表观遗传学及其研究方法

表观遗传学是一门重要的生命学科,主要包括DNA的甲基化、组蛋白修饰以及非编码RNA等内容,其中任何一方面的表观遗传学变化对生物体的生命过程都有重要的影响。近年来随着生命科学的快速发展,表观遗传学越来越受到人们的关注,各种先进科技的应用也使得表观遗传学实验技术得到快速的发展。本文对DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰及非编码RNA的基本内容及实验方法进行了综述,并对不同的研究方法进行分析,有利于表观遗传学的深入研究。     

高通量测序技术及其在表观遗传学上的应用

DNA测序技术是现代生命科学研究的重要工具之一,而高通量测序技术在全基因组的研究中发挥着越来越重要的作用。简要回溯DNA测序技术的产生与发展,着重从PCR扩增测序和单分子测序两个方面全面描述了高通量测序中众多代表性的技术及直接测序技术,并从DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰、非编码RNA调控等方面阐述了高通量测序技术在表观遗传学上的运用。     

表观遗传学修饰在血液肿瘤中的研究进展

血液肿瘤作为一类常见恶性肿瘤疾病主要包括各类白血病、多发性骨髓瘤以及恶性淋巴瘤.随着现代社会高速发展,人群发病率呈逐年升高趋势,且发病年龄逐渐低龄化,发病原因与环境因素以及遗传因素密不可分.近年来研究发现,表观遗传学修饰在血液肿瘤发生发展的过程中扮演了重要角色,一些相关修饰基因作为血液肿瘤的治疗靶点在临床应用上取得了重要进展.针对近年来表观遗传学修饰在血液肿瘤中的研究新进展,本文将系统综述DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰、非编码RNA及RNA修饰等在血液肿瘤发病机制方面的研究进展.     

表观遗传学及其与疾病相关性

表观遗传学(Epigenetics)是指基因的DNA序列不发生改变的情况下,基因的表达水平与功能发生改变,并产生可遗传表型的遗传现象。主要内容包括DNA甲基化,组蛋白共价修饰,染色质重塑,非编码RNA 4个调控机制。这些表观遗传学变化与多种疾病的发生发展有关,该文就表观遗传学及其与疾病相关性作一综述。     

鼻咽癌的表观遗传学研究进展

表观遗传学是功能基因组学的重要组成部分,它实际上是研究理化、生物等环境因素以及饮食习惯等对遗传因素的作用,并由这一作用引起DNA序列以外的遗传物质改变.鼻咽癌是我国南方常见恶性肿瘤,具有明显的家族聚集倾向,存在基因组不稳定性,易受理化、生物等环境因素的影响,是多基因遗传性肿瘤.鼻咽癌这种独特病因体系提示:鼻咽癌是研究肿瘤表观遗传修饰的最佳模型之一.主要从DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰、染色质重构和非编码RNA的调控4方面对鼻咽癌表观遗传学研究进展进行综述并针对性地提出了一些新的建议,目的是为进一步探究鼻咽癌表观遗传学发病机制,更好地全面理解鼻咽癌的病因发病机制网络体系,寻找鼻咽癌高危易感人群的筛查、早期诊断、治疗、预后判断的表观遗传修饰分子标志物开辟新的前景.     

表观遗传学研究进展

表观遗传学是在基因组DNA序列不发生变化的条件下,基因表达发生的改变也是可以遗传的,导致可遗传的表现型变化。表观遗传学主要包括DNA甲基化作用、组蛋白修饰作用、染色质重塑、遗传印记、随机染色体(X)失活及RNA世界等。与表观遗传学相关的疾病主要有肿瘤、心血管病、精神病和自身免疫系统性病等。现就表观遗传学与疾病进行综述。     

