猫儿屎导管分子穿孔板新类型的发现

运用扫描电镜(SEM)对木通科(Lardizabalaceae)猫儿屎属(Decaisnea Hook.f. & Thoms.)植物猫儿屎[Decaisnea insignis (Griff.) Hook.f.et Thoms.]茎的次生木质部导管分子进行观察,以期为该属的系统演化提供依据.结果表明,猫儿屎的导管分子具有多个穿孔板,端壁穿孔板除了梯状以外,还有梯-网、梯-网-单、梯-单混合穿孔板等类型;侧壁穿孔板包括梯状、网状、梯-网混合状穿孔板;穿孔板上纹孔膜的残余有丝状、网状和片状.同时对导管分子的长度、宽度及端壁倾斜度等特征进行统计,并讨论了木通科各类群的穿孔板特征.     

猫儿屎和三叶木通种子油中脂肪酸成分的GC-MS分析

采用索氏提取法提取木通科植物猫儿屎和三叶木通种子的脂溶性成分,甲酯化处理后用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分离和鉴定其组成和含量。从猫儿屎种子油中鉴定出9种脂肪酸,占检出物总质量分数的94.67%(其中饱和脂肪酸占12.63%,不饱和脂肪酸占82.04%),主要成分为9-十六烯酸(47.22%)、9-油酸(27.13%)、棕榈酸(10.75%)、亚油酸(7.47%)和硬脂酸(1.61%)。从三叶木通种子油中鉴定出10种脂肪酸,占检出物总质量分数的99.75%(其中饱和脂肪酸占23.39%,不饱和脂肪酸占76.36%),主要成分为11-油酸(47.63%)、亚油酸(27.05%)、棕榈酸(20.14%)、16-甲基-十七烷酸(3.03%)和8-油酸(1.07%)。结果表明,猫儿屎和三叶木通种子油中脂肪酸含量丰富,在食用、医疗保健等方面具有较高的应用潜力和综合开发前景。     

猫儿屎种子油中十六碳烯酸的分离鉴定

猫儿屎种子油含十六碳烯酸55.9％。通过浸渍硝酸银载体的柱分离、微量臭氧化裂解和色谱一质谱鉴定,以及红外光谱分析,确证此酸为顺-△~7-十六碳烯酸。     

猫儿屎果实的分泌表皮中橡胶的形成和细胞结构的变化

通过溴-碘-冰醋酸变性试剂的组织化学方法和细胞学方法的研究,观察到猫儿屎的橡胶是局限在果皮的分泌表皮细胞的原生质中形成的。通常在开花、受精后10天左右,开始出现橡胶颗粒,直到分泌表皮溶生为乳汁道时才逐渐停止。此种分泌表皮不同于果实的外表皮,其细胞体积迅速扩大,原生质浓厚,长期保持活跃的活动能力,最后,由于细胞被橡胶颗粒所充满,失去生活能力,溶生为乳汁道。猫儿屎的橡胶在分布上和形成时间上的局限性是和分泌表皮的形成方式密切相关的。此种特点,为掌握橡胶的生物合成机理提供了较好的研究材料,并为今后提高该植物的橡胶产量提供了参考资料。     

月季离体培养快速繁殖研究

近年来,国际上已利用植物组织培养方法大量繁殖各种花卉、果树等经济价值较高的作物,並逐渐形成工厂化生产苗木的新兴产业。为满足我国月季商品化生产和加速美化环境的需要,我们从1982年开始,进行了月季离体培养快速繁殖的研究。至此,有近百个月季品种,离体培养获得成功,並开始大批量生产各种月季苗木。     

黄心夜合的嫁接试验

本文研究试验黄心夜合的嫁接繁殖,为快速培育黄心夜合苗木提供依据.     

浅析东北红豆杉培育技术

本文分析了东北红豆杉的形态特征及生长习性,探讨了苗木繁殖技术及培育技术的应用。     

非洲紫罗兰组织培养

非洲紫罗兰(Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl)是国际上著名的室内盆栽花卉.通常用种子繁殖及带叶柄的叶扦插繁殖,不但会出现性状分离、苗木退化、繁殖系数很低,而且需要很长时间才能繁殖出来大量整齐一致的苗木.本文是利用非洲紫罗兰的叶片进行组织培养.具体做法是通过对8个配方的筛选,最终获得最佳配方.另外非洲紫罗兰组织培养增殖阶段增殖系数很高、苗量大.利用此优点可以为学生提供大量组织培养实验材料,效果极佳.     

