壳聚糖包衣对油菜种子萌发和幼苗生长以及几个生理生化指标的影响

不同酸溶剂与不同分子量壳聚糖包衣均促进油菜种子萌发和幼苗生长。其中壳聚糖无机酸溶剂包衣种子发芽率及幼苗生化等指标优于有机酸溶剂 ;小分子量壳聚糖包衣优于大、中分子量的。壳聚糖包衣处理有促进植物生长之功能     

外源甲醇对油菜种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以中国南、北2个主要栽培品种‘玉油二号’和‘秦油二号’油菜种子为供试材料,采用溶液培养方法研究了0~2 000mmol·L-1甲醇溶液处理下,油菜种子萌发、幼苗生长特征及其相关生理生化指标的变化。结果表明:(1)10~1 000mmol·L-1甲醇处理的油菜种子萌发指标(发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数)和幼苗生长指标(幼芽及幼根长度、鲜重、根冠比)均比对照显著增加,而甲醇溶液浓度为2 000mmol·L-1时油菜种子萌发和幼苗生长受到显著抑制;两个油菜品种种子萌发和幼苗生长在甲醇溶液处理下均表现为相同的变化趋势,但也存在品种的差异,‘秦油二号’生长受影响程度低于‘玉油二号’。(2)随着甲醇溶液浓度的增加,油菜种子萌发指标和幼苗生长指标表现出先增加后降低的趋势,并在甲醇溶液浓度为100mmol·L-1时均达到最大值,继续高于此浓度后促进作用即减弱以至消失,甚至产生抑制作用。(3)随着甲醇处理溶液浓度的增加,油菜幼苗叶片的叶绿素含量呈先增后降的趋势,而同期叶片的MDA和过氧化氢含量却呈先降后升的相反趋势,且均在相同的100mmol·L-1浓度下分别达到最大或者最低值。研究认为,适宜浓度的甲醇溶液能够促进油菜种子萌发和幼苗生长。     

GA诱导NaCl胁迫下黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗耐盐性效应

研究外源GA对NaCl胁迫下黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果显示:(1)0和75mmol·L-1NaCl处理可促进种子萌发,浓度为100mmol·L-1及以上时,随着浓度的增加,种子萌发受抑程度越严重;(2)150mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下,添加外源GA可显著提高黄瓜种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和a-淀粉酶活性;促进种子萌发,以100和150mg·L-1GA处理效果较好;(3)外源GA显著提高幼苗生物量,提高SOD和POD活性,降低MDA含量,以100mg·L-1GA处理效果较好.研究表明一定范围的外源GA可缓解盐害对黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长的抑制作用,诱导其耐盐性的提高.     

壳聚糖对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生理生化特性的影响

用不同浓度的壳聚糖溶液包衣处理“8802”和“徐州-24”两个小麦品种,在20℃下发芽,并测定种子发芽率、α-淀粉酶活性及幼苗的湿重、干重、叶绿素、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质等的含量。结果表明:壳聚糖处理后,能够有效地提高小麦种子发芽率、α-淀粉酶活性、幼苗湿重、干重及幼苗叶片中叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质等的含量。     

不同黄瓜品种种子萌发期的耐盐性研究

在不同浓度的NaCl胁迫盐境下发芽,对黄瓜种子萌发有显著影响,随着NaCl胁迫浓度增大,对种子萌发的抑制作用明显增强,种子活力指数、发芽指数、幼胚一级侧根数比发芽率对NaCl胁迫的反应更敏感.在供试的14个黄瓜品种中,不同黄瓜品种种子萌发受盐胁迫抑制的程度不同,其中耐盐品种有中农12号和津春5号,新秀2号和津优1号为不耐盐品种,其他为耐盐性中等品种.     

