口蹄疫病毒O/QYYS/s/06株感染性克隆的构建

本研究在完成FMDVO/QYYS/s/06株全基因组序列测定的基础上,分3段对全基因组进行克隆,其后将各片段克隆到载体P43中,从而获得携带O/QYYS/s/06株基因组全长cDNA的重组质粒P43C。将重组质粒P43C与表达RNA聚合酶的质粒T7共转染BHK-21细胞,48h后收获培养液接种2~3d乳鼠,取经乳鼠传代后的第4代病毒液,经反向间接血凝、中和试验和测序等方法证明拯救的病毒为O型FMDV。以上结果表明,O/QYYS/s/06株全长cDNA分子克隆的构建成功。     

VP3 G–H环中氨基酸突变对O型口蹄疫病毒生物学特性的影响

【目的】为了研究O型口蹄疫病毒VP3G–H环中氨基酸突变对其生物学特性的影响。【方法】借助口蹄疫病毒反向遗传操作技术平台拯救出2株定点突变体rHN~(V3174Y)和rHN~(D3173N+V3174E+N3179C)。进行蚀斑形成试验、一步生长曲线的绘制、TCID_(50)和LD_(50)的测定、间接免疫荧光与激光共聚焦显微镜检测。【结果】结果显示,与骨架病毒rHN相比,虽然rHN~(V3174Y)和rHN~(D3173N+V3174E+N3179C)对BHK-21细胞的感染性及其蚀斑表型和复制动力学无显著性差异;但rHN~(V3174Y)和rHN~(D3173N+V3174E+N3179C)对乳鼠的致病力明显减弱,且均获得了小窝蛋白介导侵染CHO-K1细胞的能力。【结论】VP3上第3174位特征性氨基酸突变影响O型口蹄疫病毒感染宿主细胞的毒力及其内吞作用路径,这有助于我们认知VP3 G–H环在口蹄疫病毒粒子立体空间构象中潜在的作用。     

一株O型口蹄疫病毒在C57BL/6小鼠和原代细胞的传代及其全序的测定和分析

【目的】旨在成功建立FMDVC57BL/6小鼠的实验感染模型。【方法】采用体内和体外循环适应传代的方法,选取一株对C57BL/6小鼠不敏感FMDVO/HK/CHA/99MF4,将其在C57BL/6小鼠(体内)和胎猪肾原代细胞FPK (体外)进行多次循环适应传代。【结果】成功获得一株对C57BL/6小鼠敏感的FMDVO/HK/CHA/99MF4C5株。【结论】本研究成功建立了FMDV突变株感染C57BL/6小鼠的实验动物模型,为未来FMD疫苗效力的评估和致病性相关的研究奠定了基础。     

链特异性RT-PCR方法检测口蹄疫病毒负链RNA

旨在建立一种快速、灵敏、特异的检测口蹄疫病毒在复制过程中产生的负链RNA的方法。根据口蹄疫病毒(foot-and-mouth disease virus,FMDV)病毒5’-非编码区(5’-UTR)基因序列,设计了5条引物链特异性RT-PCR引物,建立检测口蹄疫病毒负链RNA的链特异性RT-PCR方法。提取FMD病毒RNA,应用设计的正向引物T1-H1做反转录引物,经反转录和RNA酶A消化后,再经两轮链特异性PCR扩增,可特异性地检测FMDV在复制过程中产生的负链RNA。所建立的检测口蹄疫病毒负链RNA的链特异性RT-PCR方法是一种可靠的方法,在确定细胞培养物和动物感染FMDV的病毒复制和了解病毒的致病性研究中具有应用前景。     

Rapid Selection in Modified BHK-21 Cells of a Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Variant Showing Alterations in Cell Tropism

With persistent foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in BHK-21 cells, there is coevolution of the cells and the resident virus; the virulence of the virus for the parental BHK-21 cells is gradually increased, and the cells become partially resistant to FMDV. Here we report that variants of FMDV C₃Arg/85 were selected in a single infection of partially resistant BHK-21 cells (termed BHK-Rb cells). Indirect immunofluorescence showed that the BHK-Rb cell population was heterogeneous with regard to susceptibility to C₃Arg/85 infection. Infection of BHK-Rb cells with C₃Arg/85 resulted in an early phase of partial cytopathology which was followed at 6 to 10 days postinfection by the shedding of mutant FMDVs, termed C₃-Rb. The selected C₃-Rb variants showed increased virulence for BHK-21 cells, were able to overcome the resistance of modified BHK-21 cells to infection, and had acquired the ability to bind heparin and to infect wild-type Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. A comparison of the genomic sequences of the parental and modified viruses revealed only two amino acid differences, located at the surface of the particle, at the fivefold axis of the viral capsid (Asp-9→Ala in VP3 and either Gly-110→Arg or His-108→Arg in VP1). The same phenotypic and genotypic modifications occurred in a highly reproducible manner; they were seen in a number of independent infections of BHK-Rb cells with viral preparation C₃Arg/85 or with clones derived from it. Neither amino acid substitutions in other structural or nonstructural proteins nor nucleotide substitutions in regulatory regions were found. These results prove that infection of partially permissive cells can promote the rapid selection of virus variants that show alterations in cell tropism and are highly virulent for the same cells.     

