酵母菌属间原生质体融合获得能发酵乳糖生产酒精的融合体

本文报道了用聚乙二醇(PEG)诱导酿酒酵母 （Saccharomyces cerecisiae)和乳酸克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces lactis)属间原生质体融合。融合体的细胞体积约为两亲株之和;融合体的DNA含量约为亲株的两倍;融合体具有双亲株的遗传标记。融合体不仅能发酵葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、半乳糖、棉子糖和蜜二糖,而且也能发酵乳糖。在以乳糖为碳源的培养基中,融合体的发酵力是亲株乳酸克鲁维酵母的两倍多;在以葡萄糖为碳源的培养基中,融合体与亲株酿酒酵母的发酵力接近。     

链霉素生产菌—灰色链霉菌和热灰紫链霉菌的原生质体融合的研究

本文采用原生质体融合技术,把链霉素生产菌——灰色链霉菌No．45 Streptomyces griseus No.45(Lin,Rif‘)同耐高温的不产生抗生素的热灰紫链霉菌T272 Strep-griseus thermogriseoviolaceus T272(Lin^s,Rif^f)进行了原生质体融合。以抗性为选择标记,以PEG6000为助融剂,选出了融合体。制备超薄切片后在电镜下观察了原生质体融合的详细过程。在链霉素生物合成受抑制的高温(37℃)下,测定了融合体的抑菌括性,从形态上与两亲株不同的46株融合体中发现6．3％的融合体既有耐高温的特性也有抑菌的活性。     

E.aero高产13-丙二醇菌株选育及发酵培养基研究(Ⅰ)

以淡水湖泊泥土中分离出的 30 0多株肠杆菌 (Enterobacter)为出发菌株 ,利用常规筛选方法选出 2株 1 3 丙二醇产生菌 (Enterobacteraerogenes)。经UV、DES、NTG、EMS、LiCl单独及复合诱变 ,选育出一株 (E aero N 56) 1 3 PD高产突变株。通过单因素实验 ,确定了E aero N 56菌株 1 3 PD发酵培养基为 :甘油 90g L ,NH4Cl₁ 50g L     

矿油封藏法保存担子菌菌种的评定

本文总结了矿油封藏法保存担子菌菌种44属63种161株5—8年的效果;用薄层层析法测定经矿油封藏后在矿油中浸出物的成份,及其与保存效果的关系。保存菌株中除1株紫芝(Ganoderma japonicum)和3株Ganoderma sp.,6株草地蘑菇(Agartcus pratensts)中3株保存6年,5林保存5年失去活力外,其余全部保持着生活能力。对12属16种27株担子菌进行了栽培试验,除发光假密环菌(Armillariella tabescens)．香菇(Lenttnus edodes)、银耳(Tremella fuciformis)外都保持着形成子实体的特性。经薄层层析确知,保存菌株的矿油浸出物为游离甾醇、游离脂肪酸及甘油三酯等。但它的浸出不影响菌株的存活,因而矿汕封藏法,对于大量而且较长期的保存不同种的担子菌,是可取的简便易行的方法．     

苏芸金杆菌的质粒检测及载晶体蛋白合成基因的质粒在不同菌株间的传递

分析了苏芸金杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)7个变种19个野生菌株及无晶体(sp+cr-)和无芽孢(sp-cr+)突变株的质粒图型,证实了苏芸金杆菌的质粒组成既有变种的特异性,亦有菌株的特异性。载有晶体蛋白质合成基因的质粒,B. thuringiensis var．Kurstaki HD-191 菌株可能为42和50Mdal,B．Thuringiensis var. aizawai HD-282菌株为47Mdal, B．Thuringiensis var．Israelensis IPS-82菌株为57Mdal的质粒,而B．Thuringiensis var. wuhanensis 140 菌株的此种基因则可能不在质粒上而在染色体中。HD-191载晶体蛋白合成基因的质粒以很高频率被传递给其无晶体突变株HD-1并在后者细胞中表达。B. thuringiensis var. israelensisIPS-82菌株和 B．Thuringiensis var. kurstaki 无晶体突变株HD—1之间载晶体蛋白合成基因质粒的传递未能成功,提示可能存在着不相容性的障碍。     

我国葡萄根癌土壤杆菌的生化型与质粒类型的初步研究

从我国内蒙古、辽宁、吉林、北京、山东等地采集的49份葡萄冠瘿标本中,分离到根痛土壤杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefactens)67株,经鉴定有生化1型21株,生化II型4株,生化III型42株。葡萄根癌土壤杆菌中以生化ill型占优势。生化111型有97％、生化I型有24％的菌株能使葡萄或向日葵致瘤。鉴定了2S株生化l型和生化[I]型菌株所致冠瘿中的opines,其中有2株生化III型菌株合成nopaline,3株生化III型菌株合成精氨酸,其余菌株合成octopine。     

