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Peirlinck Mathias Linka Kevin Sahli Costabal Francisco Kuhl Ellen 《Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology》2020,19(6):2179-2193
Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology - On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19, a global pandemic. In an unprecedented collective... 相似文献
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To determine whether and which spirochetes are cleared from Ixodes ricinus ticks during feeding on ruminants, ticks were removed from goats and cattle grazing on tick-infested pastures. Although about a quarter of ticks questing on the pasture were infected by spirochetes, no molted ticks that had previously engorged to repletion on ruminants harbored Lyme disease spirochetes. Borrelia miyamotoi spirochetes, however, appear not to be eliminated. Thus, the more subadult ticks are diverted from reservoir-competent hosts to zooprophylactic ruminants, the smaller the risk of infection by Lyme disease spirochetes is.Various vertebrates serve as reservoir hosts for the tick-borne agents of Lyme disease. A competent reservoir host acquires Lyme disease spirochetes when an infected tick feeds on it and maintains them to become and remain infectious for feeding ticks (10). It appears that each of the seven genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato prevalent in Central Europe is associated with particular reservoir hosts. Whereas rodents serve as a reservoir for B. afzelii and the recently differentiated but not yet validated “Borrelia bavariensis,” birds maintain B. garinii and B. valaisiana (3, 4). B. lusitaniae and B. spielmanii, on the other hand, seem to be limited to lizards and dormice, respectively (9, 12, 13). Ticks harboring rodent-associated spirochetes from their larval blood meal may lose the infectious burden when feeding as nymphs on a bird and vice versa (5). It appears that solely B. burgdorferi sensu stricto constitutes an intermediate position, since it may be perpetuated by birds and rodents (10, 11). As a generalist, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto appears to be less efficiently adapted to rodents than is the specialist B. afzelii. A host that is competent for one genospecies seems less competent or incompetent for another.The Central European vector tick, Ixodes ricinus, not only feeds on small animals. Wild ruminants, such as red, roe, and fallow deer, are frequently infested by all three stages of this tick (2, 6, 15). Interestingly, virtually no spirochetes were detected microscopically in ticks recovered from shot deer. On pastures, where domesticated ruminants graze at an extensive density, spirochetal infection in questing ticks is less prevalent than in nearby nonpastured sites (8). These ruminants appear to exert a zooprophylactic effect. Ruminants, although feeding numerous ticks, appear to be incompetent hosts for Lyme disease spirochetes. It is not known whether the incompetence of ruminants eliminates spirochetes in the feeding tick and whether it extends to each of the Lyme disease genospecies.To determine whether and which spirochetes are cleared from ticks feeding on ruminants, ticks were removed from goats and cattle grazing on tick-infested pastures and examined at various developmental stages for Lyme disease genospecies and B. miyamotoi. Infection rates in ruminant-derived ticks were compared to that in ticks questing on the pastures.The cattle study site was located southwest of the city of Flensburg, Germany, at the German-Danish border. The former training area of the German armed forces is used as low-intensity pasture, covering about 400 ha. Galloway cattle, in herds of mother cows, and Konik horses are allowed to graze year-round and are rotated on grazing patches. Most cattle which were examined for feeding ticks grazed in a 40-ha area which has been pastured since October 2004 and from which cattle and horses are excluded each year from April through June to permit rare plants to bloom and seed. The approximate grazing density of 0.25 livestock units (LU)/ha throughout the rest of the year fails to keep the vegetation short. The goat site was located about 50 km southeast of Stuttgart, Germany, near the village of Gruibingen in the Swabian highlands. Beech and juniper heath characterize the southern-facing mountain slopes, where goats were allowed to graze in a rotating regime during the vegetation period. The sites were in use as pastures for different lengths of time, with the oldest dating back