泡椒凤爪微生物污染来源及辐照杀菌效果的研究

研究了泡椒凤爪生产流程中微生物污染来源、60Co-γ射线辐照杀菌效果、及不同剂量处理的产品在不同温度下微生物繁殖情况。结果表明:泡椒凤爪微生物污染主要途径是泡制和包装环节,这是产品卫生质量控制的关键控制点;60Co-γ射线对产品中微生物有很好的杀灭作用,能显著延长产品的保质期,辐照剂量为6 kGy时,产品在30℃、20℃、10℃温度条件下保藏,保质期比对照分别延长了53 d、120 d和180 d。     

60Co γ辐照对普洱茶杀菌效果及其品质的影响

以普洱茶为研究对象,利用60Co γ射线辐照,初步研究了不同辐照剂量对普洱茶的杀菌效果及其品质的影响。结果表明:60Co γ射线能有效地杀灭普洱茶中的微生物,产品初始细菌和霉菌的数量均低于105cfu/g,经3.6kGy~5kGy剂量辐照能确保普洱茶中污染微生物的量低于1×103cfu/g,而且对普洱茶主要品质成份无明显影响。     

60Coγ射线对高免卵黄液中EDS-76病毒灭活的研究

用不同剂量、剂量率的^60Coγ射线对卵黄液中的EDS-76病毒进行辐照,研究了其对病毒的灭活效果和对卵黄抗体(IgY)的影响。结果表明,^60Coγ射线辐照,可以灭活高免卵黄液中的EDS-76病毒,且随辐照剂量、剂量率的增大,灭活率也增高;EDS-76病毒在卵黄液中的D10值为0．57kGy～0．60kGy;6．0kGy的辐照剂量,可以将高免卵黄液中的EDS-76病毒完全灭活,且不影响卵黄抗体效价,该卵黄抗体稳定性好、耐酸、耐热、耐蛋白酶消化。     

钴—60对高兔卵黄液中大肠杆菌的灭菌研究

用钴－60γ射线对接种于卵黄液中的大肠杆菌进行辐照灭菌,并测定了卵黄液的抗体效价、活性氧和卵黄液保存期的变化。结果表明：1.大肠杆菌在卵黄液中的D10值为0.31-0.37kGy,杀灭卵黄液中大肠杆菌的照射剂量为3kGy;2.辐照量在15kGy以下时,对卵黄液的抗体效价没有影响或仅有轻微影响;3.经8kGy照射后的卵黄液在常温、4℃、-10℃条件保存时,保存期明显长于未照射的卵黄液。     

60Coγ射线对高免卵黄液中霉形体杀灭作用的研究

用^60Coγ射线处理高免卵黄液,研究了不同剂量、剂量率对霉形体的灭活效果和对卵黄抗体的影响。结果表明,^60Coγ射线可以完全杀灭高免卵黄液中的霉形体,霉形体在卵黄液中的灭活剂量为6．0kGy;10．0kGy以下的辐照剂量不影响卵黄液中蛋白质含量、pH值和活性氧自由基,同时不影响抗体效价。     

辐照对青花菜生理生化指标及保鲜效果的影响

用0.08mm厚的聚乙烯薄膜袋包装青花菜,经0.5、1.5和2.5 kGy(千戈瑞)3个剂量⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐照,室温12~21℃贮藏。结果显示,2.5 kGy剂量辐照对青花菜的保鲜效果最佳,室温下放置7d,仍然保持鲜绿,而对照组3d已全部变黄,无商品价值。辐照后立即对2.5kGy处理组的青花菜进行生理生化分析,其蛋氨酸含量、乙烯释放率、呼吸强度等指标均比对照组显著降低;叶绿素、花青素、维生素C、还原糖及蛋白质含量等指标与对照组相比较变化不大。辐照保鲜7d后,乙烯释放量、呼吸强度及蛋氨酸含量都升至辐照前的水平;蛋白质、维生素C、还原糖、叶绿素和花青素含量比对照组高。由此表明,辐照造成的生理损伤已修复,不宜再继续贮藏。     

