基于CRISPR/Cas技术的核酸检测研究进展

由成簇、规则间隔的短回文重复序列（Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats,CRISPR）和CRISPR相关蛋白（CRISPR-associated protein,Cas）组成的CRISPR/Cas系统是广泛存在于多数细菌和古细菌中的一种适应性免疫系统。CRISPR/Cas系统可识别并结合外源入侵的核酸分子,之后Cas蛋白的切割活性被激活,能够对入侵的核酸分子进行切割使其降解。利用CRISPR/Cas系统特异的序列识别及切割活性,将其应用于核酸检测中,为提高检测灵敏度及特异性等性能指标提供了一种新思路。本文介绍了CRISPR/Cas系统的发展、作用机制等,对多样化的Cas蛋白在核酸检测中的代表性应用研究进行总结,进一步讨论了CRISPR/Cas技术应用于核酸检测中存在的优缺点,并对未来研究进行了展望,为基于CRISPR/Cas技术的核酸检测方法在病原微生物的检测中提供参考和依据。     

CRISPR/Cas系统的研究进展及前沿应用

CRISPR/Cas系统作为一种高效的基因组编辑工具,已经被广泛地研究和应用于各个领域。CRISPR/Cas系统已从最初的CRISPR/Cas9发展到现在的CRISPR/Cas12a、CRISPR/Cas13a、CRISPR/dCas等十多种基因编辑系统;从原来的靶向作用于DNA到现在的除了靶向作用于DNA和RNA外,还能应用于转录调控、DNA循环等无需基因编辑的领域。CRISPR/Cas系统以往存在的诸多局限性正在被一个一个突破,该系统的应用已经进入了一个新的时代。本文对CRISPR/Cas系统近些年的发展情况以及新发现的各种CRISPR/Cas系统做了一个总结,并列举了各个系统最新的应用情况。     

CRISPR/Cas:可应用于病毒检测和抗病毒治疗的前沿技术（英文）

近年来,病毒感染疫情频发,凸显了高效便利的病毒检测技术以及抗病毒药物研制的迫切性。基于成簇的规则间隔短回文重复序列（CRISPR）和CRISPR相关蛋白（Cas）的工程系统在靶向和切割核酸方面具有较高的特异性和效率,是目前使用最为广泛的基因编辑工具。该系统目前也广泛应用于病毒学研究和相关医疗实践。本文重点介绍了Cas9、Cas12和Cas13这三种最常用的CRISPR/Cas系统在病毒检测和抗病毒治疗中的应用。在病毒检测方面,Cas9通过与荧光传感器、电化学传感器和侧流层析试纸等生物传感器相结合,提高了生物传感器检测的灵敏度和准确性。Cas12和Cas13则基于其反式切割活性,目前已经开发了多种技术来检测DNA和RNA病毒,如SHERLOCK和DETECTER。在抗病毒治疗方面,Cas9已被用于靶向切割病毒DNA,从而抑制病毒的复制,其靶标包括DNA病毒的基因组和逆转录病毒的中间产物DNA;而Cas13则被用于靶向病毒RNA,其靶标包括RNA病毒的基因组和病毒mRNA。尽管CRISPR/Cas系统在灵敏度、效率和便利度等方面具有多种优势,但在一些方面仍不可避免地存在局限性,如脱靶效应、...     

基于CRISPR/Cas系统的生物传感策略研究进展

CRISPR/Cas9系统是继锌指核酸内切酶、类转录激活因子效应物核酸酶之后的第三代基因组定点编辑工具,因其具有特异性切割双链DNA的能力,被广泛应用于基因编辑、生物传感等领域。Cas12a(Cpf1)、Cas13a(C2c2)等蛋白"附属切割"活性的发现,拓展了CRISPR/Cas系统在生物传感中的应用。近年来,研究人员开发出一系列快速、超敏、高特异性的生物传感系统用于分子检测,如SHERLOCK,DETECTR等。本文主要综述了基于CRISPR/Cas系统的生物传感策略的研究进展,并展望了其未来发展的方向。     