to 2004.To obtain feeding ticks from cattle and goats, two approaches were used. For the yearly blood sampling in the spring, cattle were corralled into squeeze chutes. The head of each animal was examined for ticks. Feeding ticks were carefully removed with forceps, and replete ticks were gently rubbed off onto a sheet of fabric positioned under the cow''s head. From April through October 2006 and 2007 and in May of 2008, tame goats were examined individually for feeding ticks monthly and feeding ticks were removed with forceps. Ticks recovered from an individual animal were confined in screened vials and stored at 22°C to permit molting and/or until they were examined for spirochetes. Questing ticks were collected monthly from April through October 2008 in the cattle site and from April through October 2005 through 2007 at the goat site. They were collected by means of a flannel flag, identified to stage and species by microscopy, and preserved in 80% ethanol. To detect and identify the various spirochetes that may be present in questing or host-derived ticks, DNA from individual ticks was isolated, and a 600-nucleotide fragment of the gene carrying the 16S rRNA gene was amplified by nested PCR and sequenced as described previously (12). This method detects as little as a single spirochete even in the presence of tick and ruminant DNA. Each resulting sequence was compared with sequences of the same gene fragment representing various spirochetal genospecies. The following sequences were used for comparison: GenBank accession numbers X85196 and X85203 for B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, X85190, X85192, and X85194 for B. afzelii, X85193, X85199, and M64311 for B. garinii, X98228 and X98229 for B. lusitaniae, X98232 and X98233 for B. valaisiana, AY147008 for B. spielmanii, and AY253149 for B. miyamotoi. A complete match, permitting no more than two nucleotide changes, was required.Ticks removed while feeding on cattle or goats were examined for spirochetal DNA by nested PCR. Nineteen larvae were obtained during their feeding on goats, but none of the 17 engorged larvae and 2 resulting nymphs contained spirochetal DNA (Table (Table1).1). Of the 416 nymphal ticks that were obtained from 80 goats, only 9% developed to the adult stage, because most of the nymphs were only partially fed. None of the 37 resulting adults contained spirochetal DNA. However, three partially fed nymphal ticks were infected by Lyme disease spirochetes (0.8%), one each by B. afzelii, B. valaisiana, and B. lusitaniae. In three additional nymphs (0.8%), DNA of B. miyamotoi was detected. Of the 415 engorged nymphal ticks obtained from 42 cattle, as many as 319 (77%) molted to the adult stage, because mostly replete ticks had been collected from the cattle''s heads. None of the cattle-derived molted ticks harbored DNA of Lyme disease spirochetes. Four ticks, a nymph and three adults (one male and two females), contained DNA of B. miyamotoi. Of 306 partially engorged females removed from 68 goats, spirochetal DNA was detected in 9 females (2.9%); three harbored B. afzelii, four B. miyamotoi, and one each B. garinii and B. lusitaniae. In addition, 30 females which had fully engorged on cattle were tested for spirochetal DNA after egg-laying. None of these contained spirochetal DNA. Although DNA of Lyme disease spirochetes was detected in a rare partially fed tick, no molted tick that had previously engorged to repletion on a ruminant was infected by Lyme disease spirochetes. In contrast, B. miyamotoi appears to be present in ruminant-fed ticks regardless of their feeding state.
Open in a separate windowaLD, Lyme disease.bafz, B. afzelii; gar, B. garinii; val, B. valaisiana; lus, B. lusitaniae; miy, B. miyamotoi.cValue is not the sum of the above numbers because individual hosts were infested by various tick stages.The prevalence of spirochetal infection was determined in questing ticks collected on the pastures on which the cattle or the goats had roamed. A third of the nymphs and nearly a fifth of the adult ticks that quested on the cattle pasture in northern Germany contained spirochetal DNA (Table (Table2).2). The majority of these nymphs and half the infected adults were infected by B. afzelii. About a fifth of the nymphs and a quarter of the adult ticks questing on the goat pastures in southern Germany were infected by spirochetes. B. afzelii and B. lusitaniae infected most of these ticks. Thus, the cattle and goats in the study sites must have been exposed to numerous vector ticks infected by spirochetes.