La(NO3)3浸种对镉胁迫下油菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

通过水培实验研究了La(NO3)3浸种对镉胁迫下油菜(Brassicanapus)种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,当镉浓度≤10mg·L-1时,La(NO3)3浸种(0～50mg·L-1)能提高油菜种子的活力,促进油菜幼苗的生长,并提高脂肪酶的活性和幼苗根细胞有丝分裂指数。其中以10mg·L-1La(NO3)3浸种处理效果最佳,与对照相比,种子活力指数及油菜幼苗各生长指标显著提高,脂肪酶活性增加40.41%～65.09%,幼苗根细胞有丝分裂指数增加62.76%～77.02%。当镉浓度>10mg·L-1时,La(NO3)3浸种对镉胁迫的缓解效用明显减弱,与对照相比,仅脂肪酶活性显著提高,其它指标无明显变化。     

壳聚糖对苦瓜种子萌发过程中几个生理指标的影响

探讨壳聚糖（chitosan，CS）对苦瓜（Momordica charantiaL．）种子（广西新改良‘长丰3号’）萌发有关的几个生理指标的影响。     

不同苜蓿品种种子萌发期耐盐性的研究

用0．3％、0．7％和1．0％的Nacl溶液分别对19个苜蓿品种种子进行处理,通过发芽势、发芽率,幼根长和幼苗高对各品种种子萌发期耐盐性进行了研究。结果表明：用0．7％或1．0％NaCl溶液进行苜蓿种子萌发期耐盐性鉴定较为合理;0．7％NaCl溶液处理苜蓿种子,其幼根长及其幼苗高可作为苜蓿品种种子耐盐性鉴定的指标;在0．7％、1．0％NaCl溶液处理下,通过测定第4天和第6天各品种种子的发芽势,可以鉴定出苜蓿品种间耐盐力的大小。对19个苜蓿品种种子的发芽率、相对发芽势、幼根长和幼苗高4个耐盐鉴定指标进行综合分析,结果表明：超级13R和中苜1号种子耐盐性最强,其次为射手和牧野,全能 Z和牧歌401 Z最弱。     

不同品种燕麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的耐盐性

利用NaCl和Na2SO4复盐溶液胁迫处理36个燕麦品种,采用培养皿纸上发芽法,进行种子萌发和幼苗的耐盐能力鉴定,通过分析盐胁迫对不同燕麦种子萌发及幼苗的影响,为燕麦品种耐盐性筛选、盐碱地燕麦栽培和耐盐育种提供理论参考.结果表明:盐分抑制种子的萌发和幼苗生长,低盐浓度(0.4%)适宜各类燕麦生长,对较耐盐的品种有促进萌发、生长的作用,盐浓度1.2%是鉴定燕麦耐盐性的适宜盐浓度;36个品种耐盐性差异较大,可划分为耐盐型、中度耐盐型、不耐盐型3类;燕麦不同品种及不同类型种子萌发的盐浓度范围达极显著差异,各耐盐指标对于燕麦耐盐性的体现存在一定的差异,发芽率、发芽指数、简易活力指数和单株干质量是主要的耐盐指标.     

油菜对3种作物种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用

油菜是我国重要的绿肥作物,除增加土壤肥力外,对后茬作物也有一定的化感作用。本文研究了不同浓度油菜浸提液(0.025、0.05和0.1 g·mL^-1)对3种作物(燕麦、玉米和向日葵)种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理生化的影响。结果表明: 油菜浸提液对3种作物种子发芽率的影响不显著,但对燕麦有“低促高抑”的趋势,对向日葵有抑制的趋势。油菜浸提液高浓度处理对燕麦幼苗根和茎长、玉米幼苗茎长以及向日葵幼苗根长起抑制作用,低浓度处理对玉米幼苗根茎长起促进作用。燕麦和向日葵幼苗在浸提液浓度为0.05 g·mL^-1时蛋白质含量最大,玉米在0.025 g·mL^-1时蛋白质含量最大,显著高于对照。3个浓度下,向日葵脯氨酸含量均显著降低,玉米脯氨酸含量在浓度为0.05 g·mL^-1时显著高于对照。玉米过氧化物酶(POD)活性在浸提液浓度为0.05 g·mL^-1时最大,向日葵POD活性在浓度为0.025 g·mL^-1时最大,与对照有显著差异,其余浓度处理与对照无显著差异。油菜浸提液浓度为0.025 g·mL^-1时显著降低了燕麦超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,3种作物幼苗过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性与对照均无显著差异。加入油菜浸提液后,向日葵幼苗丙二醛(MDA)含量在浓度为0.1 g·mL^-1时显著增加,玉米幼苗MDA含量在不同浓度处理下均显著低于对照。综合分析,油菜浸提液对向日葵的化感抑制作用最强,其次为玉米、燕麦。     