探讨油茶良种苗木繁殖技术

油茶是一种非常重要且常见的木本油料树种,就目前的发展状况来看,茶油是世界范围内具有较高质量水平的食用油之一。由于油茶所含有的维生素E含量与亚麻酸等影响元素都比橄榄油高,因此,其对于人们的身体健康发展有着非常重要的促进作用。本文就对油茶良种苗木繁殖的现状进行有效分析,并对油茶良种苗木繁殖技术进行简单总结。     

西北大学生命科学学院 博士生导师 赵桂仿教授简介

赵桂仿 ,男 ,生于 1 952年 9月 ,1 984年获西北大学理学硕士学位 ,1 996年获瑞士纽沙泰大学博士学位 .现为西北大学生命科学学院院长 ,教授、博士生导师 .1 984年以来 ,赵桂仿教授主要从事结构植物学和分子生态学方面的教学和研究工作 .在结构植物学方面 ,他对我国重要经济植物和药用植物——漆树、黄栌、猫儿屎和盐肤木等的分泌结构进行了研究 ,其中对漆树乳汁道的研究工作较为系统、深入 ;先后在 中国植物学报 英文版 、 植物学报 、 林业科学 、 Yushania 学报和 中国生漆 等重要学术刊物上发表了一系列学术论文 ,并在有关国际…     

A Study on the Seed of Lardizabalaceae and Sargentodoxaceae, (1) A SEM Examination of Testa

Testa SEM characters of Lardizabalaceae and Sargentodoxaceae have not been used in former studies of taxonomy and phylogeny. In this work examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). was the testa surface of 5 genera including 15 species of Lardizabalaceae and Sargentodoxaceae. Sargentodoxaceae is found quite different from Lardizabalaceae in its smooth test. The testa sculpture of Akebia, Holboellia and Stauntonia is basically striate, but that of Sinofranchetia, though striate, is verrucous on striations. Decaisnea is very isolated for its mosaic testa sculpture. The tesa examination confirms the rationality of the taxonomic treatment of Sargentodoxaceae by Stapf, the isolated taxonomic position of Decaisnea and Sinofranchetia in Lardizabalaceae, and the close interrelationship among Akebia, Holboellia, and Stauntonia.     

Wood and stem anatomy of Lardizabalaceae, with comments on the vining habit, ecology and systematics

CARLQUIST, S., 1984. Wood and stem anatomy of Lardizabalaceae, with comments on the vining habit, ecology and systematics. Qualitative and quantitative data, based mostly upon liquid-preserved specimens, are presented for Akebia, Roquila, Decaisnea, Holbodia, Lardizabala, Sinofranchetia and Stauntonia . Because Decaisnea is a shrub whereas the other genera are vines, anatomical differences attributable to the scandent habit can be considered. These include exceptionally wide vessels, a high proportion of vessels to tracheids (or other imperforate trdcheary elements) as seen in transection, simple perforation plates, multiseriate rays which are wide and tall, and pith which is partly or wholly sclerenchymatous. With respect to ecology, two features are discussed: spirals in narrower vessels may relate to adaptation to freezing in the species of colder areas, and crystalliferous sclereids seem adapted in morphology and position to deterrence of phytophagous insects or herbivores. The wood may provide mechanisms for maintaining conduction even if wider vessels are deactivated temporarily by formation of air embolisms. Wood and stem anatomy of Lardizabalaceae compare closely to those of Berberidaceae and of Clematis (Ranunculaceae), as well as to other families of Berberidales. Decaisnea is more primitive than these in having consistently sralariform perforation plates and in having scalariform pitting on lateral walls of vessels. A tentative listing of anatomical features which may correspond to generic limits is given.     

Anatomical studies on Sinofranchetia chinensis (Lardizabalaceae) and their systematic significance

The anatomical structures of the Chinese endemic and monotypic genus Sinofranchetia (Lardizabalaceae) are described. There are reticulate, simple-reticulate, scalariform, simple-scalariform and simple perforations in vessel elements as well as in the fibres in the secondary wood of the roots and the stems. The node is trilacunar. The vascular bundles in the petiole are arranged in a ring. Clustered crystals occur in the parenchymatous cells of stems, petioles and pedicles. Leaf stomata are actinocytic. The nodes of sepals, petals and stamens both in male and female flowers are unilacunar and one-traced. There are three sterile carpels with two to three traces in the male flowers, three fertile carpels with two to three traces, and sometimes three sterile carpels lacking a vascular supply. In morphology, the anther dehiscence mechanism and pollen in the female flowers are the same as in the male flowers, such that the so-called female flowers might be bisexual in morphology. In comparing morphology, the sex of the flowers and the perforations of the vessel elements in Sinofranchetia with Decaisnea and other genera of the Lardizabalaceae, Sinofranchetia is considered a basic group at least as the same evolutionary level in the family as Decaisnea . © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 149 , 271–281.     

