男性尿道炎和包皮龟头炎致病真菌的分布与药敏分析

目的了解男性念珠菌性尿道炎和包皮龟头炎的菌群分布及体外抗真菌药敏试验情况。方法菌株分离均来自复旦大学附属华山医院皮肤性病门诊临床症状轻重不一、真菌直接镜检阳性的61例患者。用科玛嘉念珠菌显色培养基及API 20C AUX鉴定系统进行菌种鉴定;采用CLSIM27-A2肉汤微量稀释法对61株临床分离念珠菌作了氟康唑、两性霉素B、氟胞嘧啶、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、特比萘芬6种抗真菌药物敏感性测定。结果对培养阳性的61例菌株,通过科玛嘉念珠菌显色培养基及API 20C AUX鉴定系统作菌种鉴定,白念珠菌52例（85.2%）,近平滑念珠菌3例,光滑念珠菌2例,热带念珠菌2例,季也蒙念珠菌1例,克柔念珠菌1例。对52株白念珠菌的药敏试验显示氟康唑98.1%敏感,1.9%剂量依赖性敏感;氟胞嘧啶96.2%敏感,3.8%耐药;伊曲康唑44.2%敏感,40.5%剂量依赖性敏感,15.3%耐药;伏立康唑84.6%敏感,15.4%耐药;两性霉素B全部敏感;特比萘芬的MIC范围为1-64μg/ml,MIC50和MIC90皆为64μg/ml。结论在男性念珠菌性尿道炎和包皮龟头炎中,白念珠菌仍是第一位致病菌,体外药敏试验显示氟康唑、伏立康唑、氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B对男性念珠菌性尿道炎均有较好的敏感性。     

中国临床球形孢子丝菌菌丝相药物敏感性分析

目的检测我国临床球形孢子丝菌菌丝相对5种抗真菌药物的体外敏感性,同时对比我国不同地区菌株药物敏感性的差异。方法将重庆、吉林、北京地区既往基因鉴定为球形孢子丝菌的100株临床菌株接种于2%马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(PDA)上,25℃恒温培养7d获得菌丝相。依据美国临床与实验室标准化委员会(CLSI)制定的M38-A2方案,采用微量液基稀释法检测菌丝相对碘化钾、伊曲康唑、特比萘芬、氟康唑、两性霉素B的体外最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。质控菌株为近平滑念菌ATCC22019。结果碘化钾体外无抗真菌活性,特比萘芬MIC几何均值为0.14μg/mL,伊曲康唑和两性霉素B MIC几何均值分别为0.79μg/mL和0.63μg/mL,氟康唑MIC几何均值为45.89μg/mL。发现7株对伊曲康唑耐药菌株,吉林地区相对较多,但不同地区菌株的药物MIC值差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论碘化钾无体外抗真菌活性,我国临床球形孢子丝菌对特比萘芬最敏感,其次为伊曲康唑和两性霉素B,对氟康唑敏感性最差,不同地区菌株对抗真菌药物的敏感性没有明显差异。     

低浓度他克莫司与抗真菌药物联合的体外抗真菌效应

目的测定他克莫司(FK-5066)与抗真菌药物对浅部致病真菌的联合效应。方法参考CLSI的M27-A3和M38-A2方案分别测定酮康唑对念珠菌、特比萘芬对皮肤癣菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC);利用棋盘法,测定他克莫司与酮康唑或特比萘芬的联合抗真菌效果。结果酮康唑单独对念珠菌MIC50和MIC90分别为:4μg/m L和8μg/m L;与他克莫司联合应用时,对53.3%的菌株有联合效应(n=15),对其余菌株无协同效应。特比萘芬单独对皮肤癣菌MIC50和MIC90分别为:0.06μg/m L和0.125μg/m L;与他克莫司联合应用时,对46.7%菌株(n=15)有协同效应,对其余菌株表现为无关。结论低浓度他克莫司在体外与抗真菌药物联合应用时,能够降低药物对部分菌株的MIC,未发现拮抗效应。     

棘白菌素对氟康唑耐药的念珠菌体外药物敏感性的研究

目的评价3种棘白菌素类药物（卡泊芬净、米卡芬净、阿尼多芬净）体外对氟康唑耐药念珠菌的药物敏感性。方法采用微量液体稀释法和琼脂稀释法测定最小抑制浓度（MIC）。结果微量液体稀释法：59株耐药白念珠菌3种药物MIC50均为0.06μg/mL,米卡芬净、阿尼多芬净的MIC范围均为0.015～0.125μg/mL,卡泊芬净为0.015～0.25μg/mL;8株耐药光滑念珠菌MIC值均为0.063μg/mL。琼脂稀释法：59株耐药白念珠菌和8株耐药光滑念珠菌3种药物MIC值均为0.063μg/mL。结论3种棘白菌素类药物可能具有治疗氟康唑耐药的念珠菌感染的临床价值。     