重金属对油菜种子萌发和胚根生长的影响

分析了Hg2 、Cd2 、Ni2 、Co2 、Zn2 5种重金属离子对油菜种子萌发和胚根伸长的影响,以及金属离子K 、Mg2 和Ca2 与重金属的交互作用。结果表明:(1)重金属对油菜种子萌发的抑制作用依次为Hg2 >Cd2 和Co2 >Ni2 >Zn2 ,而对胚根生长的毒害作用依次为Hg2 >Cd2 >Co2 >Ni2 >Zn2 。(2)萌发率为40%以上时,K 和Ca2 可以提高Ni2 、Zn2 和Co2 胁迫下油菜种子的萌发率,却进一步降低了Hg2 、Cd2 胁迫下种子的萌发;Mg2 可以提高Ni2 、Zn2 、Cd2 和Co2 胁迫下种子的萌发率,但对Hg2 毒害却没有缓解。(3)胚根伸长率达到60%以上时,K 和Mg2 增强了Ni2 、Hg2 、Cd2 和Co2 对胚根生长的抑制,而Ca2 则缓解了Zn2 、Ni2 和Co2 对胚根生长的抑制作用。研究结果对于重金属复合污染土壤中植物种子的萌发和定植具有理论和实践意义。     

甘蓝型油菜花粉离体培养

通过对甘蓝型油菜花粉发育阶段和活力的检测确定花粉发育的时期,分离出单核晚期花粉进行离体培养.结果表明,(1)筛选出适合油菜小孢子花粉离体培养的液体培养基为T_1+怀特维生素(White's vitamins)+2%椰子汁+0.5 mol/L麦芽糖,在此培养基上花粉的成熟率可达25.1%,萌发率达6.3%.(2)筛选出适合成熟花粉离体萌发液体培养基为0.6 mol/L麦芽糖+1.6 mmol/L硼酸+2.9 mmol/L硝酸钙+29.6 μmol/L VB_1,在此培养基上,自然成熟花粉的萌发率可达75.2%.将离体培养成熟的花粉培养在萌发培养基,萌发的花粉占成熟花粉的66.3%.     

油菜（Brassica napus L.）种子脱水耐性获得过程中肌醇半乳糖苷合成酶活性与可溶性糖含量的变化

在这个研究中测量不同发育时期的油菜种子中可溶性糖含量与肌醇半乳糖苷合成酶（galactinol synthase,GOLS）活性,将二者的变化趋势与种子脱水耐性获得的过程相比较并对结果进行相关性分析。结果显示油菜种子脱水耐性获得过程中,葡萄糖和果糖含量均随着发育期的延长而下降,蔗糖则保持较高水平;肌醇含量下降而肌醇半乳糖苷含量上升;棉子糖系列寡糖（raffinose familyolig osaccharides,RFO）含量随着种子发育而上升,特别是水苏糖,在成熟种子中可以达到相当高的浓度。油菜种子发育中期,细胞内GOLS活性开始上升,至贮藏物积累完成时达到最大。GOLS活性变化与种子肌醇半乳糖苷积累速度、RFO含量及种子的脱水耐性呈一定的正相关关系。我们认为GOLS促使RFO积累,从而对种子脱水耐性的获得产生重要影响。     

