成都市区麻雀夜宿规律初步观察

2002年10月～2003年10月,对成都市区内一观察点麻雀的夜宿规律进行了观察。发现麻雀夜宿归巢时间、高峰时间、结束时间和清晨飞离时间有较强的规律,认为这是麻雀的生物节律决定的。     

Ocular Axial Length and Its Associations in Chinese: The Beijing Eye Study

Purpose

To investigate the normative data of ocular axial length and its associations in Chinese.

Method

The population-based Beijing Eye Study 2011 is a cross-sectional study performed in Greater Beijing. The study included 3468 individuals (1963 (56.6%) women) with a mean age of 64.6±9.8 years (range: 50–93 years). A detailed ophthalmic and medical examination was performed. Axial length was measured by optical low-coherence reflectometry.

Results

Axial length measurements were available for 3159 (91.1%) study participants. Mean axial length was 23.25±1.14 mm (range: 18.96–30.88 mm). In multivariate analysis, axial length was significantly associated with the systemic parameters of higher age (P<0.001), higher body height (P = 0.003), higher level of education (P<0.001) and urban region of habitation (P<0.001), and with the ocular parameters of thicker central cornea (P = 0.001), higher corneal curvature radius (P<0.001), deeper anterior chamber (P<0.001), thicker lens (P<0.001), more myopic refractive error (P<0.001), larger pupil diameter (P = 0.018), and higher best corrected visual acuity (P<0.001). It was additionally and negatively associated with the lens vault (P<0.001). In highly myopic eyes, axial length was significantly associated with lower level of education (P = 0.008), more myopic refractive error (P<0.001), and lower best corrected visual acuity (P = 0.034).

Conclusions

Mean ocular axial length in the older adult population of Greater Beijing (23.25±1.14 mm) was similar to the value measured in other urban populations and was higher than in a rural Central Indian population. The association between axial length and older age may potentially be associated with a survival artifact. The association between axial length and body height agrees with the general association between anthropomorphic measures and eye globe size. The association with the level of education and urban region of habitation confirms with previous studies. In contrast in highly myopic eyes, axial length was negatively associated with educational level and best corrected visual acuity.     

Classification of Disease in General Practice: A Comparative Study

A comparison is made between the International Classification of Diseases (Eighth Revision) and the classification of the British College of General Practitioners (1963 Revision), with particular reference to their application to the diagnostic data from a family practice in Canada over a period of one year. The International Classification proves superior but would require modification to be ideal for use in recording morbidity from general practice. A plan for such a modification is outlined.     

The Influences of Group and Independent General Practice on Patient Care: A Comparative Study in Ontario

When the practices of four general practitioners, members of multispecialist-general practitioner salaried groups (clinic doctors) were compared with those of four independent general practitioners (solo practitioners), it was noted that: group practice patients had more office laboratory investigation and greater in-hospital consultation and referral. On the other hand, independent practitioners'' patients seemed to receive more personal attention from the doctor, a fuller explanation of diagnosis and treatment during office hours, more drug samples and more laboratory investigation in hospital.Group and independent practices are similar with respect to the rate of follow-up visits, the volume of preventive medicine, the number of radiographs and special procedures, the total number of drugs ordered, and the in-hospital formal written consultation rate and office consultation rate.The similarities between two types of practice may be a result of the interaction of group and independent practice in the same community.It is concluded that the team approach to medical care is not incompatible with independent practice.     

The Adequacy of Medical Education for General Practice: A General Practitioner's Viewpoint

Medical education as a preparation for general practice is assessed from the viewpoint of the general practitioner. The historical development of Canadian medical education and its present functioning are reviewed. The doctor in general practice, although aware of the existing inadequacies of his system of preparation, is loath to relinquish control of the pattern he has built up for himself. It has served the community well and he fears many of its advantages will be lost if replacement, rather than repair, is attempted. Certain inadequacies are discussed and the correction of these is urged as of vital importance to the Canadian people.     