CRISPR/Cas系统分类和病原体检测的研究进展

基于CRISPR/Cas系统识别和切割靶标DNA或RNA的特性不仅开发出精准、高效的基因编辑技术,也设计出革新的高灵活性和灵敏度的病原体检测技术。该文介绍并阐明CRISPR/Cas系统的不同作用机制和最新分类,着重综述“2”类CRISPR系统在诸多病原体检测中的研究进展,讨论分析了CRISPR/Cas系统在病原体检测领域存在的优点以及面临的挑战。     

CRISPR/Cas系统在抗病毒研究中的应用

近年来,CRISPR/Cas系统因其效率高、靶向性强、易操作等优势,已被广泛应用于多种病毒研究中。本文首先简单介绍了CRISPR/Cas系统的分类,并比较了Cas9和Cas12a与Cas13a的特点;其次重点介绍了CRISPR/Cas9通过靶向破坏病毒基因组,或编辑宿主关于病毒生命周期的关键因子的策略在抗病毒方面的各种应用,CRISPR/Cas13a采用靶向破坏病毒基因组方法在抗病毒中的应用,以及CRISPR/Cas12a和CRISPR/Cas13a在病毒基因检测中的应用。最后讨论了CRISPR/Cas在病毒研究中面临的挑战,并讨论了CRISPR/Cas12a作为抗病毒工具的潜在应用前景。由于CRISPR/Cas系统自身的优势,预计该系统将会给病毒相关的疾病诊断和控制带来革命性的变化。     

CRISPR/Cas基因编辑系统研究进展

规律性成簇间隔的短回文重复序列(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, CRISPR)的发现和工程技术对生命科学的发展带来巨大的推动作用。RNA引导的Cas(CRISPR-associated)酶已被用作操纵细胞、动物和植物基因组的工具。这加速了基础研究的步伐,并使其在临床和农业上的应用成为可能。CRISPR/Cas9对在实验系统中进行的功能基因组学的研究有重大影响。CRISPR/Cas9系统自发现以来,因其操作便捷、成本低、特异性高、可同时打靶任意数量基因等优点而被广泛应用。经过近几年研究发现,Cas9变异体(Cas12a、Cas13)有利于突破和克服CRISPR/Cas9应用中的一些限制,Cas12a极大地扩展了基因编辑靶位点的选择范围,同时其介导的多基因编辑具有明显的优势;Cas13等蛋白能特异性结合和编辑RNA,开启了转录组研究的新篇章。本文主要就CRISPR/Cas的研究背景以及Cas9、Cas12a和Cas13系统研究进展和应用进行综述,并对其应用前景和发展方向进行了展望。     

CRISPR/Cas核酸检测技术的研究进展

CRISPR(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)技术作为强大的基因编辑及基因调控工具,在生命科学研究、生物技术产业、基因治疗等领域得到了广泛的发展与应用.近些年来,基于Cas蛋白(CRISPRassociated protein)特异性及非特异性的核酸切割活性, CRISPR技术在核酸检测领域展现了其简单快速、高效特异的特点,以及在即时检测(point-of-care testing, POCT)领域的应用潜能,可满足临床早期治疗及床旁监护所需的快速诊断需求.根据Cas酶的不同活性(顺式切割活性和反式切割活性),本文将基于Cas酶的核酸检测技术分为两大类,分别为CRISPR/Cas9系统和CRISPR/Cas12, Cas13, Cas14系统,并阐述了它们各自的工作原理.此外,本文还详细综述了CRISPR/Cas系统与多信号传感器的联合应用,总结了CRISPR/Cas核酸检测技术所存在的缺陷及面临的挑战,并对其未来的发展进行了展望.     