Open in a separate windowaafz, B. afzelii; gar, B. garinii; val, B. valaisiana; bur, B. burgdorferi; lus, B. lusitaniae; spi, B. spielmanii; bis, B. bissettii-like (1, 7); miy, B. miyamotoi.Ticks infected by Lyme disease spirochetes appear to lose their infection when feeding on goats or cattle. If the blood meal on ruminants had no effect on the spirochetal burden, about 130 and 70 of the analyzed nymphs derived from cattle and goats, respectively, should have contained spirochetal DNA. The two infected cattle-derived ticks harbored solely spirochetes not related to those causing Lyme disease. Most of the ticks removed from goats were partially fed and appeared to be somewhat more likely to contain spirochetal DNA. Whether the detected DNA indicates viable spirochetes is not known. Either feeding on goats fails to eliminate spirochetes as effectively as does a blood meal on cattle or, more plausibly, engorgement to repletion is required for a complete elimination of DNA from Lyme disease spirochetes. If no spirochetal DNA is detected, the tick cannot contain viable spirochetes and thus is not infectious in its host-seeking stage.Wild and domestic ruminants appear to be reservoir incompetent for Lyme disease spirochetes. They do not constitute reservoirs for this pathogen, because no larval tick feeding on them acquires Lyme disease spirochetes. Of 176 engorged I. ricinus larvae or resulting nymphs that had been collected from roe, fallow, red deer, and wild sheep in a Central European site in an earlier study, spirochetes were detected by dark-field microscopy in only two ticks (6). Similarly, only 2 of nearly 200 Ixodes dammini nymphs resulting from larvae that had engorged on white-tailed deer in northeast America contained spirochetes detectable by direct immunofluorescence (15). No spirochetes were detected by phase-contrast microscopy in more than 200 Swedish nymphs that derived from roe-deer-fed larvae (2). Considering that B. miyamotoi morphologically resembles Lyme disease spirochetes, it is likely that all of the spirochetes detected microscopically in ruminant-derived ticks during these earlier studies were not related to B. burgdorferi sensu lato. Not only do larvae fail to acquire Lyme disease spirochetes from ruminants, but infected nymphs also appear to lose their spirochetal load when feeding on these animals, as the present study demonstrates. In ticks that had fully engorged on cattle, the only spirochetal DNA that was detected was that of B. miyamotoi. Also, the American strain of B. miyamotoi was discovered in larvae resulting from field-collected adult females that had routinely been fed on sheep (14). The previous observation that the prevalence of B. miyamotoi in a cattle pasture was not significantly reduced compared to that in the nonpastured site nearby further exemplifies the differential effect of ruminants on these two kinds of spirochetes (8). Whereas Lyme disease spirochetes are eliminated when their tick vector feeds on a ruminant, B. miyamotoi appears not to be affected by such a blood meal.Ruminants reduce the prevalence of infected ticks on a pasture. For the present study, sites were chosen that had only recently come into use as pastures and where cattle were excluded during the peak season of tick activity. The spirochetal prevalence was thus similar to that in the surrounding areas where no domestic ruminants roamed (data not shown) and permitted us to compare infection rates before and after the blood meal on ruminants. The effect of the grazing schedule and of the grazing duration that is required to result in reduced prevalence still needs to be determined. Domestic ruminants employed in landscape management appear to exert their zooprophylactic effect in multiple ways, by eliminating spirochetes from vector ticks feeding on them and by reducing the ecotonal vegetation, thereby limiting coverage and food sources of reservoir hosts while simultaneously rendering the microclimate less suitable for vector ticks. This study''s observations indicate that Lyme disease spirochetes are eliminated from the tick during its blood meal on a ruminant. The mechanism by which Lyme disease spirochetes are cleared during the tick''s blood meal is under investigation. Evidently, Lyme disease spirochetes are destroyed in a way that renders their DNA no longer detectable by means of nested PCR. A simulation model indicates that the availability of incompetent hosts for subadult tick stages would reduce the prevalence of infection (16). Therefore, the more subadult ticks are diverted from reservoir competent birds or mice to incompetent ruminants, the smaller the risk of infection with the agent of Lyme disease is. 相似文献
TABLE 1.
Borrelia genospecies detected in I. ricinus ticks that had engorged as larvae, nymphs, or adults on goats or cattle| Host | No. of host animals | Ticks | % of infected ticks harboring Borrelia sp.b | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stage | State | No. examined | % infected | % infected by LDa spirochete | afz | gar | val | lus | miy | ||
| Goats | 10 | Larva | Engorged | 17 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||||
| 2 | Nymph | Molted | 2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||||
| 80 | Nymph | Engorged | 379 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 16.7 | 0.0 | 16.7 | 16.7 | 50.0 | |
| 22 | Adult | Molted | 37 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||||
| 68 | Adult | Engorged | 306 | 2.9 | 1.6 | 33.3 | 11.1 | 0.0 | 11.1 | 44.4 | |
| Cattle | 36 | Nymph | Engorged | 96 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100 |
| 42 | Adult | Molted | 319 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100 | |
| 10 | Adult | Engorged | 30 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||||
| Total | 144c | 1,186 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 23.5 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 11.8 | 52.9 | ||
TABLE 2.