厦门两种文昌鱼染色体的制备与观察

文吕鱼的进化地位十分重要,对其染色体的研究在进化和比较基因组学方面有重要意义.然而文昌鱼的染色体制备困难,使研究受到了限制.本文介绍了一种改良的义昌鱼胚胎细胞染色体标本制备方法,以及用文昌鱼成体再生细胞制备染色体,首次获得了文昌鱼体细胞中期染色体标本,并观察了厦门2种文昌鱼的染色体,其中白氏文吕鱼(Branchiostoma belcheri)二倍体2n=40,日本文昌鱼(B.japonicum)二倍体2n=36.再次从细胞分类学角度证实白氏文昌鱼和日本文昌鱼作为两个独立物种的分类地位.     

厦门两种文昌鱼染色体的制备与观察(英文）

文昌鱼的进化地位十分重要,对其染色体的研究在进化和比较基因组学方面有重要意义。然而文昌鱼的染色体制备困难,使研究受到了限制。本文介绍了一种改良的文昌鱼胚胎细胞染色体标本制备方法,以及用文昌鱼成体再生细胞制备染色体,首次获得了文昌鱼体细胞中期染色体标本,并观察了厦门2种文昌鱼的染色体,其中白氏文昌鱼（Branchiostoma belcheri）二倍体2n=40,日本文昌鱼（B. japonicum）二倍体2n=36。再次从细胞分类学角度证实白氏文昌鱼和日本文昌鱼作为两个独立物种的分类地位。     

微生物学教学内容与课程体系改革的初步实践

山东大学微生物学学科是国家重点学科,现设有微生物学本科专业,微生物学硕士点和博士点。山东大学微生物学专业是我国国内成立最早、培养人数最多、开设专业课程最全的理科专业。在１９７７年恢复高考之后,我们逐步把微生物学专业的课程进行补充、扩大,经过二十年的努力,建立起了专业课程齐全的微生物学课程体系。这种课程体系对于学生扎实专业基础知识与能力的培养,起了重要的作用,使毕业生受到使用单位的广泛欢迎。 在新的形势下,面对２１世纪教学内容与课程体系的改革,原有的微生物学课程体系所存在的问题明显暴露出来,一是课…     

Factors Likely to Affect Community Acceptance of a Malaria Vaccine in Two Districts of Ghana: A Qualitative Study

Malaria is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children in Ghana. As part of the effort to inform local and national decision-making in preparation for possible malaria vaccine introduction, this qualitative study explored community-level factors that could affect vaccine acceptance in Ghana and provides recommendations for a health communications strategy. The study was conducted in two purposively selected districts: the Ashanti and Upper East Regions. A total of 25 focus group discussions, 107 in-depth interviews, and 21 semi-structured observations at Child Welfare Clinics were conducted. Malaria was acknowledged to be one of the most common health problems among children. While mosquitoes were linked to the cause and bed nets were considered to be the main preventive method, participants acknowledged that no single measure prevented malaria. The communities highly valued vaccines and cited vaccination as the main motivation for taking children to Child Welfare Clinics. Nevertheless, knowledge of specific vaccines and what they do was limited. While communities accepted the idea of minor vaccine side effects, other side effects perceived to be more serious could deter families from taking children for vaccination, especially during vaccination campaigns. Attendance at Child Welfare Clinics after age nine months was limited. Observations at clinics revealed that while two different opportunities for counseling were offered, little attention was given to addressing mothers’ specific concerns and to answering questions related to child immunization. Positive community attitudes toward vaccines and the understanding that malaria prevention requires a comprehensive approach would support the introduction of a malaria vaccine. These attitudes are bolstered by a well-established child welfare program and the availability in Ghana of active, flexible structures for conveying health information to communities. At the same time, it would be important to improve the quality of Child Welfare Clinic services, particularly in relation to communication around vaccination.     

我院两类人员并轨培养模式的实践

临床医学专业学位硕士研究生的临床能力培养与住院医师规范化培训在培养目标、培养内容、考核标准等方面具有一致性。对二者进行并轨培养,在二者的工作时间与工作量、培养形式和考核要求等方面做出同一性规定,起到了互相促进的作用。更高层次的并轨亟须在师资能力建设、临床实践时间保证以及国家层面的政策衔接等方面进一步明确并加强。