木通科、大血藤科花粉壁的超微结构研究

应用透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察了木通科Decaisnea,Sinofr-anchetia,Holboellia,Stauntonia属以及大血藤科Sargentodoxa属共18种植物花粉壁的超微结构。所观察的木通科和大血藤科植物具较发达的覆盖层和柱状层;外壁内层以及内壁均在萌发沟处明显增厚;基层通常不甚发达。与扫描特征相对应的覆盖层结构特征,显示出类群的特异性。在Stauntonia属,覆盖层富于形态变化,反映出该属在木通科中较进化的地位;大血藤(Sarg-entodoxa cuneata)花粉壁结构隶属木通型花粉结构,表明大血藤科与木通科的密切关系。     

安徽黄山木本植物区系中一些种的细胞学研究（Ⅰ）

报道了黄山地区１８种木本植物的染色体数,分属于１５个科中的１８个属,其中１４种和２个属为首次报道;同时对Ａｐｈａｎａｎｔｈｅ,Ｆｏｒｔｕｎｅａｒｉａ,Ｌｏｒｏｐｅｔａｌｕｍ,Ｈｏｌｂｏｅｌｌｉａ,Ｐｌａｔｙｃａｒｙａ属的染色体数及其在分类上的意义作了简单讨论。     

Early reproductive developmental anatomy in Decaisnea (Lardizabalaceae) and its systematic implications

Background and Aims

Decaisnea insignis, known as ‘dead man''s fingers’ (Lardizabalaceae), is widely distributed in China and the Himalayan foothill countries. This economically important plant, which is the only species in the genus, has not been the subject of any embryological studies aside from one brief, older paper that lacks micrographs. Data on Decaisnea are also important because its systematic position has been unstable since the genus was established in 1855. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: (a) to use modern microscopy to document early reproductive anatomical development in Decaisnea; and (b) to compare qualitatively these early embryological characters with allied taxa in a systematic context.

Methods

Decaisnea insignis floral buds and inflorescences were regularly collected from Shaanxi Province, China and prepared for light microscopy. The embryological characters studied were qualitatively compared with those of allied taxa via a thorough examination of the existing literature.

Key Results

Early reproductive anatomy in Decaisnea was documented and novel revelations made. It was discovered that the pollen is shed when three-celled (not two-celled, as previously reported), and that endosperm formation is nuclear (not cellular or helobial, as previously reported). These two newly revealed embryological characters are not found in any other members of Lardizabalaceae. Furthermore, neither are persistent antipodal cells, which we confirmed to be present in Decaisnea.

Conclusions

Decaisnea and other Lardizabalaceae characteristically have tetrasporangiate anthers, a secretory tapetum, simultaneous microsporocyte cytokinesis, primarily bitegmic, crassinucellate ovules, and a Polygonum type embryo sac. However, in the family, persistent antipodals, nuclear endosperm, and pollen shed at the three-celled stage are only found in Decaisnea. These embryological data prompted the suggestion that Decaisnea needs elevation above the level of genus.     

Laticiferous canal formation in fruits of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Decaisnea fargesii</Emphasis>: a programmed cell death process?

Programmed cell death (PCD), a topic of abiding interest, remodels plants at the cell, tissue, and organ levels involving various developmental processes of plants. The aim of this study is to provide a morphological characterization of evidence of PCD involvement in the laticiferous canal formation in fruit of Decaisnea fargesii. Several ultrastructural features of PCD have been observed including disintegration of vacuole and plasma membranes, cell wall degeneration, degenerated cytoplasm, abundant membrane structures and flocculent material, mitochondria and misshapen nuclei coupled with degraded plastids in vacuoles, and nuclei enveloped by rubber granule. In D. fargesii, the nuclei of the secretory epidermal cells become TUNEL-positive from the sunken stage to the late expanding stage, then DAPI-negative during the mature stage, indicating an early event of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) cleavage and a late event of complete DNA degeneration. Gel electrophoresis indicates that DNA cleavage is random and does not result in the laddering pattern indicating multiples of internucleosomal units. During the PCD of secretory epidermal cells, the rubber granules continue to be synthesized and accumulated in the secretory epidermal cells despite nuclear degradation. The PCD’s role in laticiferous canal formation suggests that PCD may play important roles in gland development of plants.