Relative prevalences of Borrelia genospecies in questing nymphal and adult I. ricinus ticks sampled on goat or cattle pastures in Germany| Grazing animals on pasture | Ticks | % of infected ticks harboring Borrelia sp.a | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stage | No. examined | % infected | afz | gar | val | bur | lus | spi | bis | miy | >1 genospecies | |
| Goats | Nymph | 557 | 17.2 | 41.7 | 6.3 | 5.2 | 4.2 | 36.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 8.3 | 2.1 |
| Adult | 511 | 25.0 | 13.3 | 7.0 | 6.3 | 3.9 | 61.7 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 10.2 | 3.1 | |
| Cattle | Nymph | 413 | 32.4 | 90.3 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.5 | 6.0 | 2.2 |
| Adult | 67 | 17.9 | 50.0 | 16.7 | 8.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 16.7 | 8.3 | 0.0 | |
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Ben Shai Eran Schmukler Roy Yaniv Naomi Ziv Galit Horn Velizar Bumbarov Hagai Yadin Nechama I. Smorodinsky Eran Bacharach Ronit Pinkas-Kramarski Marcelo Ehrlich 《Journal of virology》2013,87(24):13397-13408
The mode and timing of virally induced cell death hold the potential of regulating viral yield, viral transmission, and the severity of virally induced disease. Orbiviruses such as the epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) are nonenveloped and cytolytic. To date, the death of cells infected with EHDV, the signal transduction pathways involved in this process, and the consequence of their inhibition have yet to be characterized. Here, we report that the Ibaraki strain of EHDV2 (EHDV2-IBA) induces apoptosis, autophagy, a decrease in cellular protein synthesis, the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and the phosphorylation of the JNK substrate c-Jun. The production of infectious virions decreased upon inhibition of apoptosis with the pan-caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPH (quinolyl-valyl-O-methylaspartyl-[-2,6-difluorophenoxy]-methyl ketone), upon inhibition of autophagy with 3-methyladenine or via the knockout of the autophagy regulator Atg5, or upon treatment of infected cells with the JNK inhibitor SP600125 or the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor roscovitine, which also inhibited c-Jun phosphorylation. Moreover, Q-VD-OPH, SP600125, and roscovitine partially reduced EHDV2-IBA-induced cell death, and roscovitine diminished the induction of autophagy by EHDV2-IBA. Taken together, our results imply that EHDV induces and benefits from the activation of signaling pathways involved in cell stress and death. 相似文献
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Domestic Water Use in the United States: A Life-Cycle Approach 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2006,10(1-2):169-184
Water and energy are two primary natural resources used by building occupants. A life-cycle assessment (LCA) is performed for water-consuming plumbing fixtures and water-consuming appliances during their operational life for four different building types. Within the cycle studied, water is extracted from the natural environment, subjected to water treatment, pumped to buildings for use, collected for wastewater treatment, and discharged back to the natural environment. Specifically, the impacts of water use, electricity and natural gas generation, energy consumption (for water and wastewater treatment, and for water heating), and the manufacture of water and wastewater treatment chemicals are evaluated both quantitatively and qualitatively on a generalized national level in the United States of America.
