PINK1/Parkin介导的线粒体自噬

线粒体自噬（mitochondrial autophagy, or mitophagy）指的是细胞通过自吞噬作用,降解与清除受损线粒体或者多余线粒体,其对整个线粒体网络的功能完整性和细胞存活具有重要作用。线粒体自噬过程受多种途径调控,PINK1/Parkin通路是其中的一条,其异常与多种疾病的发生密切相关,如心血管疾病、肿瘤和帕金森病等。在去极化线粒体中,磷酸酶及张力蛋白同源物(PTEN)诱导的激酶1（PTEN-induced kinase 1,PINK1）作为受损线粒体的分子传感器,触发线粒体自噬的起始信号,并将Parkin募集至线粒体;Parkin作为线粒体自噬信号的“增强子”,通过对线粒体蛋白质进一步泛素化介导自噬信号的扩大;去泛素化酶和PTEN-long蛋白参与调控该过程,并对维持线粒体稳态具有重要作用。本文主要对PINK1与Parkin蛋白质的分子结构和其介导线粒体自噬发生的分子机制,以及参与调控该途径的关键蛋白质进行综述,为进一步研究以线粒体自噬缺陷为特征的疾病治疗提供理论基础。     

MST1/2调控先天免疫的功能和机制

Hippo信号通路通过一系列激酶级联反应,实现对细胞增殖、器官大小以及组织再生等方面的调控。其中,MST1/2是核心激酶Hippo蛋白在哺乳动物中的同源物,对于下游信号通路的激活至关重要。此外,MST1/2在细胞分化、形态和细胞骨架重排等方面也发挥重要作用。近期多项研究工作指出,MST1/2参与调控免疫T细胞的粘附、迁移、归巢和抑制性Treg细胞的成熟与功能,以及心肌细胞自噬等过程。有趣的是,这一功能是不依赖经典的Hippo信号通路的,被称为“非经典Hippo信号通路”。最新的研究结果揭示了MST1/2通过非经典Hippo信号通路调控先天免疫巨噬细胞对病原菌或病毒的免疫应答,包括巨噬细胞的吞噬、细胞因子(炎症因子、趋化因子、Ⅰ型干扰素等)和线粒体活性氧的产生,从而在机体抵抗细菌病毒感染、炎症相关癌症、动脉粥样硬化等疾病中发挥重要功能。本文对MST1/2调控先天免疫功能、相关分子机制和疾病进行了总结和讨论。     

LncRNAs对肝脏胰岛素抵抗的调控及其机制

胰岛素抵抗是肥胖、2型糖尿病发生的共同病理生理机制。肝脏是胰岛素介导的葡萄糖摄取、代谢、利用的重要靶器官,也是胰岛素抵抗发生的重要部位。研究表明,肝脏糖异生信号通路、胰岛素信号通路、脂质生成信号通路、自噬及活性氧生成与肝脏胰岛素抵抗密切相关。肝脏可产生多种长链非编码RNAs(lncRNAs),当其表达上调(如Blnc1、Risa、MALAT1、MEG3、SRA、Gm10768、H19和Gomafu)或下调(如lncSHGL)时,它们可调控肝脏糖异生信号通路、胰岛素信号通路、脂质生成信号通路、自噬及活性氧生成,从而参与肝脏胰岛素抵抗的发生与发展。该文对lncRNAs与肝脏胰岛素抵抗关系的阐明,将加深人们对lncRNAs功能及肝脏胰岛素抵抗机制的认知,为糖尿病的防治提供新的方向,lncRNAs有望成为治疗胰岛素抵抗和糖尿病的新靶点。     

PI3K/AKT/FOXO信号通路介导的自噬在糖尿病认知功能障碍中的作用

糖尿病作为一种高血糖为主要特征的代谢性疾病,会引起中枢神经系统损伤,造成脑组织结构和功能改变,进而导致认知功能障碍。目前,糖尿病对认知功能障碍的影响及相关调控机制已成为国内外研究的热点和难点。磷酸肌醇3激酶/蛋白激酶B/叉头样转录因子（PI3K/AKT/FOXO）通路是自噬的重要上游调控机制。本文概述了PI3K/AKT/FOXO信号通路可调控Gs, Bnip3和Spk2等基因的表达;GS可以通过调控Gln-mTORC1通路,从而激活自噬;BNIP3促进LC3表达,上调自噬水平; 此外,AMPK-FOXO3a-mTORC1也是自噬的重要上游调控机制。以上研究提示,FOXO3a可能是糖尿病认知功能障碍（DACD）治疗的重要靶点。通过本综述为临床上治疗DACD及其相关药物的研发提供更为深入的理论依据和分子靶点。     