特康唑对常见念珠菌的体外敏感性试验

目的：研究特康唑对重度念珠菌性阴道炎常见念珠菌的体外敏感性。方法菌株分离自上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院、上海市第六人民医院、上海市第一妇婴保健院妇科门诊外阴阴道念珠菌病（ VVC）患者的阴道分泌物。所有菌株均经念珠菌显色培养基（ CHROMagar Candida）、API 20C AUX鉴定,并采用CLSIM27?A3肉汤微量稀释法对213株临床分离念珠菌作了特康唑、克霉唑、咪康唑3种抗真菌药物敏感性测定。结果213株菌株经鉴定为白念珠菌192株（90．14％）,光滑念珠菌21株（9．86％）。特康唑对192株白念珠菌的MIC范围：0．024～12．5μg／mL,MIC50：0．39μg／mL,MIC90：1．56μg／mL,GM：0．248μg／mL;特康唑对19株光滑念珠菌的MIC范围：0．024～1．56μg／mL,MIC50：0．049μg／mL,MIC90：1．56μg／mL,GM：0．107μg／mL。结论目前阴道念珠菌病的病原菌仍以白念珠菌为主,并提示特康唑与克霉唑、咪康唑3种药物对213株念珠菌均具有良好的敏感性,特康唑对白念珠菌及光滑念珠菌有较强的抑制作用并未发现有耐药现象。     

卡泊芬净、米卡芬净对念珠菌体外药物敏感性的动态研究

目的 动态研究卡泊芬净、米卡芬净体外对念珠菌的药物敏感性.方法 参照CLSI公布的M-27A方案微量液体稀释法分别测定卡泊芬净、米卡芬净、氟康唑对85株念珠菌的体外敏感性,并连续7d观测结果.结果 48 h卡泊芬净对白念珠菌、光滑念珠菌及其他念珠菌MIC50、MIC90中位数分别为0.030μg/mL、0.030 μg/mL,0.060μg/mL、0.125 μg/mL,0.125 μg/mL、0.500 μg/mL.48 h米卡芬净对白念珠菌、光滑念珠菌及其他念珠菌MIC50、MIC90中位数分别为0.030 μg/mL、0.030 μg/mL,0.060 μg/mL、0.060 μg/mL,0.250 μg/mL、0.500 μg/mL.48 h氟康唑对白念珠菌、光滑念珠菌及其他念珠菌MIC80、MIC100中位数分别为2μg/mL、128 μg/mL,64 μg/mL、128 μg/mL,2μg/mL、32μg／mL.85株念珠菌中未见对3种药物同时耐药的菌株.卡泊芬净组白念珠菌MIC50、MIC90 24 h后不再升高;光滑念珠菌MIC50 72 h后不再升高,MIC90 120 h后不再升高;其他念珠菌组MIC50 168 h、MIC90 96 h后不再升高.米卡芬净组白念珠菌、光滑念珠菌MIC50、MIC90 24 h后不再升高;其他念珠菌MIC50、MIC90在72 h后不再升高.结论卡泊芬净、米卡芬净对念珠菌属有较好的抗菌作用,其中对白念珠菌、光滑念珠菌作用更强,且MICs随着作用时间延长而升高并存在药物特异性和念珠菌种属特异性.     

米卡芬净对分离自中国的念珠菌和曲霉临床株体外抑菌活性的研究

目的了解新型抗真菌药物米卡芬净(micafungin,MFG)对分离自中国的念珠菌和曲霉临床株的体外抑菌活性。方法参照CLSI(Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute,以前为NCCLS)制定的M27-A2和M38-A方案测定86株念珠菌和35株曲霉的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)或最低有效浓度(MEC)。结果MFG对大多数念珠菌属和曲霉属均有较好的抑菌作用。对念珠菌属的MIC90从高到低依次为:氟康唑(FLC)敏感的白念珠菌、热带念珠菌、光滑念珠菌为0.125μg/ml,FLC耐药和剂量依赖敏感株为0.25μg/ml,克柔念珠菌为0.5μg/ml,近平滑念珠菌8μg/ml,季也蒙念珠菌>16μg/ml。MFG对烟曲霉的MEC90为≤0.03μg/ml,对非烟曲霉的曲霉属MEC90为0.06μg/ml。MFG与唑类药物、两性霉素B(AMB)不存在交叉耐药,对FLC耐药的念珠菌、伊曲康唑耐药的曲霉、AMB不敏感的曲霉均有好的抑菌活性。结论MFG对多数念珠菌属和曲霉属(包括对唑类耐药和AMB不敏感的菌株)有较好的体外抑菌作用。     