It is concluded that water use and consumption within buildings have a much larger impact on resource consumption than the water and wastewater treatment stages of the life cycle. To study this more specifically, the resource consumption of four different building types-an apartment building, a college dormitory, a motel, and an office building-is considered. Of these four building types, the apartment has the highest energy consumption (for water and wastewater treatment, and for water heating) per volume of water used, whereas the office building has the lowest. Similarly, the calculated LCA score for the apartment building is typically greater than those of the other three building types. 相似文献
It is concluded that water use and consumption within buildings have a much larger impact on resource consumption than the water and wastewater treatment stages of the life cycle. To study this more specifically, the resource consumption of four different building types-an apartment building, a college dormitory, a motel, and an office building-is considered. Of these four building types, the apartment has the highest energy consumption (for water and wastewater treatment, and for water heating) per volume of water used, whereas the office building has the lowest. Similarly, the calculated LCA score for the apartment building is typically greater than those of the other three building types. 相似文献
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Anemia is one of the many complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the current prevalence of anemia in CKD patients in the United States is not known. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in 2007–2008 and 2009–2010 were used to determine the prevalence of anemia in subjects with CKD. The analysis was limited to adults aged >18 who participated in both the interview and exam components of the survey. Three outcomes were assessed: the prevalence of CKD, the prevalence of anemia in subjects with CKD, and the self-reported treatment of anemia. CKD was classified into 5 stages based on the glomerular filtration rate and evidence of kidney damage, in accordance with the guidelines of the National Kidney Foundation. Anemia was defined as serum hemoglobin levels ≤12 g/dL in women and ≤13 g/dL in men. We found that an estimated 14.0% of the US adult population had CKD in 2007–2010. Anemia was twice as prevalent in people with CKD (15.4%) as in the general population (7.6%). The prevalence of anemia increased with stage of CKD, from 8.4% at stage 1 to 53.4% at stage 5. A total of 22.8% of CKD patients with anemia reported being treated for anemia within the previous 3 months–14.6% of patients at CKD stages 1–2 and 26.4% of patients at stages 3–4. These results update our knowledge of the prevalence and treatment of anemia in CKD in the United States. 相似文献
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Courtney A. Schultz Thomas D. Sisk Barry R. Noon Martin A. Nie 《The Journal of wildlife management》2013,77(3):428-444
In 2012, the United States Forest Service (USFS) promulgated new planning regulations in accordance with the National Forest Management Act (NFMA). These regulations represent the most significant change in federal forest policy in decades and have sweeping implications for wildlife populations. We provide a brief overview of the history of the NFMA planning regulations and their wildlife provisions and review the current science on planning for effective wildlife conservation at the landscape scale. We then discuss the approach to wildlife conservation planning in the 2012 rule and compare it to alternatives that were not selected and previous iterations of the planning rule. The new planning rule is of concern because of its highly discretionary nature and the inconsistency between its intent on the one hand and operational requirements on the other. Therefore, we recommend that the USFS include in the Directives for implementing the rule commitments to directly monitor populations of selected species of conservation concern and focal species and to maintain the viability of both categories of species. Additional guidance must be included to ensure the effective selection of species of conservation concern and focal species, and these categories should overlap when possible. If the USFS determines that the planning unit is not inherently capable of maintaining viable populations of a species, this finding should be made available for scientific review and public comment, and in such cases the USFS should commit to doing nothing that would further impair the viability of such species. In cases where extrinsic factors decrease the viability of species, the USFS has an increased, not lessened, responsibility to protect those species. Monitoring plans must include trigger points that will initiate a review of management actions, and plans must include provisions to ensure monitoring takes place as planned. If wildlife provisions in forest plans are implemented so that they are enforceable and ensure consistency between intent and operational requirements, this will help to prevent the need for additional listings under the Endangered Species Act and facilitate delisting. Although the discretionary nature of the wildlife provisions in the planning rule gives cause for concern, forward-thinking USFS officials have the opportunity under the 2012 rule to create a robust and effective framework for wildlife conservation planning. © 2013 The Wildlife Society. 相似文献
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Importance
Hypertension is common and costly. Over the past decade, new antihypertensive therapies have been developed, several have lost patent protection and additional evidence regarding the safety and effectiveness of these agents has accrued.Objective
To examine trends in the use of antihypertensive therapies in the United States between 1997 and 2012.Design, Setting and Participants
We used nationally representative audit data from the IMS Health National Disease and Therapeutic Index to examine the ambulatory pharmacologic treatment of hypertension.Outcome Measures
Our primary unit of analysis was a visit where hypertension was a reported diagnosis and treated with a pharmacotherapy (treatment visit). We restricted analyses to the use of six therapeutic classes of antihypertensive medications among individuals 18 years or older.Results
Annual hypertension treatment visits increased from 56.9 million treatment visits (95% confidence intervals [CI], 53.9–59.8) in 1997 to 83.3 million visits (CI 79.2–87.3) in 2008, then declined steadily to 70.9 million visits (CI 66.7–75.0) by 2012. Angiotensin receptor blocker utilization increased substantially from 3% of treatment visits in 1997 to 18% by 2012, whereas calcium channel blocker use decreased from 27% to 18% of visits. Rates of diuretic and beta-blocker use remained stable and represented 24%–30% and 14–16% of visits, respectively. Use of direct renin inhibitor accounted for fewer than 2% of annual visits. The proportion of visits treated using fixed-dose combination therapies increased from 28% to 37% of visits.Conclusions
Several important changes have occurred in the landscape of antihypertensive treatment in the United States during the past decade. Despite their novel mechanism of action, the adoption rate of direct renin inhibitors remains low. 相似文献11.