玉米赤霉烯酮产生菌在我国的分布及其特性*

从全国29个省、自治区和直辖市分离到的镰刀菌中,随机抽取335株分别接种到大米培养基上,进行变温培养。用薄层扫描法定量检测培养物在不同温度阶段的玉米赤霉烯酮含 量。检测结果表明,50.7％的受检菌株具有产生玉米赤霉烯酮的能力,分布广泛,产量范围为0.3—5143.8mg/kg大米．玉米赤霉烯酮产置与低温无必然相关性。 125株菌株(占产生菌的73.5％)在常温下即可产生玉米赤霉烯酮。经低温处理后,它们之中仅有41.6％的菌株显著增加了产量。产生菌分属7个种：禾谷镰刀菌(F．Grammearum)大刀镰刀菌(F．Culmorum),燕麦镰刀菌(F．Avenaceum),半裸镰刀菌(F．Semitectum),木贼镰刀菌(F. equiseti),紧密 镰刀菌(F．Compactum)和克地镰刀菌(F. crookwellense)。其中,禾谷镰刀菌占85.3％。     

一株仙人掌植物内生真菌的分离鉴定及活性研究*

从元江仙人掌的茎中分离到一株产广谱、高活性抑菌物质的内生真菌,经测定对细菌、植物病原真菌和皮肤致病真菌共21种病原微生物有较为明显的抑制作用。形态特征表明,该菌株与曲霉属(Aspergillus)中的土生曲霉(Aspergillus terreus)的特征基本一致,18S rDNA序列分析显示本菌株与土生曲霉的同源性高于99%,但该菌株的分生孢子梗上有明显的瘤状突起,不同于模式菌株。因此认为该菌株为土生曲霉的一个变种,命名为土生曲霉云南变种(Aspergillus ter     

中国小麦赤霉病菌优势种——禾谷镰刀菌产毒素能力的研究

试验测定了分离自中国小麦赤霉病常发生地区病麦穗上的47个禾谷镰刀菌(Fusariumgraminearum)菌株的产毒紊能力。结果表明,它们可以产生25种包括单端孢霉烯族化合物(Trichothecenes)、倍半萜类化合物(sesquiterpenes)、赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone)和丁烯羟酸内酯(Butenolide)等类的已知次生代谢物。这些菌株属于化学型 I,其中,来自我国温暖麦区的菌株都属化学型IA (deoxynivalenol,3-acetyl),并在气候冷凉地区发现化学型IB(de-oxynivalenol,15-acetyl)菌株。     

转化三硝基甲苯(a-TNT)的细菌及其应用

从长期被TNT粉尘及废水污染的土壤及生活污永中,分离筛选出93株好氧、厌氧及兼性好氧细菌。它们能将浓度为100一130毫克／升的TNT 90％以上转化。其中部分菌株能利用TNT作为生长的唯一碳源和氮源。我们对47株好氧及兼性好氧细菌进行了鉴定,分别属于柠檬杆菌属(Citrobacter)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、克氏杆菌属(Klebsiella)、埃希氏杆菌属(Escherichia)和假单胞葭属(Pseudomon~)。各属选一代表菌株进行培养试验,考察它们转化TNT的生理条件及转化rNT的速度。从其中选出10株菌应用于TNT废水生化处理小型试验,取得较好效果。出水的TNT、BOD、COD等项指标均低于国家的排放标准。     

平菇与香菇属间原生质体融合的研究

通过分离和出菇试验,获得了纯化的平菇(Pleurotus sapidus)和香菇(Lentinus edodes)单孢系。用溶壁酶去细胞壁制备成原生质体。以PEG为融合诱导剂,诱导两者原生质体融合。1988年获得了可以出菇的融合子。这些融合子形成的子实体,从形态、生长习性和菌伞的颜色特征上都与双亲有明显的差异。大部分氨基酸含量介于双亲之间。同功酶分析也显示出融合子呈现与双亲不同的酶带。融合子出现的上述新性状,可能是平菇与香菇的原生质体基因重组的结果。     

凤尾菇和香菇原生质体非对称融合

The protoplasts of auxotrophic mutant monokaryon of Pleurotus. Sajor-caju was used as recipient parenL the protoplasts of wild dikareon of Lentinus edodes were heat-inactivated and used as nuclear donor parent. The fusants of two parents showed some their individual characteristics and physiological difference between themselves. Thrugh protoplast re-isolation and reversion of one randomly selective fusant, two parents had been recovered and the donor parent achieved some new physiological characteristics su…     