对多烯类药物耐药的1株黄曲霉临床株耐药性的初步研究

目的对1株分离自疑似侵袭性肺曲霉病患者肺泡灌洗液的黄曲霉进行常用抗真菌药物敏感性的测定,判断其药物敏感性。方法以形态学方法对该菌株进行菌种鉴定;然后按照美国临床和实验室标准研究所(CLSI)的丝状真菌抗真菌药物敏感性试验方案M38-A,测定常用抗真菌药物对该菌株的最低抑菌浓度、最低杀菌浓度;同时以E-test法测定该菌对两性霉素B和伊曲康唑的敏感性。结果微量液基稀释法显示,两性霉素B或制霉菌素对该菌的MIC值均为4μg/ml,MFC值均为16μg/ml;伊曲康唑的MIC值为0.5μg/ml,MFC值为2μg/ml;特比萘芬的MIC为0.03μg/ml,MFC为0.03μg/ml。E-test法结果显示,该菌对伊曲康唑敏感,对两性霉素B耐药。结论临床上可以分离到对多烯类抗真菌药物耐药的黄曲霉株,应该引起重视。     

特比萘芬和伊曲康唑联合应用对暗色孢科真菌的体外药敏试验研究

目的本试验探讨特比萘芬和伊曲康唑单独及联合应用对54株暗色孢科真菌的体外相互作用。方法应用美国国家临床和实验室标准研究所(CLSI)的M38-A方案。菌悬液终浓度为(0.4～5)×106CFU/ml,孵育温度35℃,培养时间5～7d。各药单独和联合应用时的MIC值均为与生长对照孔相比100%生长抑制的最低药物浓度;药物间相互作用用分数抑菌浓度(FIC值)表示;FIC<1认为有协同作用,1≤FIC<2认为有相加作用,FIC=2认为无相关性,FIC>2认为有拮抗作用。结果单独用药时特比萘芬在紧密着色霉、裴氏着色霉、卡氏支孢霉和疣状瓶霉组中MIC的几何均数分别为0.198μg/ml,0.372μg/ml,0.215μg/ml,0.456μg/ml,伊曲康唑在紧密着色霉、裴氏着色霉、卡氏支孢霉和疣状瓶霉组中MIC的几何均数分别为0.232μg/ml,0.323μg/ml,0.186μg/ml和0.315μg/ml。体外联合用药时二者MIC几何均数低于其单独应用时的MIC值。在54株受试菌中,联合用药时协同作用为29.6%(16/54),相加作用为68.5%(37/54),拮抗作用为1.9%(1/54)。结论特比萘芬和伊曲康唑联合应用时表现以协同和相加作用为主,很少菌株表现拮抗现象。     

8种抗真菌药物对浅表真菌病致病菌株体外敏感性检测

目的确定8种抗真菌药物对100株浅表致病真菌的体外药物敏感性。方法参考美国临床和实验室标准化研究所(Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute,CLSI)微量液基稀释法M27-A3和M38-A2方案,采用8种抗真菌药物对100株常见浅表致病真菌进行体外药物敏感性测定。结果体外药敏实验结果显示,8种药物对皮肤癣菌表现出良好的体外药物敏感性,其中特比萘芬(GM MIC,0.011μg/mL,MIC范围,0.004~0.06μg/mL)具有最强的抗真菌活性。咪康唑(GM MIC,0.147μg/mL,MIC范围0.015~1μg/mL)具有最强的抗念珠菌活性。酮康唑(GM MIC,0.097μg/mL,MIC范围0.03~1μg/mL)则对马拉色菌具有最佳体外抗真菌效果。结论体外药敏实验结果表明常见浅表致病真菌对8种常用抗真菌药物表现出不同的敏感性。酮康唑具有广谱高效的特点,对临床常见皮肤癣菌、念珠菌、马拉色菌均具有良好的体外抗真菌活性。特比萘芬和萘替芬对皮肤癣菌具有最佳的抗真菌活性。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.