60Co-γ射线辐照人体胎盘羊膜保鲜研究及应用

新鲜人体胎盘羊膜是一种新型的生物敷料.具有来源广泛、成本低,贮存使用方便,对烧伤创面有良好的保护作用,促进创面及早封闭、愈合等优点.本文对离体8小时之内的鲜人体胎盘羊膜辐照灭菌、保鲜方法及临床应用进行了研究.供试样品经清洗、灭菌、脱脂、脱水等预处理后,制备成15×10cm2的羊膜,分装于尼龙-聚乙烯复合袋中,抽真空封闭包装待辐照.辐照处理由黑龙江省农科院原子能利用研究所具有微机自动控制及旋转辐照台的60Co-γ射线辐照10-14kGy后,微生物检测仍为阳性,达到16kGy吸收剂量以上时,微生物检测为阴性.常温(平均15℃)条件下贮存180天,0-14kGy处理组微生物检测阳性,并发生不同程度的胀袋、变色.16-24kGy处理组虽然微生物检测为阴性,但颜色发生褐变并出现异味而失去应用价值.低温(平均5℃)避光条件下贮存180天,16-24kGy处理组微生物检测为阴性,颜色、气味与新鲜对照样品无显著性差异.经哈尔滨医科大学临床应用16例病人,26个烧伤创面的覆盖试验,保鲜的人体胎盘羊膜止痛率100%,创面渗出明显减少,防止了创面的枯干及病原微生物的二次污染,使"间生态组织"迅速恢复生机而避免发生坏死,创面愈合后表面光滑,无明显瘢痕增生.     

用红外光谱法研究60CO-γ射线辐照对三斑海马粉主要成分的影响

为了考察辐照剂量对名贵中药成分的影响,本研究用红外光谱法对经剂量为0、1. 5、3、4. 5、6、9、12、15、18、19. 5和21 kGy辐照的三斑海马粉进行了研究。蛋白质是三斑海马粉的主要成分,其含量高达70%以上。结果表明,经1. 5、3、4. 5和6 kGy剂量辐照,样品的红外光谱中代表蛋白质与脂类吸收带的峰形与峰位几乎没有变化,而高于9 kGy的剂量辐照后,样品的红外光谱代表蛋白质与脂类吸收带的峰形与峰位变化较大。由此可说明,辐照剂量不超过9 kGy,辐照对样品的蛋白质二级结构影响较小;剂量高于9 kGy辐照后,辐照对样品的蛋白质二级结构影响较大。此研究结果可为核辐照企业对三斑海马粉辐照剂量的设置提供参考。     

酱驴肉辐照贮藏技术研究

目的：分析探讨γ 射线辐照处理对酱驴肉的贮藏效果，建立适宜的辐照加工工艺参数。方法：采用不同剂量的60Coγ 射线对铝箔袋真空包装酱驴肉进行辐照处理，分析测定室温贮藏过程中，样品菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮等品质指标的变化。结果：2.0k～10.0kGy的不同辐射剂量处理能够有效杀死肉品表面污染微生物，抑制贮藏过程中菌落总数的增加，剂量越大杀菌效果越好，同时减缓了样品pH值上升和挥发性盐基氮含量的增加，但是对样品的色泽指标（L*值、a*值、b*值）和质构指标硬度、粘聚性的影响作用不明显。     

蛋黄液辐照杀菌技术研究

通过测定液蛋黄的酸价、过氧化值和TBA值,研究辐照剂量对蛋黄液氧化和杀菌效果的影响.结果表明,蛋黄液经辐照后,蛋黄液中脂肪氧化程度随着剂量增大而增加.0.4 kGy能够完全杀灭微生物,且感官指标不发生变化.     

The effect of gamma-irradiation on the toxicity of malathion in V79 Chinese hamster cells and Molt-4 human lymphocytes.

There is growing interest in the irradiation of food and agricultural products for insect disinfestation, sprout inhibition, delayed ripening and the reduction of microbiological loads. Extensive research has been done on this process, and irradiation to a maximum dose of 10 kGy is recognized as safe by national and international regulatory agencies. The question has been raised, however, whether irradiation of pesticide residues might produce radiation products that were more toxic or less toxic than the original pesticide. To address this question, we observed the effects of 10 kGy of gamma-radiation on malathion as measured by sister-chromatid exchange (SCE), micronuclei formation, cell survival, growth rate and polyploid formation. We found no significant differences between the effects of irradiated and unirradiated malathion on any of these end-points. Polyploid formation was the most dramatic effect of both irradiated and control malathion on V79 Chinese hamster cells. Cell survival, polyploid formation and growth rate were slightly better in cells treated with irradiated malathion. In Molt-4 human lymphocyte cells, micronuclei formation was not affected by irradiated or unirradiated malathion. Compared to malathion alone, the lack of such biological effects indicates that none of the presumed radiation-induced breakdown products increased or decreased the endpoints studied. The number of SCE was consistently, but not significantly, higher in the cells treated with irradiated malathion. There were no significant differences in cell survival or micronucleus formation in the human lymphocyte cell line Molt-4 treated with irradiated or control malathion. Thus, the irradiation of the pesticide malathion to 10 kGy, a recommended upper dose for most food irradiations, does not significantly alter its toxicity in these in vitro systems.     