铁死亡的表观遗传调控机制

铁死亡是一种新型的细胞程序性死亡方式,参与多种疾病的发生发展。对铁死亡调控机制的深入研究会帮助我们从新的角度去认识疾病的发生机制和探究潜在的药物干预靶点。因此,本文对铁死亡的表观遗传调控机制的最新研究进展进行了综述。研究发现,组蛋白的修饰如组蛋白甲基化、乙酰化和单泛素化等,能够通过激活或抑制铁死亡相关的溶质载体家族7成员11(recombinant solute carrier family 7 Member 11,SLC7A11)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(glutathione peroxidase 4,GPX4)等基因的转录进而调控铁死亡的发生。此外,DNA/RNA甲基化也影响着铁死亡的发生,如GPX4上游DNA甲基化的增加会导致脂质活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的积累从而促进细胞发生铁死亡。本文综述了近些年参与铁死亡调控的包括小分子RNA(microRNA)、长非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)和环状RNA(circular RNA,circRNA)在内的非编码RNA的研究,发现非编码RNA也可以通过靶向调控谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)合成、脂质ROS和GPX4活性等,在多种疾病尤其是肿瘤疾病的铁死亡过程中起举足轻重的作用。     

黑色素瘤发生发展中的表观遗传学调控

人恶性黑色素瘤(malignant melanoma)是近年来高发病率和高死亡率的肿瘤之一.目前尚缺乏有效的治疗方法.而表观遗传如DNA甲基化(DNA methylation)、组蛋白修饰(histonemodification)、染色质重塑(chromatin remodeling)及RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)等改变在人黑色素瘤的发生、发展和转移中有重要作用.阐明黑色素瘤发生发展的表观遗传学机制已引起了学者的普遍关注.本文综述了人类黑色素瘤发生发展中所特异的表观遗传改变:CpG岛的异常甲基化修饰、组蛋白甲基化和乙酰化修饰、染色质重塑以及microRNA在黑色素瘤发生和转移中的作用,并对应用表观遗传修饰治疗人类黑色素瘤进行了探讨.     

表观遗传学及现代表观遗传生物医药技术的发展北大核心CSCD

表观遗传学和基于表观遗传机制的生物医药技术的研究已经成为后基因组时代生命科学技术领域的重要组成部分。围绕肿瘤、心脑血管疾病、糖尿病及中老年神经退行性疾病等过程中DNA甲基化修饰、组蛋白翻译后修饰及非编码RNA等表观遗传学改变的深入研究,不仅有利于理解相关疾病的分子病理机制,而且,更有助于探寻基于表观遗传机制的有效治疗手段。在阐释表观遗传学修饰机制的基础上,对疾病过程中异常的表观遗传学修饰及相关生物医药技术的研究现状进行了归纳总结。     

表观遗传学: 生物细胞非编码RNA调控的研究进展

表观遗传学是研究基因表达发生了可遗传的改变, 而DNA序列不发生改变的一门生物学分支, 对细胞的生长分化及肿瘤的发生发展至关重要。表观遗传学的主要机制包括DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰及新近发现的非编码RNA。非编码RNA 是指不能翻译为蛋白的功能性RNA分子, 其中常见的具调控作用的非编码RNA包括小干涉RNA、miRNA、piRNA 以及长链非编码RNA。近年来大量研究表明非编码RNA在表观遗传学的调控中扮演了越来越重要的角色。文章综述了近年来生物细胞非编码RNA调控的表观遗传学研究进展, 以有助于理解哺乳动物细胞中非编码RNA及其调控机制和功能。     

Epigenetic mechanisms regulating fate specification of neural stem cells

Neural stem cells (NSCs) possess the ability to self-renew and to differentiate along neuronal and glial lineages. These processes are defined by the dynamic interplay between extracellular cues including cytokine signalling and intracellular programmes such as epigenetic modification. There is increasing evidence that epigenetic mechanisms involving, for example, changes in DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding RNA expression are closely associated with fate specification of NSCs. These epigenetic alterations could provide coordinated systems for regulating gene expression at each step of neural cell differentiation. Here we review the roles of epigenetics in neural fate specification in the mammalian central nervous system.     