Ibeawuchi Mbanu Gregory A. Wellenius Murray A. Mittleman Lynne Peeples Leonard A. Stallings 《Chronobiology international》2013,30(4):715-726
United States firefighters have a high on‐duty fatality rate, and coronary heart disease is the leading cause. Seasonality affects the incidence of cardiovascular events in the general population, but its effects on firefighters are unknown. This study statistically examined the seasonal and annual variation of all on‐duty coronary heart disease deaths among US firefighters between 1994 and 2004 using the chi‐square distribution and Poisson regression model of the monthly fatality counts. It also examined the effect of ambient temperature (apparent as well as wind chill temperature) on coronary heart disease fatalities during the study span using a time‐stratified, case‐crossover study design. When grouped by season, we observed the distribution of the 449 coronary heart disease fatalities to show a relative peak in winter (32%) and relative nadir in spring (21%). This pattern was significantly different (p=0.005) from the expected distribution under the null hypothesis of season having no effect. The pattern persisted in additional analyses, stratifying the deaths by the type of duty in which the firefighters were engaged at the time of their deaths. In the Poisson regression model of the monthly fatality counts, the overall goodness‐of‐fit between the actual and predicted case counts was excellent (χ42=16.63; p=0.002). Two distinct peaks were detected: one in January–February and the other in August–September. Overall temperature was not associated with increased risk of on‐duty death. After allowing for different effects of temperature in mild/hot versus cold periods, a 1°C increase was not protective in cold weather; nor did it increase the risk of death in warmer weather. The findings of this study reveal statistical evidence for excess coronary heart disease deaths among firefighters during winter; however, the temporal pattern of coronary heart disease deaths was not linked to temperature variation. The seasonal pattern was also found to be independent of duty‐related risks. 相似文献
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Carrie Reed Sandra S. Chaves Pam Daily Kirley Ruth Emerson Deborah Aragon Emily B. Hancock Lisa Butler Joan Baumbach Gary Hollick Nancy M. Bennett Matthew R. Laidler Ann Thomas Martin I. Meltzer Lyn Finelli 《PloS one》2015,10(3)
Annual estimates of the influenza disease burden provide information to evaluate programs and allocate resources. We used a multiplier method with routine population-based surveillance data on influenza hospitalization in the United States to correct for under-reporting and estimate the burden of influenza for seasons after the 2009 pandemic. Five sites of the Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET) collected data on the frequency and sensitivity of influenza testing during two seasons to estimate under-detection. Population-based rates of influenza-associated hospitalization and Intensive Care Unit admission from 2010–2013 were extrapolated to the U.S. population from FluSurv-NET and corrected for under-detection. Influenza deaths were calculated using a ratio of deaths to hospitalizations. We estimated that influenza-related hospitalizations were under-detected during 2010-11 by a factor of 2.1 (95%CI 1.7–2.9) for age < 18 years, 3.1 (2.4–4.5) for ages 18-64 years, and 5.2 (95%CI 3.8–8.3) for age 65+. Results were similar in 2011-12. Extrapolated estimates for 3 seasons from 2010–2013 included: 114,192–624,435 hospitalizations, 18,491–95,390 ICU admissions, and 4,915–27,174 deaths per year; 54–70% of hospitalizations and 71–85% of deaths occurred among adults aged 65+. Influenza causes a substantial disease burden in the U.S. that varies by age and season. Periodic estimation of multipliers across multiple sites and age groups improves our understanding of influenza detection in sentinel surveillance systems. Adjusting surveillance data using a multiplier method is a relatively simple means to estimate the impact of influenza and the subsequent value of interventions to prevent influenza. 相似文献