克鲁维酵母种间原生质体融合的研究

乳酸克鲁维酵母(Kluyueromyces lactis Y12—1)和脆壁克鲁维酵母(K.fragilis8554)是乳糖酶生产菌株。应用原生质体融合技术进行了两菌株种问融合的研究。通过试验．原生质体形成及再生的最佳条件为：对数期的细胞,2％的蜗牛酶．30℃酶解30分钟．原生质体形成率90％以上,再生率20%左右。原生质体融合由聚乙二醇(PEG)诱导。K.lactisY12-l不能旋酵菊糖;K.fragilis 8554不能同化D－松三糖和麦芽糖;利用二菌株自身的营养缺陷性质获得融合子。融合子既能发酵菊糖又能同化D－松三糖和麦芽糖;融合子的DNA含量约为二亲株之和;融合子的菌落形态与亲株相比有一定差别．在以乳糖为碳源的培养基中,融合子的乳糖酶产量提高14一l6％;连续15次传代,融合子稳定。     

Frankia与链霉菌融合子特性的研究

将Frankia菌株CcOl与金色链霉菌GL原生质体融合,得到3株融合子,均具有GL生长快的特性与CcOl的结瘤固氮能力.固体培养时,3株融合子呈现出与GL不同的颜色;且均具有Frankia菌的顶囊形态,以及链霉菌的链状孢子丝结构.与两亲本相同,3株融合子均对大肠杆菌有抗性,其中F4与GL的抗菌谱基本相同.在传10代之后,它们仍具有结瘤与固氮能力.血清学分析表明,F1与F6兼具两亲本的特异抗原,而F4仅具有GL的特异抗原,融合子F1、F6较F4在遗传上更为稳定.     

种间双亲灭活原生质体融合选育高产Monacolin K红曲菌

为获得高产MonacolinK的红曲菌菌株,将经农杆菌介导转化获得的携带潮霉素抗性基因且以甘油为原料液态发酵高产MonacolinK的发白红曲菌H2和以大米为原料固态发酵产Monaco-1inK的烟色红曲菌9908作为亲本,对其原生质体分别进行热灭活及紫外灭活,然后对灭活双亲用PEG作融合剂进行原生质体融合。从融合子中选出有潮霉素抗性的突变株,通过发酵与亲本对比,筛选得到一株以大米为原料固态发酵高产MonacolinK的融合株F12．11,其MonacolinK产量达到8．73mg／g;较发白红曲菌H2与烟色红曲菌9908分别提高了100．23％和48．98％;一株以甘油为原料液态发酵高产MonacolinK的融合株F13-2,其MonacolinK的产量达到1752．46mg／L,较发白红曲菌H2与烟色红曲菌9908分别提高了32．98％和1979．33％。     

基于ITS序列分析对我国主要栽培的侧耳品种的鉴定及评价

利用PCR产物克隆测序测定了20个我国主要栽培的侧耳品种的ITS序列,另外从GenBank获得侧耳属15个种25条ITS序列及亚侧耳属2个种的ITS序列。以Hohenbueheliagrisea和H.tremula为外群,运用PAUP软件中的简约分析法(parsimonyanalysis)构建的系统发育树表明:侧耳属Pleurotus是单起源的,20个主要栽培的侧耳品种分别聚在三个组,即Ostreatus-eryngii-populinus复合组、Pulmonarius组、Citrinopileatus-cornucopiae组。Ostreatus-eryngii-populinus组含刺芹侧耳Pleurotuseryngii、白灵侧耳P.nebrodensis、香侧耳Pleurotussp.、阿魏侧耳P.eryngiivar.ferulae、平963-1Pleurotussp.及糙皮侧耳P.ostreatus、日本秀珍Pleurotussp.、平802Pleurotussp.、姬菇Pleurotussp.、灰白侧耳P.spodoleucus、缘刺侧耳Pleurotussp.、凤尾菇P.sajor-caju;Pulmonarius组含肺形侧耳P.pulmonarius、小白平菇Pleurotussp.、平8804Pleurotussp.、平侧5Pleurotussp.、美味侧耳P.sapidus;Citrinopileatus-cornucopiae组含黄白侧耳P.cornucopiae、金顶侧耳P.citrinopileatus、鸡汁菌Pleurotussp.。系统树还显示黄白侧耳与金顶侧耳、白灵侧耳与刺芹侧耳亲缘关系密切,而凤尾菇与肺形侧耳分属于不同的组,属于两个不同的种。基于ITS序列分析,本文还针对目前我国栽培的主要侧耳品种在名称使用上的混淆和混乱进行了初步的评价和讨论。     

Intergeneric protoplast fusion between Fusobacterium varium and Enterococcus faecium for enhancing dehydrodivanillin degradation