Characterization of the Human Dopamine Transporter Heterologously Expressed in BHK-21 Cells

1. cDNA of the human dopamine transporter (hDAT) was cloned into a cloning vector based on the Semliki Forest virus. Electroporation of in vitro transcribed mRNA from this plasmid into BHK-21 cells resulted in production of the transporter as measured by [³H]dopamine uptake (K _m = 2.0 ± 0.4 M), which was specifically inhibited in the presence of cocaine.2. The recombinant transporter protein exhibited an apparent molecular mass of 56 kDa, which was reduced to 50 kDa after tunicamycin treatment of the producing BHK-21 cells. Tunicamycin treatment of the electroporated cells also resulted in a decrease in transport activity with no change in the K _m value (2.1 ± 0.4 M).3. The localization of the heterologously produced transporter in the BHK cells either with or without tunicamycin treatment was studied by electron microscopic immunogold staining. The glycosylated transporter was found to be localized at the plasma membrane, whereas in the case of the unglycosylated transporter, transport to the plasma membrane was blocked.     

Relative rates of divergence of spacer and gene sequences within the rDNA region of species in the Triticeae: Implications for the maintenance of homogeneity of a repeated gene family

Summary The relative rates of divergence of 11 regions of the wheat rDNA cloned in pTA250 were estimated by measuring sequence change in 6 Triticum species. The Tm analysis of ³²P probes synthesized from the pTA250 regions and hybridized to DNA from the Triticum species provided an estimate of sequence change relative to T. aestivum. The results revealed a region of 1.2 kb preceding the 18S rRNA gene which was more conserved than the rest of the spacer. In addition the transcribed spacer between the 18S and 26S rRNA genes was shown to be poorly-conserved; the genes, as expected, were highly conserved. A model which proposes RNA as a co-factor in gene conversion is suggested to account for the observations.     

Structure-function analysis of mutant RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complexes with VPg

The replication of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genome is critically dependent upon the activity of a virally encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). In this study, four mutant RdRps of FMDV were isolated from viral quasi-species treated with ribavirin, of which two were single mutants (L123F and T381A) and two were double mutants (T291I/T381I and L123F/F244L). The mutant proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by His-bind resin chromatography. In combination with real-time RT-PCR, an in vitro RNA replication system that uses genome RNA/VPg as template-primers was used to determine polymerase activity. Mutant L123F exhibited a 0.6-fold decrease (p < 0.001) in polymerase activity relative to wild-type RdRp, whereas the activity of L123F/F244L and T381A was undetectable. Surprisingly, the activity of T291I/T381I yielded a 0.7-fold increase (p < 0.001) as compared to wild-type. In order to study the structure-function relationship of RdRp, all structures of the RdRp-RNA template-primer complex were obtained through homology modeling and molecular docking. The VPg1 orientation in the RdRp-VPg1 complexes was determined and analyzed with mathematical methods. Our results reveal that the orientation of VPg after binding to the polymerase determines the FMDV RdRp catalytic activity, which provides a basis for the rational design of novel antiviral agents.     

含RGD受体结合位点口蹄疫病毒Asia1/JS/China/2005株的拯救及初步鉴定

摘要：【目的】构建含有RGD受体结合位点口蹄疫病毒（FMDV）Asia1/JS/China/2005株的全长感染性cDNA克隆。【方法】采用定点突变方法,构建Asia1型FMDV含有预期突变的全长cDNA克隆pFMDV-RGD。pFMDV-RGD重组质粒经NotI线化后,与表达T7 RNA聚合酶的真核质粒pcDNAT7P共转染BHK-21细胞,进行FMDV-RGD病毒拯救。【结果】序列测定结果表明成功构建了FMDV含有RGD受体位点的Asia1/JS/China/2005全长cDNA克隆。共转染实验获得拯救病毒,对拯救的病毒分别进行序列测定、间接免疫荧光、电子显微镜观察和乳鼠致病性分析,表明成功拯救了含有RGD受体结合位点的Asia1/JS/China/2005株FMDV。【结论】该实验为进一步研究含有RGD和RDD受体结合位点2个拯救病毒生物学特性的差异奠定了基础。     

A combined in vitro / in vivo selection for polymerases with novel promoter specificities

Background  

The DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from T7 bacteriophage (T7 RNAP) has been extensively characterized, and like other phage RNA polymerases it is highly specific for its promoter. A combined in vitro / in vivo selection method has been developed for the evolution of T7 RNA polymerases with altered promoter specificities. Large (10³ – 10⁶) polymerase libraries were made and cloned downstream of variant promoters. Those polymerase variants that can recognize variant promoters self-amplify both themselves and their attendent mRNAs in vivo. Following RT / PCR amplification in vitro, the most numerous polymerase genes are preferentially cloned and carried into subsequent rounds of selection.     