自噬调控白色脂肪细胞棕色化的研究进展

脂肪细胞自噬(autophagy)以脂自噬和线粒体自噬的形式存在。细胞通过脂自噬调节脂质代谢,降低脂毒性并为线粒体活动提供原料;通过线粒体自噬控制细胞数量和质量影响细胞的功能。白色脂肪细胞中脂质过度积累及自噬调控异常引起的炎症,可导致肥胖症及其相关代谢疾病的发生。通过白色脂肪细胞棕色化将储能的白色脂肪细胞转变成产热的米色脂肪细胞是防治肥胖症的策略之一,而白色脂肪细胞棕色化过程需要自噬的调控。就目前有关两种形式的自噬在白色脂肪细胞棕色化中的作用、相关信号通路及自噬调节炎症的研究进展做一综述评论,以期为抗肥胖及其相关代谢性疾病研究提供参考依据。     

氧化应激与2型糖尿病

胰岛素抵抗、胰岛β细胞功能受损是2型糖尿病的主要病因。高血糖、高血脂导致在代谢过程中,线粒体产生大量活性氧,其可损坏线粒体功能,引起氧化应激反应。氧化应激可以激活细胞内的一系列应激信号通路,如JNK／SAPK、p38MAPK、IKKβ／NF-kβ和氨基己醣通路等。这些应激通路的激活可以产生以下结果：（1）阻断胰岛素作用通路,导致胰岛素抵抗;（2）降低胰岛素基因表达水平;（3）抑制胰岛素分泌;（4）促进β细胞凋亡等。本文主要针对活性氧的产生、氧化应激诱导胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞功能受损等机制加以综述,以便进一步阐明2型糖尿病的发病机理。     

支链氨基酸及代谢中间产物对胰岛素抵抗的调控及其机制

支链氨基酸作为必需氨基酸,可用于合成含氮化合物,也可充当信号分子调节物质代谢。研究表明,支链氨基酸水平升高与胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病发生密切相关,其可通过激活哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)信号通路来影响胰岛素信号转导,还可通过损害脂质代谢和影响线粒体功能来调控胰岛素抵抗。此外,支链氨基酸分解代谢异常会导致代谢中间产物(如支链α-酮酸、3-羟基异丁酸和β-氨基异丁酸等)积累,其中支链α-酮酸和3-羟基异丁酸可通过影响胰岛素信号通路、损害脂质代谢等来诱发胰岛素抵抗,而β-氨基异丁酸可通过减少脂质积聚和炎症反应、增强脂肪酸氧化等来改善胰岛素抵抗。本文系统综述了支链氨基酸及其代谢中间产物对胰岛素抵抗的影响及调控机制,以期为胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病的防治提供新方向。     

Pink1/Parkin介导的线粒体自噬分子机制

线粒体自噬作为一种选择性清除受损线粒体的特异性自噬类型,是细胞内线粒体的质量控制体系,其活性受多种途径调控。近年来,关于线粒体自噬的调控及其对生理、病理方面的影响受到众多研究者的关注,并获得了显著的研究成果。研究表明,人PTEN诱导激酶1(PTEN induced putative kinase 1,Pink1)/Parkin通路调控线粒体动力学过程,并介导受损线粒体的自噬性清除。PINK1/PARK2基因缺失或突变是神经退行性疾病的重要发病机制之一,其功能异常也与多种肿瘤的发生有关。该综述主要介绍了Pink1/Parkin蛋白质的生化特性、介导线粒体自噬发生的分子机制及其对细胞生物学进程的影响。     

PINK1/parkin通路调控线粒体自噬机制的研究进展

线粒体自噬指细胞通过自噬机制选择性除去损伤或多余的线粒体。真核生物通过线粒体自噬调控线粒体质量,维持供能细胞器的功能。大量研究表明,帕金森病相关基因PINK1和parkin可通过线粒体自噬参与并维持线粒体功能。PINK1与parkin能协同特异性识别损伤的线粒体,PINK1作为线粒体质量调控的探测器被活化,此过程中泛素化酶和去泛素化酶对维持parkin活性及线粒体自噬的效率有重要作用。本文主要总结PINK1/parkin通路在线粒体自噬中的功能与作用。     

自噬发生中的ROS调节机制

活性氧是细胞代谢中产生的有很强反应活性的分子,易将邻近分子氧化,并参与细胞内多种信号转导途径,对相关生理过程进行调控．自噬是真核细胞通过溶酶体机制对自身组分进行降解再利用的过程,在细胞应激及疾病发生等过程中发挥重要作用．本文对活性氧和自噬相关调节进行分类介绍,根据新近研究进展,从活性氧参与的自噬性死亡、自噬性存活以及线粒体自噬3方面探讨了相关信号转导机制,对活性氧作为信号分子参与的自噬调控途径做一总结和介绍．     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细