Intergeneric protoplast fusion between Fusobacterium varium (Pcs Glu+) and Enterococcus faecium (Pcr Glu-) was performed under strictly anaerobic conditions to improve dehydrodivanillin (DDV) degradation. The fusion frequency obtained from the selective medium (Pc+ Glu-) was about 0.9 X 10(-5) to 1.3 X 10(-5). The seven fusants isolated were all gram-negative anaerobes with rod shapes like that of F. varium and with main phenotypical properties of cocci like those of E. faecium such as esculin and starch hydrolysis, milk clotting, and lactate production. Five fusants showed enhanced DDV degradation activities that were 2 to 4 times higher than those of parental strains. Genetic relatedness between a fusant (FE7) and the parents was estimated by DNA-DNA Southern blot hybridization with 32P-labeled chromosomal DNA fragments of F. varium and E. faecium as respective probes. The fusant FE7 presented a very high cross-hybridization with both probes, indicating a high DNA homology between the fusant and both parental strains. Almost all the fusants obtained here have stably kept the properties described above for about 2 years. These results suggest that intergeneric gene transfer takes place through protoplast fusion and that the fusants that were obtained are stable recombinants.     

Intergeneric protoplast fusion between Fusobacterium varium and Enterococcus faecium for enhancing dehydrodivanillin degradation.

Intergeneric protoplast fusion between Fusobacterium varium (Pcs Glu+) and Enterococcus faecium (Pcr Glu-) was performed under strictly anaerobic conditions to improve dehydrodivanillin (DDV) degradation. The fusion frequency obtained from the selective medium (Pc+ Glu-) was about 0.9 X 10(-5) to 1.3 X 10(-5). The seven fusants isolated were all gram-negative anaerobes with rod shapes like that of F. varium and with main phenotypical properties of cocci like those of E. faecium such as esculin and starch hydrolysis, milk clotting, and lactate production. Five fusants showed enhanced DDV degradation activities that were 2 to 4 times higher than those of parental strains. Genetic relatedness between a fusant (FE7) and the parents was estimated by DNA-DNA Southern blot hybridization with 32P-labeled chromosomal DNA fragments of F. varium and E. faecium as respective probes. The fusant FE7 presented a very high cross-hybridization with both probes, indicating a high DNA homology between the fusant and both parental strains. Almost all the fusants obtained here have stably kept the properties described above for about 2 years. These results suggest that intergeneric gene transfer takes place through protoplast fusion and that the fusants that were obtained are stable recombinants.     

Genetic Diversity of the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus sp. by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism

Pleurotus strains are the most important fungi used in the agricultural industry. The exact characterization and identification of Pleurotus species is fundamental for correct identification of the individuals and exploiting their full potential in food industry. The amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) method was applied for genomic fingerprinting of 21 Pleurotus isolates of Asian and European origin. Using one PstI restriction endonuclease and four selective primers in an AFLP assay, 371 DNA fragments were generated, including 308 polymorphic bands. The AFLP profiles were found to be highly specific for each strain and they unambiguously distinguished 21 Pleurotus sp. fungi. The coefficient of Jaccard's genome profile similarity between the analyzed strains ranged from 0.0 (Pleurotus sp. I vs. P. sajor-caju 237 and P. eryngii 238) to 0.750 (P. ostreatus 246 vs. P. ostreatus 248), and the average was 0.378. The AFLP-based dendrogram generated by the UPGMA method grouped all the Pleurotus fungi studied into two major clusters and one independent lineage located on the outskirt of the tree occupied by naturally growing Pleurotus species strain I. The results of the present study suggest the possible applicability of the AFLP-PstI method in effective identification and molecular characterization of Pleurotus sp. strains.     

Intergeneric protoplast fusion between Calocybe indica (milky mushroom) and Pleurotus florida aids in the qualitative and quantitative improvement of sporophore of the milky mushroom

This article primarily focuses on the production of somatic hybrid sporophores through PEG-mediated protoplast fusion between Calocybe indica var. APK2 and Pleurotus florida. To screen the hybrid strains a selection strategy was followed based on the differential tolerance of NaCl level by the two parental genera. Basidiocarps could be successfully generated from eight out of fourteen hybrid lines that were maintained in culture. Hybridity of the fusant lines was established on the basis of their colony morphology, mycelial growth rate and hyphal traits, while the fruit-body-generating lines were demarcated on the basis of nature of sporophores, isozyme and RAPD markers. The degree to which the hybrid population differed among themselves and from their parents was assessed by analysing each of these morphological variables by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). RAPD bands of the fusant lines were similar to either parental bands or were new non-parental bands, which classified them into the microgenome and macrogenome insertion types. A dendrogram created with the help of UPGMA method of clustering and Euclidean distance exhibited three major clusters, in which the Pleurotus–Calocybe hybrids showed intra-cluster variations. Notably, P. florida was genetically distant from the hybrid lines, while C. indica was phylogenetically the dominant parent. Significant increase in bio-efficiency and γ-linoleic acid content in these hybrid lines indicated quantitative as well as qualitative improvement of the newly developed somatic hybrids.