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Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease: Analysis of Tissues by Amplification and In Situ Hybridization Reveals Widespread Orbivirus Infection at Low Copy Numbers 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 Scott J. Brodie Katherine D. Bardsley Kurt Diem James O. Mecham Scott E. Norelius William C. Wilson 《Journal of virology》1998,72(5):3863-3871
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Peyronie’s disease (PD) is a connective tissue disorder which can result in penile deformity. The prevalence of diagnosed PD in the United States (US) has been estimated to be 0.5% in adult males, but there is limited additional information comparing definitive and probable PD cases. We conducted a population-based survey to assess PD prevalence using a convenience-sample of adult men participating in the ResearchNow general population panel. Respondents were categorized according to PD status (definitive, probable, no PD) and segmented by US geographic region, education, and income levels. Of the 7,711 respondents, 57 (0.7%) had definitive PD while 850 (11.0%) had probable PD. Using univariate logistic regression modeling, older age (18–24 vs 24+) (OR = 0.721; 95% CI = 0.570,0.913), Midwest/Northeast/West geographic region (South vs Midwest/Northeast/West) (OR = 0.747; 95% CI = 0.646,0.864), and higher income level (<25K vs 25K+) (OR = 0.820; 95% CI = 0.673,0.997) were each significantly associated with reduced odds of having a definitive/probable PD diagnosis compared with no PD diagnosis. When all three variables were entered in a stepwise multivariable logistic regression, only age (OR = 0.642; 95% CI = 0.497, 0.828) and region (OR = 0.752; 95% CI = 0.647, 0.872) remained significant. This study is the first to report PD prevalence by geographic region and income, and it advocates that the prevalence of PD in the US may be higher than previously cited. Further, given the large discrepancy between definitive PD cases diagnosed by a physician and probable cases not diagnosed by a physician, much more needs to be done to raise awareness of this disease. 相似文献
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Kristine Marceau Marielena De Araujo-Greecher Emily S. Miller Suena H. Massey Linda C. Mayes Jody M. Ganiban David Reiss Daniel S. Shaw Leslie D. Leve Jenae M. Neiderhiser 《PloS one》2016,11(3)
We aimed to assess comprehensively the prevalence of perinatal risks experienced by a potentially high-risk yet understudied population of children domestically adopted in the United States. Data are from participant report and medical records from mothers (n = 580) who completed a domestic adoption placement with nonrelatives at or near birth (Mean placement age = 7 days). We describe a comprehensive measure of perinatal risks, including divergences from previous assessment tools and the incorporation of multiple reporters, and report the prevalence of various types of perinatal risks. The prevalence of each specific risk factor was generally low, although several risks were more prevalent in this sample than estimates from nationally representative publicly available data. Nearly the entire sample (99%) experienced some type of risk exposure. Birth mothers who placed their children for adoption domestically in the US experience higher levels of perinatal risks than the national average, but not for all specific types of risk. Thus, the developmental trajectories of children adopted domestically may systematically differ from the general population to the extent that these specific perinatal risks impact development. 相似文献
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17.
