sensitive in a similar fashion at low pHs, but there are important differences at higher pH values (above neutrality). These properties are compared with these of the asc systems previously reported in these cells. Received: 2 June 1995/Revised: 7 March 1996     

肺癌患者外周血T淋巴细胞分型与抗核抗体之间的关系研究

摘要 目的：研究肺癌患者外周血T淋巴细胞分型与抗核抗体之间的关系。方法：选择2019年1月到2021年6月在我院接受治疗的肺癌患者81例作为研究组,并选择同期健康志愿者81例作为对照组,检测并比较两组患者外周血CD4⁺、CD8⁺和CD4⁺/CD8⁺淋巴细胞比例,以及抗核抗体血清滴度。比较不同抗核抗体、年龄、性别、TNM分期、肿瘤分化程度以及病理类型肺癌患者外周血CD4⁺、CD8⁺和CD4⁺/CD8⁺淋巴细胞比例。结果：（1）肺癌患者外周血CD4⁺和CD4⁺/CD8⁺淋巴细胞比例显著低于对照组,而CD8⁺淋巴细胞比例显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;（2）III+IV肺癌患者外周血CD4⁺、和CD4⁺/CD8⁺淋巴细胞比例均显著低于I+II肺癌患者,而CD8⁺淋巴细胞比例均显著高于I+II肺癌患者（P<0.05）;（3）小细胞肺癌患者外周血CD4⁺、和CD4⁺/CD8⁺淋巴细胞比例均显著低于非小肺癌患者,而CD8⁺淋巴细胞比例均显著高于非小肺癌患者（P<0.05）;（4）肺癌患者抗核抗体血清滴度显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;（5）抗核抗体阳性患者CD4⁺和CD4⁺/CD8⁺淋巴细胞亚群比例均显著低于抗核抗体阴性患者,而CD8⁺淋巴细胞亚群比例显著高于抗核抗体阴性患者（P<0.05）。结论：肺癌患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群表达异常,并且其表达水平可能与抗核抗体滴度有关。     

Possible Relationships between Plasma Glutathione Levels and Cytogenetic Indices in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Children Exposed to Low Doses of Radiation

An analysis of correlations between cytogenetic indices in lymphocytes and levels of reduced glutathione in the plasma of peripheral blood in children born after the Chernobyl accident is presented. The studied systems in the child population demonstrated different responses to low-level radiation of their mothers living in conditions of radionuclide contamination (1–20 Ci/km² of ¹³⁷Cs). Low doses of radiation accumulated by mothers (below 30 cSv) proved to have a more pronounced effect on the studied systems in children as compared to high doses (from 30 to 60 cSv).     

Proteome Dynamics in Biobanked Horse Peripheral Blood Derived Lymphocytes (PBL) with Induced Autoimmune Uveitis

Equine recurrent uveitis is the only spontaneous model for recurrent autoimmune uveitis in humans, where T cells target retinal proteins. Differences between normal and autoaggressive lymphocytes were identified in this study by analyzing peripheral blood derived lymphocytes (PBL) proteomes from the same case with interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein induced uveitis sampled before (Day 0), during (Day 15), and after uveitic attack (Day 23). Relative protein abundances of PBL were investigated in a quantitative, label‐free differential proteome analysis in cells that were kept frozen for 14 years since the initial experiment. Quantitative data could be acquired for 2632 proteins at all three time points. Profound changes (≥2‐fold change) in PBL protein abundance were observed when comparing Day 0 with 15, representing acute inflammation (1070 regulated proteins) and Day 0 with 23 (cessation; 1571 regulated). Significant differences applied to proteins with functions in integrin signaling during active uveitis, involving “Erk and pi‐3 kinase are necessary for collagen binding in corneal epithelia,” “integrins in angiogenesis,” and “integrin‐linked kinase signaling” pathways. In contrast, at cessation of uveitic attack, significantly changed proteins belonged to pathways of “nongenotropic androgen signaling,” “classical complement pathway,” and “Amb2 integrin signaling.” Several members of respective pathways were earlier shown to be changed in naturally occurring uveitis, underscoring the significance of these findings here and proofing the value of the induced model in mimicking spontaneous autoimmune uveitis. All MS data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange consortium via the PRIDE partner repository (dataset identifier PXD005580).     

Establishment of Autoantibody-Producing Cell Lines from Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Autoantibody-producing B cell lines were established from peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from five of seven patients were successfully transformed by Epstein-Barr virus. Two of four established B lymphoblastoid cell lines examined in this study produced anti-nuclear factor antibodies and one of them produced anti-single-stranded DNA and anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies. These results indicate that B cell clones committed to self antigens are transformed by Epstein-Barr virus and continue to produce autoantibodies. In order to establish a monoclonal autoantibody-producing B cell line, the cells were cloned by a limiting dilution method. The data suggest that it is possible to establish a monoclonal autoantibody-producing B cell line by the combination of transformation of B cells by Epstein-Barr virus and extensive cloning.     

ALA-PDT对红斑狼疮患者外周血CD40阳性淋巴细胞的影响

探讨了δ氨基酮戊酸—光动力疗法 ( ALA PDT)对红斑狼疮患者外周血中 CD4 0阳性淋巴细胞的影响及其作用方式。方法 :采用免疫荧光双标记—流式细胞仪检测了 1 2例活动期红斑狼疮患者外周血淋巴细胞在光动力疗法前后 CD4 0、CD95的表达。结果 :1 ALA PDT后 CD4 0阳性淋巴细胞下降至 9.2 8± 1 .2 2 ,较 ALA PDT前的 1 3.36± 0 .89,有显著性的差异 ( P<0 .0 5)。2 CD95 /CD4 0 淋巴细胞在 ALA PDT后立即上升至 1 3.2 3± 2 .1 0 ,较 ALA PDT前的 7.84± 1 .93,有非常显著的差异 ( P<0 .0 1 )。 ALA PDT后继续培养 1 8小时检测 CD95 /CD4 0 淋巴细胞下降至 7.68± 1 .4 6,较 ALA PDT后即刻检测有显著性差异( 1 3.2 3± 2 .1 0 ,P<0 .0 1 )。结论 :ALA PDT能降低 CD4 0阳性淋巴细胞百分比 ,即可能抑制活动期红斑狼疮患者外周血中 B细胞的活性。这种作用可能与 Fas介导的凋亡有关