DNA甲基化在植物研究中的应用现状与前景

DNA甲基化是主要发生在CpG双核苷酸序列中的胞嘧啶上的一种表面遗传修饰。它以S-腺苷甲硫氨酸为甲基供体,在DNA甲基酶的催化下,将甲基转移到胞嘧啶上,生成5-甲基胞嘧啶。DNA甲基化在植物的很多生命过程中具有重要的作用。本文就其作用机制、主要研究应用以及未来的前景进行简单阐述,从而为DNA甲基化在植物遗传学研究中的研究提供理论参考。     

DNA甲基化在植物研究中的应用现状与前景

DNA甲基化是主要发生在CpG双核苷酸序列中胞嘧啶上的一种表面遗传修饰.它以S-腺苷甲硫氨酸为甲基供体,在DNA甲基酶的催化下,将甲基转移到胞嘧啶上,生成5-甲基胞嘧啶.DNA甲基化在植物的很多生命过程中具有重要的作用.本文就其作用机制、主要研究应用以及未来的前景进行综述,从而为DNA甲基化在植物遗传学中的研究提供理论参考.     

哺乳动物中的DNA主动去甲基化

DNA甲基化是一种相对稳定且可遗传的表观遗传标记,在植物和动物细胞中均发现有DNA主动去甲基化现象,其机制在植物中已基本得到阐释,但在哺乳动物中尚未鉴定出一种有效的DNA去甲基化酶,并且DNA主动去甲基化途径也存在争议。文章综合分析了近期的文献资料,阐述了哺乳动物中发生DNA主动去甲基化的时空特异性,并从细胞和组织特异性角度介绍DNA主动去甲基化的可能通路和机制,即5-甲基胞嘧啶的氧化作用、5-甲基胞嘧啶脱氨基以及DNA修复等,旨在为破译表观遗传重编程过程提供理论依据。     

哺乳动物DNA甲基化修饰的动态调控机制

DNA甲基化是最主要的表观遗传修饰之一,主要发生在胞嘧啶第五位碳原子上,称为5-甲基胞嘧啶。哺乳动物DNA甲基化由从头DNA甲基转移酶DNMT3A/3B在胚胎发育早期建立。细胞分裂过程中甲基化模式的维持由DNA甲基转移酶DNMT1实现。TET家族蛋白氧化5-甲基胞嘧啶成为5-羟甲基胞嘧啶、5-醛基胞嘧啶和5-羧基胞嘧啶,从而起始DNA的去甲基化过程。这些DNA甲基化修饰酶精确调节DNA甲基化的动态过程,在整个生命发育过程中发挥重要作用,其失调也与多种疾病发生密切相关。本文对近年来DNA甲基化修饰酶的结构与功能研究进行讨论。     

5-甲基胞嘧啶在发育和分化中的作用

自从在小牛胸腺DNA中最早发现5-甲基胞嘧啶(~mC)以来,所有研究过的动物和植物DNA中都发现有这种稀有碱基。~mC并非随机地分布在DNA上,90％以上的~mC出现在CpG二核苷酸处。DNA的甲基化是在DNA复制以后由甲基化酶将S-腺苷甲硫氨酸的甲基转移到胞嘧啶的5位上去而形成。脊椎动物DNA的甲基化模式具有遗传连续性。细菌和噬菌体DNA中,甲基化通常发生在腺嘌呤处,即N~6-甲基腺嘌呤(~mA)。然而在双鞭藻     

哺乳动物DNA甲基化修饰的动态调控机制

DNA甲基化是生命体最主要的表观遗传修饰之一。哺乳动物DNA甲基化主要发生在胞嘧啶第五位碳原子上,称为5-甲基胞嘧啶(5-methylcytosine,5m C)。哺乳动物DNA甲基化由从头DNA甲基转移酶DNMT3A/3B在胚胎发育早期建立,甲基化模式的维持由DNA甲基转移酶DNMT1实现。TET家族蛋白氧化5-甲基胞嘧啶起始DNA的去甲基化过程。这些DNA甲基化修饰酶精确调节DNA甲基化的动态过程,在整个生命发育过程中发挥重要作用,其失调也与多种疾病发生密切相关。现结合国内外同行研究进展,介绍课题组近年来对DNA甲基化修饰酶的结构与功能研究。     

