Influence of temperature on dermatophytes

In the present study it has been found that the temperature of 55° C was the lowest one capable of killing 12 examined dermatophytes in water suspension heated for 5 min. At 45° C the germination of some species was retarded and at 40° C was accelerated.     

Influence of certain soil factors on chocolate spot of beans

In the summer of 1941 chocolate spot of beans was widespread in the South-Eastern Agricultural Province and caused much damage to the crop. Soil samples were collected from forty-nine affected fields on a variety of soil types, and the relation between the severity of attack by chocolate spot and the texture, pH, available potassium and available phosphorus determined. Severity of attack was classified into three grades: 'slight', in which only spotting of the foliage occurred; 'moderate', in which death of leaves and blossoms on the three or four lowest nodes occurred; and 'severe', in which there was generally a total loss of crop. No significant relation between severity of attack and soil texture, pH or available potassium was found. A highly significant relation was found to exist between the severity of attack and the amount of available phosphorus in the soil as determined by the method of soil analysis used in this Province. Damage by chocolate spot was generally slight on soils containing 'medium to medium high' or higher amounts of available phosphorus, and generally severe on soils containing low amounts of available phosphorus.     

Biological traits of naturally transgenic plants and their evolutional roles

Agrobacterial transformation is a main method of creation of transgenic plants under laboratory conditions. It is based on regeneration of whole plants from cells transformed with vectors based on T-DNA of agrobacteria. In addition, natural plants are described that contain T-DNA in their genomes and have been vertically transferring it throughout generations over millennia. This DNA was called cellular T-DNA (cT-DNA), and plants containing it are referred to as naturally transgenic ones. Since evolution involves manifold acts of such plant transformation, the latter appears to play important roles. This review analyzes the significance and feasible functions of cT-DNA in the evolution. Roles of cT-DNA in control of plant morphogenetic reactions and in that of processes related to plant-microbe interactions are also discussed.     

Effect of certain chemicals on soil fungistasis

Summary Fungistatic property of soil sample amended with certain chemicals has been studied. The fungistatic property was found to be highest in soil samples amended with potassium permanganate and copper sulphate. The remaining chemicals also caused different levels of fungistasis. Thus presence of various chemicals in the microbial products seems to be the possible cause of soil fungistasis.     

Studies on the antibiosis of dermatophytes

Trichophyton gallinae produced substances inhibiting in variable degrees the development of certain dermatophytes.     

The distribution of geophilic dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi in relation to the pH of the soil

Summary Keratinophilic fungi have been isolated from 178 (71.3 %) out of 250 soil samples taken from different sites in the surroundings of Berlin. The pH-values of the soils recorded vary within a range from 3.0 to 8.0. Most of the soils with the lowest pH (3.0–4.5) do not yield keratinophilic fungi while almost all of them with a pH higher than 5 do contain 1 to 6 kerationphilic species. The average pH of soils negative for these fungi is pH 4.1, the average pH of positive samples is 5.8. The distribution of individual species is also influenced by the pH of the soil. OnlyKerationmyces ajelloi is recovered in the same rate from soils with pH lower and higher than 6, the other species more frequently occur in weakly acid to weakly alkaline reacting soils. The development of keratinophilic and keratinolytic fungi generally seems to be favoured under nearly neutral to weakly alkaline conditions. A similar range of pH has proved to be the most favourable to several metabolic activities of these fungi. The pH-optima of enzymes excreted by dermatophytes have been found to be within this range. Enzyme activity is inhibited if the pH of the substrate decreases below 4.0. The absence of keratinophilic fungi in strongly acid soils may therefore be due to the inhibition of enzyme activities under these conditions.

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Zusammenfassung Aus 178 von 250 in der Umgebung von Berlin gesammelten Bodenproben wurden keratinophile Pilze isoliert (71,3%). Die untersuchten Böden wiesen pH-Werte zwischen 3,0 und 8,0 auf. Es bestanden enge Beziehungen zwischen dem pH-Wert des Bodens und dem Vorkommen keratinophiler Pilze. In den meisten Proben mit pH-Werten unter 4,5 fehlten diese Pilze, während in fast allen Proben mit pH-Werten über 5,0 mindestens eine, oft mehrere keratinophile Arten nebeneinander vorkamen. Der Durchschnitts-pH-Wert aller Proben, die keine keratinophilen Pilze aufwiesen, betrug 4,1, der entsprechende Wert für solche Pilze enthaltende Proben 5,8. Die einzelnen Arten zeigten eine unterschiedlich starke Bevorzugung der schwach sauer bis schwach alkalisch reagierenden Böden. NurKeratinomyces ajelloi war in Böden mit pH-Werten unter und über 6,0 gleichmäßig verteilt, während alle anderen Arten in fast neutralen Böden gehäuft auftraten. Wachstum und Stoffwechsel keratinophiler und keratinolytischer Pilze werden anscheinend grundsätzlich unter neutralen bis schwach alkalischen Bedingungen gefördert. Die pH-Optima von Dermatophyten ins Nährmedium ausgeschiedener Enzyme liegen auch in diesem Bereich. Sinkt der pH-Wert des Substrates unter pH 4,0, wird die Aktivität dieser Enzyme fast völlig unterbunden. Das Fehlen keratinophiler Pilze in stark sauren Böden läßt sich daher wahrscheinlich auf eine Hemmung iher für den Aufschluß des Keratins notwendigen Ektoenzyme zurückführen.

     

Influence of soil salt,at levels characteristic of some roadside environments,on the germination of certain tree seeds

Summary Tree seeds were germinated in a greenhouse soil mix amended with varying amounts of sodium chloride. The salt was added in amounts approximating certain roadside soil environments.Betula alleghaniensis, Catalpha bignonioides, Quercus coccinea andQ. cerris seed exhibited reduced germination percentage at the highest salt concentrations. Germination ofRobinia pseudoacacia seed was delayed as salt concentration was increased. Except for slight germination percentage reduction, seed ofAilanthus altissima, Pinus rigida andGleditsia triacanthos were uninfluenced by the salt treatments.     

Studies on the phospholipase A of dermatophytes

The presence of phospholipase A activity was detected in three dermatophytes:Microsporum cookei, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, andEpidermophyton floccosum. The activity was always higher inT. mentagrophytes than inM. cookei andE. floccosum. All exhibited phospholipase A₁ and A₂ activities, but the activity was largely A₂ inM. cookei and A₁ inE. floccosum. T. mentagrophytes possessed almost equal activities of phospholipase A₁ and A₂.