杂种优势形成的表观遗传学研究进展

杂种优势是一种复杂的生物学现象,在农业生产上得到了广泛的应用,但对其形成的遗传机理和分子基础尚不清楚。随着表观遗传学的深入研究,尤其是DNA甲基化、小分子RNA和组蛋白修饰等技术的发展,为杂种优势形成的分子基础提供了新的研究策略和技术手段。DNA甲基化、小分子RNA、组蛋白三者在杂交种中水平的改变与杂种优势有着一定关系,同时,三者之间相互作用调节基因表达影响杂种优势。本文简述了近年来表观遗传学在杂种优势形成中的作用和遗传机制等方面的研究进展,并且提出了目前存在的问题和下一步的研究方向。本综述将有助于从表观遗传学的角度认识杂种优势的形成机理,从而促进对杂种优势的表观遗传学基础的理解及其在植物杂交育种上的应用研究。     

Epigenetic regulation: methylation of histone and non-histone proteins

Histone methylation is believed to play important roles in epigenetic memory in various biological processes. However, questions like whether the methylation marks themselves are faithfully transmitted into daughter cells and through what mechanisms are currently under active investigation. Previously, methylation was considered to be irreversible, but the recent discovery of histone lysine demethylases revealed a dynamic nature of histone methylation regulation on four of the main sites of methylation on histone H3 and H4 tails (H3K4, H3K9, H3K27 and H3K36). Even so, it is still unclear whether demethylases specific for the remaining two sites, H3K79 and H4K20, exist. Furthermore, besides histone proteins, the lysine methylation and demethylation also occur on non-histone proteins, which are probably subjected to similar regulation as histones. This review discusses recent progresses in protein lysine methylation regulation focusing on the above topics, while referring readers to a number of recent reviews for the biochemistry and biology of these enzymes     

表观遗传因素在RNA剪接过程中的作用

RNA剪接是真核生物基因表达过程中的重要环节,增加了蛋白质的多样性和基因表达的可调节性. 日益增多的研究表明,RNA剪接并不是独立的生物过程.RNA Ⅱ型聚合酶(RNA polymerase-Ⅱ, RNA Pol Ⅱ)、核小体定位和组蛋白修饰等因素都与RNA剪接过程密切相关.阐明RNA Pol Ⅱ、核小体定位和组蛋白修饰等因素在RNA剪接过程中的作用,将为剪接位点的准确识别和剪接调控机制的研究提供新思路.本文综述了RNA Pol Ⅱ、核小体定位和组蛋白修饰等因素对RNA剪接的影响以及它们在RNA剪接过程中的调控作用.     

Long Non-coding RNAs: Pivotal Epigenetic Regulators in Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a severe complication of diabetes; however, its mechanism is not fully understood. Evidence has recently revealed that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are abnormally expressed in DR, and lncRNAs may function as pivotal regulators. LncRNAs are able to modulate gene expression at the epigenetic level by acting as scaffolds of histone modification complexes and sponges of binding with microRNAs (miRNAs). LncRNAs are believed to be important epigenetic regulators, which may become beneficial in the diagnosis and therapy of DR. However, the mechanisms of lncRNAs in DR are still unclear. In this review, we summarize the possible functions and mechanisms of lncRNAs in epigenetic regulation to target genes in the progression of DR.     

Conservation of Aging and Cancer Epigenetic Signatures across Human and Mouse

Aging and cancer are two interrelated processes, with aging being a major risk factor for the development of cancer. Parallel epigenetic alterations have been described for both, although differences, especially within the DNA hypomethylation scenario, have also been recently reported. Although many of these observations arise from the use of mouse models, there is a lack of systematic comparisons of human and mouse epigenetic patterns in the context of disease. However, such comparisons are significant as they allow to establish the extent to which some of the observed similarities or differences arise from pre-existing species-specific epigenetic traits. Here, we have used reduced representation bisulfite sequencing to profile the brain methylomes of young and old, tumoral and nontumoral brain samples from human and mouse. We first characterized the baseline epigenomic patterns of the species and subsequently focused on the DNA methylation alterations associated with cancer and aging. Next, we described the functional genomic and epigenomic context associated with the alterations, and finally, we integrated our data to study interspecies DNA methylation levels at orthologous CpG sites. Globally, we found considerable differences between the characteristics of DNA methylation alterations in cancer and aging in both species. Moreover, we describe robust evidence for the conservation of the specific cancer and aging epigenomic signatures in human and mouse. Our observations point toward the preservation of the functional consequences of these alterations at multiple levels of genomic regulation. Finally, our analyses reveal a role for the genomic context in explaining disease- and species-specific epigenetic traits.