DNA甲基化与植物的生长发育

文章就DNA甲基化与植物生长发育的关系、催化甲基化的酶、5－甲基胞嘧啶在植物基因组中的分布、甲基化的发生和遗传的研究进展作了介绍。     

DNA主动去甲基化的Science之路

DNA甲基化是一种非常重要的表观遗传调控方式,在基因印迹、X染色体失活、转座子与外源DNA的沉默及组织特异性基因的中发挥着重要的作用。在哺乳动物的配子发生过程及从受精到着床的早期胚胎发育阶段,基因组DNA发生大规模的主动去甲基化。但去甲基化的分子机制一直是表观遗传领域的谜题。2009年,Anjana Rao及其同事发现一种DNA双氧化酶TET蛋白能够将5-甲基胞嘧啶氧化成5-羟甲基胞嘧啶,这为DNA去甲基化的机制研究开拓了新的思路。在此基础上,徐国良实验室展开了深入研究,发现TET蛋白能够进一步将5-羟甲基胞嘧啶氧化成5-羧基胞嘧啶,并发现糖苷酶TDG能够特异性地识别并切除DNA中的5-羧基胞嘧啶,进而启动碱基切除修复途径完成DNA去甲基化,从而提出了氧化作用与碱基切除修复途径协同介导的DNA主动去甲基化机制。     

哺乳动物TET2蛋白氧化5-甲基胞嘧啶的结构生物学研究

DNA甲基化是表现遗传学最重要的修饰之一,哺乳动物的DNA甲基化修饰主要发生在胞嘧啶第5位碳原子上,称为5-甲基胞嘧啶（5-methylcytosine,5mC）。     

植物去甲基化酶ROS1的研究进展

DNA甲基化状态是由从头合成的甲基化、维持型甲基化和DNA主动去甲基化动态调控的结果,由不同调节途径靶向各种酶的催化。5-甲基胞嘧啶DNA糖基化酶/裂解酶ROS1(REPRESSOR OF SILENCING1)是一种DNA去甲基化酶,能够通过启动碱基切除修复途径完成DNA主动去甲基化。介绍了植物中DNA主动去甲基化途径中的去甲基化酶和调节因子;ROS1介导的DNA主动去甲基化的途径;DNA主动去甲基化酶ROS1在各种植物不同发育过程中的作用,包括负调控印记基因表达和种子休眠、调控水稻籽粒品质、影响植物气孔发育等。     

Methylation analysis revealed salicylic acid affects pearl millet defense through external cytosine DNA demethylation

The cytosine DNA methylation and demethylation have a role in regulating plant responses to the environment by affecting the promoter regions of most plant defense-related genes through the CpG islands or the CCGG motifs. Salicylic acid, a defense and signaling plant hormone, is seen playing crucial role in the variation of the methylome. In this study, the effects of salicylic acid and feeding of the millet headminer (Heliocheilus albipunctella de Joannis) on pearl millet DNA methylome changes were evaluated through MSAP epigenotyping during panicle development. The results showed that millet headminer feeding increased the level of genomic methylation while application of salicylic acid caused DNA demethylation occurring mostly at external cytosine and accompanied by a decrease of the number of larvae per panicle. This suggests that hemimethylation (external cytosine methylation) has key role in regulating defense responses and conferring tolerance to pearl millet through salicylic acid application.     

Plant DNA methyltransferases

DNA methylation is an important modification of DNA that plays a role in genome management and in regulating gene expression during development. Methylation is carried out by DNA methyltransferases which catalyse the transfer of a methyl group to bases within the DNA helix. Plants have at least three classes of cytosine methyltransferase which differ in protein structure and function. The METI family, homologues of the mouse Dnmt1 methyltransferase, most likely function as maintenance methyltransferases, but may also play a role in de novo methylation. The chromomethylases, which are unique to plants, may preferentially methylate DNA in heterochromatin; the remaining class, with similarity to Dnmt3 methyltransferases of mammals, are putative de novo methyltransferases. The various classes of methyltransferase may show differential activity on cytosines in different sequence contexts. Chromomethylases may preferentially methylate cytosines in CpNpG sequences while the Arabidopsis METI methyltransferase shows a preference for cytosines in CpG sequences. Additional proteins, for example DDM1, a member of the SNF2/SWI2 family of chromatin remodelling proteins, are also required for methylation of plant DNA.     

Methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) proteins in plants

Cytosine methylation is the most prevalent epigenetic modification of plant nuclear DNA, which occurs in symmetrical CpG or CpNpG as well as in non-symmetrical contexts. Intensive studies demonstrated the central role played by cytosine methylation in genome organization, gene expression and in plant growth and development. However, the way by which the methyl group is interpreted into a functional state has only recently begun to be explored with the isolation and characterization of methylated DNA binding proteins capable of binding 5-methylcytosine. These proteins belong to an evolutionary conserved protein family initially described in animals termed methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) proteins. Here, we highlight recent advances and present new prospects concerning plant MBD proteins and their possible role in controlling chromatin structure mediated by CpG methylation.     

DNA methylation, a key regulator of plant development and other processes

Recent research has demonstrated that DNA methylation plays an integral role in regulating the timing of flowering and in endosperm development. The identification of key genes controlling these processes, the expression of which is altered in plants with low methylation, opens the way to understanding how DNA methylation regulates plant development.     