基于CRISPR/Cas的分子诊断传感器在非核酸分子诊断中的应用

CRISPR/Cas不仅是一种重要的基因编辑工具,而且还是一种有效的分子诊断工具。目前基于CRISPR/Cas建立了一系列的分子诊断传感器系统,广泛应用于核酸、非核酸等检测过程中。与应用较广泛的核酸分子诊断传感器系统相比,基于CRISPR/Cas的非核酸检测系统目前尚未见系统性综述,因此本文围绕基于CRISPR/Cas12和CRISPR/Cas13建立的两大类非核酸分子传感器诊断系统的基本特征、工作流程及其检测原理等进行了全面综述,期望能为CRISPR/Cas分子诊断系统在体外诊断中的应用提供依据。     

基于CRISPR/Cas系统的纸基分析在快速检测食源性致病菌中的应用

由食源性致病菌引起的食品安全事件严重影响人类健康,开发针对食源性致病菌的快速检测技术十分必要。成簇间隔短回文重复序列（clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats,CRISPR）及相关蛋白（CRISPR-associated protein,Cas）是原核生物的适应性免疫系统,具有特异性识别并切割核酸序列的功能。纸基分析方法作为一种简便性好、成本低廉的分析检测工具,在快速检测领域展现出良好的前景。因此,将CRISPR/Cas系统的高效识别能力和纸基分析方法的简便性相结合可实现对食源性致病菌的快速灵敏检测。本文简要介绍了CRISPR/Cas系统用于核酸检测的概况,对第二类单Cas效应蛋白系统的特点及原理进行概述,重点综述基于CRISPR/Cas系统的试纸分析、侧向流动分析和纸基微流控装置在检测食源性致病菌方面的应用,并讨论了CRISPR/Cas系统结合纸基分析建立检测方法的优势、当前的挑战及未来的发展前景。     

Exploring alternative catalytic mechanisms of the Cas9 HNH domain

Understanding the reaction mechanism of CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) is crucial for the application of programmable gene editing. Despite the availability of the structures of Cas9 in apo- and substrate-bound forms, the catalytically active structure is still unclear. Our first attempt to explore the catalytic mechanism of Cas9 HNH domain has been based on the reasonable assumption that we are dealing with the same mechanism as endonuclease VII, including the assumption that the catalytic water is in the first shell of the Mg²⁺. Trying this mechanism with the cryo-EM structure forced us to induce significant structural change driven by the movement of K848 (or other positively charged residue) close to the active site to facilitate the proton transfer step. In the present study, we explore a second reaction mechanism where the catalytic water is in the second shell of the Mg²⁺ and assume that the cryo-EM structure by itself is a suitable representation of a catalytic-ready structure. The alternative mechanism indicates that if the active water is from the second shell, then the calculated reaction barrier is lower compared with the corresponding barrier when the water comes from the first shell.     

靶向RNA的CRISPR-Cas系统研究进展

CRISPR(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas(CRISPR associated proteins)系统是细菌和古细菌抵抗噬菌体、质粒等外源遗传物质的一种适应性免疫系统,该系统利用一种特殊的RNA(CRISPR RNA,crRNA)指导的内切酶来切割与crRNA相互补的外源遗传物质,从而阻碍外源核酸的侵染。根据效应复合物组成形式的不同,CRISPR-Cas系统分为1类(Ⅰ型、Ⅳ型和Ⅲ型)和2类(Ⅱ型、Ⅴ型和Ⅵ型)两大类。目前已发现多个CRISPR-Cas系统具有非常强的特异靶向RNA编辑能力,如Ⅵ型CRISPR-Cas13系统和Ⅲ型CRISPR-Cas7-11系统。随着研究的深入,相关系统在RNA编辑领域应用日渐广泛,使其成为基因编辑的有力工具。本文介绍了靶向RNA的CRISPR-Cas系统的组成、结构、分子机制以及其潜在应用,这为更好地研究该类系统的作用机制奠定基础,也为后期开发为稳定的基因编辑工具提供新的思路。     