含RGD受体结合位点口蹄疫病毒Asial/JS/China/2005株的拯救及初步鉴定

[目的]构建含有精氨酸.甘氨酸.天冬氨酸(RGD)受体结合位点口蹄疫病毒(FmDV)Asial/JS/Chind2005株的全长感染性cDNA克隆.[方法]采用定点突变方法,构建Asial型FMDV含有预期突变的全长cDNA克隆pFMDV-RGD.pFMDV-RGD重组质粒经NotI线化后,与表达T7 RNA聚合酶的真核质粒peDNATIP共转染BHK-21细胞,进行FMDV-RGD病毒拯救.[结果]序列测定结果表明成功构建了FMDV含有RGD受体位点的Asial/JS/China/2005全长cDNA克隆.共转染试验获得拯救病毒,对拯救的病毒分别进行序列测定、间接免疫荧光、电子显微镜观察和乳鼠致病性分析,表明成功拯救了含有RGD受体结合位点的Asial/JS/China/2005株FMDV.[结论]该试验为进一步研究含有RGD和RDD受体结合位点2个拯救病毒生物学特性的差异奠定了基础.     

Molecular characterization of a dual inhibitory and mutagenic activity of 5-fluorouridine triphosphate on viral RNA synthesis. Implications for lethal mutagenesis

The basis for a dual inhibitory and mutagenic activity of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) RNA replication has been investigated with purified viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (3D) in vitro. 5-Fluorouridine triphosphate acted as a potent competitive inhibitor of VPg uridylylation, the initial step of viral replication. Peptide analysis by mass spectrometry has identified a VPg fragment containing 5-fluorouridine monophosphate (FUMP) covalently attached to Tyr3, the amino acid target of the uridylylation reaction. During RNA elongation, FUMP was incorporated in the place of UMP or CMP by FMDV 3D, using homopolymeric and heteropolymeric templates. Incorporation of FUMP did not prevent chain elongation, and, in some sequence contexts, it favored misincorporations at downstream positions. When present in the template, FUMP directed the incorporation of AMP and GMP, with ATP being a more effective substrate than GTP. The misincorporation of GMP was 17-fold faster opposite FU than opposite U in the template. These results in vitro are consistent with the mutational bias observed in the mutant spectra of 5-FU-treated FMDV populations. The dual mutagenic and inhibitory activity of 5-fluorouridine triphosphate may contribute to the effective extinction of FMDV by 5-FU through virus entry into error catastrophe.     

Recovery of Viral RNA and Infectious Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus from Positive Lateral-Flow Devices

Foot-and-mouth disease Virus (FMDV) is an economically important, highly contagious picornavirus that affects both wild and domesticated cloven hooved animals. In developing countries, the effective laboratory diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is often hindered by inadequate sample preservation due to difficulties in the transportation and storage of clinical material. These factors can compromise the ability to detect and characterise FMD virus in countries where the disease is endemic. Furthermore, the high cost of sending infectious virus material and the biosecurity risk it presents emphasises the need for a thermo-stable, non-infectious mode of transporting diagnostic samples. This paper investigates the potential of using FMDV lateral-flow devices (LFDs) for dry transportation of clinical samples for subsequent nucleic acid amplification, sequencing and recovery of infectious virus by electroporation. FMDV positive samples (epithelial suspensions and cell culture isolates) representing four FMDV serotypes were applied to antigen LFDs: after which it was possible to recover viral RNA that could be detected using real-time RT-PCR. Using this nucleic acid, it was also possible to recover VP1 sequences and also successfully utilise protocols for amplification of complete FMD virus genomes. It was not possible to recover infectious FMDV directly from the LFDs, however following electroporation into BHK-21 cells and subsequent cell passage, infectious virus could be recovered. Therefore, these results support the use of the antigen LFD for the dry, non-hazardous transportation of samples from FMD endemic countries to international reference laboratories.     

Generation of monoclonal antibodies against non-structural protein 3AB of foot-and-mouth disease virus

To identify linear epitopes on the non-structural protein 3AB of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), BABL/c mice were immunized with the 3AB protein and splenocytes of BALB/c mice were fused with myeloma Sp2/0 cells. Two hybridoma monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) cell lines against the 3AB protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) were obtained, named C6 and E7 respectively. The microneutralization titer was 1:1024 for mAb C6, and 1:512 for E7. Both mAbs contain kappa light chains, and were of subclass IgG2b. In order to define the mAbs binding epitopes, the reactivity of these mAbs against FMDV were examined by indirect ELISA. The results showed that both mAbs can react with FMDV, but had no cross-reactivity with Swine Vesicular Disease (SVD) antigens. The titers in abdomen liquor were 1:5×10⁶ for C6 and 1:2×10⁶ for E7. In conclusion, the mAbs obtained from this study are specific for the detection of FMDV, can be used for etiological and immunological researches on FMDV, and have potential use in diagnosis and future vaccine designs.