Tissue-specific differences in cytosine methylation and their association with differential gene expression in sorghum

It has been well established that DNA cytosine methylation plays essential regulatory roles in imprinting gene expression in endosperm, and hence normal embryonic development, in the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Nonetheless, the developmental role of this epigenetic marker in cereal crops remains largely unexplored. Here, we report for sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) differences in relative cytosine methylation levels and patterns at 5'-CCGG sites in seven tissues (endosperm, embryo, leaf, root, young inflorescence, anther, and ovary), and characterize a set of tissue-specific differentially methylated regions (TDMRs). We found that the most enriched TDMRs in sorghum are specific for the endosperm and are generated concomitantly but imbalanced by decrease versus increase in cytosine methylation at multiple 5'-CCGG sites across the genome. This leads to more extensive demethylation in the endosperm than in other tissues, where TDMRs are mainly tissue nonspecific rather than specific to a particular tissue. Accordingly, relative to endosperm, the other six tissues showed grossly similar levels though distinct patterns of cytosine methylation, presumably as a result of a similar extent of concomitant decrease versus increase in cytosine methylation that occurred at variable genomic loci. All four tested TDMRs were validated by bisulfite genomic sequencing. Diverse sequences were found to underlie the TDMRs, including those encoding various known-function or predicted proteins, transposable elements, and those bearing homology to putative imprinted genes in maize (Zea mays). We further found that the expression pattern of at least some genic TDMRs was correlated with its tissue-specific methylation state, implicating a developmental role of DNA methylation in regulating tissue-specific or -preferential gene expression in sorghum.     

极性生长的细胞中胞嘧啶甲基化的动态变化及其对GABA信号的响应

DNA胞嘧啶(C)的甲基化(5m C)在植物发育过程中具有重要的调节作用,多种环境因子如逆境胁迫、植物内/外源性因子等均会触发DNA甲基化的变化。为探讨γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对植物发育的可能调节机制,本研究以极性生长的烟草花粉管和拟南芥根为材料,分析5m C的含量及其对GABA信号的响应。结果表明,1.0 mmol/L GABA能显著促进烟草花粉管和拟南芥根的极性生长;同时,GABA处理使烟草花粉管和拟南芥根的基因组中5m C含量显著降低、5-羟基胞嘧啶(5hm C)含量显著增加。5hm C是5m C去甲基化途径中的一个重要中间产物,本研究证实了GABA可以作为一种重要的外源信号调节DNA甲基化的动态变化。     

Analysis of DNA methylation during the germination of wheat seeds

DNA methylation is known to play a crucial role in regulating plant development and organ or tissue differentiation. Here, we focused on the DNA methylation dynamics during the germination of wheat seeds using the adapted AFLP technique so called methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP). The MSAP profiles of genomic DNA in embryo and endosperm tissues of germinating seeds, as well as dry seeds were characterized and notable changes of cytosine methylation were detected. Comparisons of MSAP profiles in different tissues tested showed that the methylation level in dry seeds is the highest. The alteration analysis of cytosine methylation displayed that the number of demethylation events were three times higher than that of de novo methylation, which indicated that the demethylation was predominant in germinating wheat seeds, though the methylation events occurred as well. Sixteen differentially displayed DNA fragments in MSAP profiles were cloned and the sequencing analysis confirmed that nine of them contained CCGG sites. The further BLAST search showed that four of the cloned sequences were located in coding regions. Interestingly, three of the sixteen candidates were homologous to retrotransposons, which indicated that switches between DNA methylation and demethylation occurred in retrotransposon elements along with the germination of wheat seeds.     

Purification and characterization of rice DNA methyltransferase

Epigenetic modification is essential for normal development and plays important roles in gene regulation in higher plants. Multiple factors interact to regulate the establishment and maintenance of DNA methylation in plant genome. We had previously cloned and characterized DNA methyltransferase (DNA MTase) gene homologues (OsMET1) from rice. In this present study, determination of DNA MTase activity in different cellular compartments showed that DNA MTase was enriched in nuclei and the activity was remarkably increased during imbibing dry seeds. We had optimized the purification technique for DNA MTase enzyme from shoots of 10-day-old rice seedlings using the three successive chromatographic columns. The Econo-Pac Q, the Hitrap-Heparin and the Superdex-200 columns yielded a protein fraction of a specific activity of 29, 298 and 800 purification folds, compared to the original nuclear extract, respectively. The purified protein preferred hemi-methylated DNA substrate, suggesting the maintenance activity of methylation. The native rice DNA MTase was approximately 160–170 kDa and exhibited a broad pH optimum in the range of 7.6 and 8.0. The enzyme kinetics and inhibitory effects by methyl donor analogs, base analogs, cations, and cationic amines on rice DNA MTase were examined. Global cytosine methylation status of rice genome during development and in various tissue culture systems were monitored and the results suggested that the cytosine methylation level is not directly correlated with the DNA MTase activity. The purification and characterization of rice DNA MTase enzyme are expected to enhance our understanding of this enzyme function and their possible contributions in Gramineae plant development.