Decontamination of spices by gamma radiation

Spices such as coriander, cumin, turmeric, chilli collected from a local market were found to be highly contaminated with bacteria and fungi. A dose of 10 kGy was required to reduce the total bacterial count below detectable levels, while a dose of only 5 kGy was required to eliminate the fungal contamination. Coliforms were totally eliminated at a radiation dose of 5 kGy. During a 6 months storage of irradiated and unirradiated spices, the irradiated spices were found to retain good microbiological quality.     

The influence of the irradiation regime upon mycotoxins production under experimental conditions

The paper handles the problem of the inactivation of the toxinogenic strain Aspergillus flavus following the application of gamma radiation to wheat. The amount of the applied dose and of the absorbed dose of ionizing radiation upon the inhibition of mycelium growth and toxin production were defined. The aflatoxin B1 was determined by extracting in chloroform and developed on Silufol R within the choroform; aceton system. The applied doses of gamma radiation (3-30 kGy) have show that the absorbed dose does not inhibit aflatoxin production. By combining the action of gamma radiation with humidity of the wheat (humidity 13-15%; 25% irradiation 6 kGy) an inactivation was reached. With the help of toxicologico-genetical tests (the Dominant Lethal Mutations Test, the Three Generations Test) the influence was traced of contaminated, irradiated substrates upon the health of experimental animals. It follows from the results obtained that in long-term feeding with contaminated wheat irradiated by gamma rays no positive mutagenic activity has been recorded. It allows to presume that wheat of humidity of 25% contaminated by a weakly toxigenic strain Aspergillus flavus irradiated by a dose of 6 kGy, and wheat of a humidity of 13-15%, contaminated by a strongly toxinogenic strain of Aspergillus flavus, irradiated by a dose of 6 kGy, are no genetic risk for white rats.     

Effects of gamma-ray irradiation on cellulase secretion of Trichoderma reesei

Trichoderma reesei was irradiated with gamma rays to investigate the effects of different dosages on cellulase production. Doses above 0.7 kGy induced cell lysis. Cell growth began to be obstructed at 2.0 kGy. As a result, the cells irradiated at 2.0 kGy secreted 1.8 times as much cellulase as the untreated cells.     

Roots of the xerophyte Panicum turgidum host a cohort of ionizing-radiation-resistant biotechnologically-valuable bacteria

Bacterial communities associated with roots of Panicum turgidum, exposed to arid conditions, were investigated with a combination of cultural and metataxonomic approaches. Traditional culture-based techniques were used and 32 isolates from the irradiated roots were identified as belonging to Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phyla. Four actinobacterial strains were shown to be ionizing-radiation (IR)-resistant: Microbacterium sp. PT8 (4.8 kGy (kGy)), Micrococcus sp. PT11 (4.4 kGy), Kocuria rhizophila PT10 (2.9 kGy) and Promicromonospora panici PT9^T (2.6 kGy), based on the D₁₀ dose necessary for a 90% reduction in colony forming units (CFU). Concerning the investigation of microbial communities in situ, metataxonomic analyses of the diversity of IR-resistant microorganisms associated with irradiated roots revealed a marked dominance of Actinobacteria (46.6%) and Proteobacteria (31.5%) compared to Bacteroidetes (4.6%) and Firmicutes (3.2%). Gamma irradiation not only changed the structure of bacterial communities, but also affected their functional properties. Comparative analyses of metabolic profiles indicated the induction of several pathways related to adaptation to oxidative stress in irradiated roots, such as DNA repair, secondary metabolites synthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mitigating enzymes, etc. P. turgidum is emblematic of desert-adapted plants. Until now, there is no other work that has focused on the microbial profile of irradiated roots of this xerophyte.     