Joaquín Quílez Claudia Vergara-Castiblanco Luis Monteagudo Emilio del Cacho Caridad Sánchez-Acedo 《Applied and environmental microbiology》2013,79(17):5363-5371
A stock of 148 Cryptosporidium parvum DNA extracts from lambs and goat kids selected from a previous study examining the occurrence of Cryptosporidium species and GP60 subtypes in diarrheic lambs and goat kids in northeastern Spain was further characterized by a multilocus fragment typing approach with six mini- and microsatellite loci. Various degrees of polymorphism were seen at all but the MS5 locus, although all markers exhibited two major alleles accounting for more than 75% of isolates. A total of 56 multilocus subtypes (MLTs) from lambs (48 MLTs) and goat kids (11 MLTs) were identified. Individual isolates with mixed MLTs were detected on more than 25% of the farms, but most MLTs (33) were distinctive for individual farms, revealing the endemicity of cryptosporidial infections on sheep and goat farms. Comparison with a previous study in calves in northern Spain using the same six-locus subtyping scheme showed the presence of host-associated alleles, differences in the identity of major alleles, and very little overlap in MLTs between C. parvum isolates from lambs and those from calves (1 MLT) or isolates from lambs and those from goat kids (3 MLTs). The Hunter-Gaston index of the multilocus technique was 0.976 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.970 to 0.982), which supports its high discriminatory power for strain typing and epidemiological tracking. Population analyses revealed the presence of two host-associated subpopulations showing epidemic clonality among the C. parvum isolates infecting calves and lambs/goat kids, respectively, although evidence of genetic flow between the two subpopulations was also detected. 相似文献
18.
Mark T. Gladwin Robyn J. Barst J. Simon R. Gibbs Mariana Hildesheim Vandana Sachdev Mehdi Nouraie Kathryn L. Hassell Jane A. Little Dean E. Schraufnagel Lakshmanan Krishnamurti Enrico Novelli Reda E. Girgis Claudia R. Morris Erika Berman Rosenzweig David B. Badesch Sophie Lanzkron Oswaldo L. Castro James G. Taylor VI Jonathan C. Goldsmith Gregory J. Kato Victor R. Gordeuk Roberto F. Machado 《PloS one》2014,9(7)
Background
The role of pulmonary hypertension as a cause of mortality in sickle cell disease (SCD) is controversial.Methods and Results
We evaluated the relationship between an elevated estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure and mortality in patients with SCD. We followed patients from the walk-PHaSST screening cohort for a median of 29 months. A tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV)≥3.0 m/s cuttof, which has a 67–75% positive predictive value for mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥25 mm Hg was used. Among 572 subjects, 11.2% had TRV≥3.0 m/sec. Among 582 with a measured NT-proBNP, 24.1% had values ≥160 pg/mL. Of 22 deaths during follow-up, 50% had a TRV≥3.0 m/sec. At 24 months the cumulative survival was 83% with TRV≥3.0 m/sec and 98% with TRV<3.0 m/sec (p<0.0001). The hazard ratios for death were 11.1 (95% CI 4.1–30.1; p<0.0001) for TRV≥3.0 m/sec, 4.6 (1.8–11.3; p = 0.001) for NT-proBNP≥160 pg/mL, and 14.9 (5.5–39.9; p<0.0001) for both TRV≥3.0 m/sec and NT-proBNP≥160 pg/mL. Age >47 years, male gender, chronic transfusions, WHO class III–IV, increased hemolytic markers, ferritin and creatinine were also associated with increased risk of death.Conclusions
A TRV≥3.0 m/sec occurs in approximately 10% of individuals and has the highest risk for death of any measured variable.The study is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov with identifier
NCT00492531 相似文献19.
Research must focus on management of diseases that cause extensive losses, especially when funds for research are limited. Knowledge of the losses caused by various soybean diseases is essential when prioritizing research budgets. The objective of this project was to compile estimates of soybean yields suppressed due to diseases for each soybean-producing state in the US from 2003 to 2005. The goal was to provide this information to help funding agencies and scientists prioritize research objectives and budgets. Yield suppression due to individual diseases varied among regions in the US, and the total of soybean yields suppressed due to diseases in the US varied among years. Soybean cyst nematode suppressed US soybean yield more during 2003 to 2005 than any other disease. Phytophthora root and stem rot, sudden death syndrome, and seedling diseases ranked in the top four on the list of diseases that suppressed soybean yield during these years. This is the first report of soybean yield suppression due to Asian soybean rust in the United States. 相似文献
20.
D. M. Easton P. G. Estcourt F. S. W. Brimblecombe Winifred Burgess L. Hass J. B. Kurtz 《BMJ (Clinical research ed.)》1974,1(5906):507-509
In a recent outbreak of 31 cases of meningococcal disease in Devon there were six deaths. Several patients had an unusual rash as the presenting feature and there was an unusually high incidence of complications, affecting the central nervous system, joints, and the heart among other sites. 相似文献