Das CRISPR/Cas‐System

The CRISPR/Cas system Up to this point plant breeding was based on the utilization of unspecific and time‐consuming procedures to accomplish improvements in the agronomic traits of our crop plants. This fundamentally changed the last years since the CRISPR/Cas system now provides a highly precise and reliable tool to achieve these goals in a fast and efficient way. The programmable induction of double‐strand breaks enables the targeted introduction of favored changes at almost any desired site within the genome that cannot be distinguished from naturally occurring variations any longer. This already enabled the generation of crop plants with agronomically interesting traits. The current characterization of additional CRISPR/Cas systems not only expands our molecular toolbox which allows us to regulate the cell metabolism on very different levels but also starts changing the entire biotechnology and biology fields fundamentally.     

CRISPR/Cas9 nickase-mediated efficient and seamless knock-in of lethal genes in the medaka fish Oryzias latipes

The CRISPR/Cas system offers new opportunities for targeted gene modifications in a wide range of organisms. In medaka (Oryzias latipes), a vertebrate model organism, a wild-type Cas9-based approach is commonly used to establish desired strains, however, its use in lethal genes is still challenging due to excess gene disruptions triggered by DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). To overcome this problem, we aimed to develop a new knock-in system using Cas9 nickase (Cas9n) that can reduce DNA DSBs. We revealed that Cas9n allowed reduction of the DSB-induced unwanted mutagenesis via non-homologous end-joining at both on- and off- target sites. Further, with a new donor plasmid (p2BaitD) that provides a linear template through Cas9n-mediated nicks, we successfully integrated reporter cassettes via homology-directed repair (HDR) into all three loci tested, including a lethal gene. In the experiment targeting the lethal gene, the combination of p2BaitD and Cas9n achieved higher survival rates than the Cas9-based approach, which enabled the desired knock-in founders. Additionally, through a technical blend of our knock-in system with a recently developed One-step mating protocol, we successfully established a homozygous knock-in strain in one generation period. This study presents evidence of an effective method to generate an HDR-mediated gene knock-in in medaka and other organisms, which is useful for establishing screening platforms for genes or drugs toxicity or other applications.     

An Active Immune Defense with a Minimal CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) RNA and without the Cas6 Protein

The prokaryotic immune system CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated) is a defense system that protects prokaryotes against foreign DNA. The short CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) are central components of this immune system. In CRISPR-Cas systems type I and III, crRNAs are generated by the endonuclease Cas6. We developed a Cas6b-independent crRNA maturation pathway for the Haloferax type I-B system in vivo that expresses a functional crRNA, which we termed independently generated crRNA (icrRNA). The icrRNA is effective in triggering degradation of an invader plasmid carrying the matching protospacer sequence. The Cas6b-independent maturation of the icrRNA allowed mutation of the repeat sequence without interfering with signals important for Cas6b processing. We generated 23 variants of the icrRNA and analyzed them for activity in the interference reaction. icrRNAs with deletions or mutations of the 3′ handle are still active in triggering an interference reaction. The complete 3′ handle could be removed without loss of activity. However, manipulations of the 5′ handle mostly led to loss of interference activity. Furthermore, we could show that in the presence of an icrRNA a strain without Cas6b (Δcas6b) is still active in interference.     

Construction of a CRISPR-Cas9 System for Pig Genome Targeting

A Cas9/sgRNA RNA-guided endonuclease expression system including a codon-optimized Streptococcus pyogenes A20 Cas9 recombinant protein expression vector and a spacer-guide chimeric RNA expression vector using the porcine U6 promoter was constructed for application in pigs. Only the Flag₂-NLS₁-Cas9-NLS₂ recombinant protein in complex with sgRNA was translocated into the nucleus; the Flag₂-NLS₁-Cas9-NLS₂ protein alone was excluded from the nucleus. Up to 13% of porcine PK1 cells targeted in vitro were observed, regardless of transfection efficiency.