Radiation-induced effects on cefotaxime: ESR study

As an alternative to heat and gas exposure sterilization, ionizing radiation is gaining interest as sterilization process for medicinal products. Detection and dosimetry of pharmaceuticals radiosterilization is a growing concern to numerous government regulatory agencies worldwide. In this context, it is necessary to find methods distinguishing between irradiated and non-irradiated pharmaceuticals. In the absence of suitable detection methods, our attention was focused on electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometry. A third generation cephalosporin, cefotaxime, was chosen as model; this antibiotic is a potential candidate for radiation treatment due to its thermosensitivity. While the ESR spectra of a nonirradiated sample presents no signal, a signal, dependent of the irradiation dose, is found in irradiated samples. The number of free radicals was estimated by comparing the second integral from radiosterilized samples and a diphenylpicrylhydrazyl reference. Estimation of the number of free radicals gives 1.9 × 10²⁰ radicals mol^-1 at 20 kGy. From this result, the G-value (number of radicals (100 eV)^-1) could be estimated to 0.3. Aside from qualitative detection, ESR spectrometry can be used for dose estimation. When quadratic, exponential or bi-exponential functions are applied to the variation of peak to peak amplitude vs. dose, these functions correlate well with the data. However, it is important to notice that linear function correlates well with the data for doses lower than 20 kGy. Since the radiation dose selected must be always based upon the bioburden of the products and the degree of sterility required (EN 552 and ISO 11137) 25 kGy could no longer be accepted as a “routine dose” for sterilizing a pharmaceutical. Doses from 6 kGy (ISO 11137) could be investigated and linear regression would appear to be the least expensive route to follow. The free radicals concentration appeared to not decrease during the 57 days of storage; the number generated during the irradiation allows the detection of radiosterilized cefotaxime up to two years after irradiation.     

Gamma Radiation Effects on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sporothrix schenckii</Emphasis> Yeast Cells

Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii. Zoonotic transmission to man can occur after scratches or bites of animals, mainly cats. In this study, the gamma radiation effects on yeast of S. schenckii were analyzed with a view of developing a radioattenuated vaccine for veterinary use. The cultures were irradiated at doses ranging from 1.0 to 9.0 kGy. The reproductive capacity was measured by the ability of cells to form colonies. No colonies could be recovered above 8.0 kGy, using inocula up to 10⁷ cells. Nevertheless, yeast cells irradiated with 7.0 kGy already were unable to produce infection in immunosuppressed mice. Evaluation by the FungaLight™ Kit (Invitrogen) indicated that yeast cells remained viable up to 9.0 kGy. At 7.0 kGy, protein synthesis, estimated by the incorporation of [L-³⁵S] methionine, continues at levels slightly lower than the controls, but a significant decrease was observed at 9.0 kGy. The DNA of 7.0 kGy irradiated cells, analyzed by electrophoresis in agarose gel, was degraded. Cytoplasmic vacuolation was the main change verified in these cells by transmission electron microscopy. The dose of 7.0 kGy was considered satisfactory for yeast attenuation since irradiated cells were unable to produce infection but retained viability, metabolic activity, and morphology.     

Effect of gamma irradiated hyaluronic acid on acetaminophen induced acute hepatotoxicity

The hepatoprotective efficacy of irradiated hyaluronic acid (HA) on acetaminophen (APAP) induced acute hepatotoxicity was investigated. BALB/c mice (4-6 weeks of age) were pretreated with unirradiated HA (UIHA), 5 and 50 kGy gamma irradiated HA (GIHA) for 14 days and were dosed APAP (500 mg/kg b.wt). After 9h of APAP dosing animals were euthanized. The degree of acute hepatotoxicity was measured by aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in serum and alpha-and mu-class of gluthathione-S-transferase (GSTs), CYP 2E1 class of cytochrome monooxygenase and glutathione (GSH) in liver were quantified. Histological evaluation was done by Hematoxiylin and Eiosin staining, Periodic acid schiffs staining, Manson trichrome staining and histological scorings were done. The degree of acute hepatotoxicity was markedly lower in UIHA and 5 kGy than in 50 kGy GIHA pretreated group and there was negligible difference between 5 and 50 kGy GIHA pretreated group. The expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was significantly (P<0.05) suppressed in 5 and 50 kGy GIHA pretreated group. Histological scorings showed a significant protection of liver in UIHA and 5 kGy GIHA pretreated mice. Expression of alpha class GSTs was significantly increased in 5 and 50 kGy GIHA pretreated group. To conclude suppression of IFN-gamma and increase in alpha-class GSTs expression may exert a protective role in acute hepatotoxicity of APAP and 5 kGy GIHA showed comparable protective effect to that of UIHA.