甘蓝型油菜小孢子培养技术的几项改进

本研究在NLN-16和NLN-13的培养基中分别加入0.1mg/L 6-BA和0.05%的活性碳,结果表明6-BA对小孢子再生胚有明显地促进作用,再生胚的频率比对照增加26枚/皿,经分析达到显著水平;而0.05%的活性碳对小孢子再生胚促进作用不显著。对甘蓝型油菜小孢子培养再生植株的染色体加倍及移栽的研究结果表明,在小孢子培养初期加50mg/L秋水仙碱加倍效率最佳,加倍率达到67.6%。小孢子培养的再生苗移栽至大田后,采用遮阳网覆盖小苗,移栽成活率达到87.6%。 Abstract:The application of microspore culture technique was restricted because of its low frequency of embryogenesis and chromosome doubling.Two methods of enhancing the frequency of embryogenesis were employed in the study,namely,activated charcoal treatment in NLN-13 media and 6-BA treatment in NLN-16 media.The treatment with 0.05% activated charcoal produced 24 embryos per plate,which increased 1.7 embryos per plate,as compared with the treatment without activated charcoal.However,the analysis of T-test showed that it was not significant.After adding 0.1mg/L 6-BA in NLN-16 media,the frequency of embryogeny was 38.3 embryos per plate,and it was 26 embryos more per plate than that of CK.Analysis of T-test is significant.This indicates that 6-BA promotes embryogeny in microspore culture.Adding 50mg/L colchicines in NLN-16 media,the doubling frequency was 67.6%.The plantlets transplanted into field with two methods of light-covered net and plastic films were investigated.A survival rate of 87.6% was obtained using light-covered method whereas 57.7% survived using plastic film method.     

Intergeneric Somatic Hybridization Between Brassica napus L. and Sinapis alba L.

Electrically induced protoplast fusion was used to produce somatic hybrids between Brassica napus L. and Sinapis alba L. Seven hybrids were obtained and verified by the simple sequence repeat and cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence analysis of the genefael, indicating that the characteristic bands from S. alba were present in the hybrids. The hybridity was also confirmed by chromosome number counting because the hybrids possessed 62 chromosomes, corresponding to the sum of fusion-parent chromosomes. Chromosome pairing at meiosis was predominantly normal, which led to high pollen fertility,ranging from 66% to 77%. All hybrids were grown to full maturity and could be fertilized and set seed after self-pollination or back-crosses with B. napus. The morphology of the hybrids resembled characteristics from both parental species. An analysis of the fatty acid composition in the seeds of F1 plants was conducted and the seeds were found to contain different amounts of erucic acid, ranging from 11.0% to 52.1%.     

Scanning electron microscopy of desiccation-tolerant and -sensitive microspore-derived embryos of Brassica napus L.

Desiccation tolerance can be induced in microspore-derived embryos of Brassica napus L. by application of abscisic acid (ABA). Scanning electron microscopy was employed to study and compare desiccation-tolerant and -sensitive microspore-derived embryos. The external surface of those desiccated embryos in which desiccation tolerance had been induced was uniformly shriveled due to severe dehydration, and their internal tissue system was well preserved. In contrast, in desiccation-sensitive embryos, dehydration caused tearing of the epidermis and collapse of the internal tissue system. After the desiccated embryos had been rehydrated, the size and external morphology of the desiccation-tolerant ones recovered to the pre-desiccation state within 1 day, whereas the sensitive ones did not recover or remained shriveled. The effect of ABA on the induction of desiccation tolerance is discussed. Received: 25 June 1998 / Revision received: 03 September 1998 / Accepted: 24 September 1998     

Intergeneric Somatic Hybridization Between Brassica napus L. And Sinapis alba L.

Electrically induced protoplast fusion was used to produce somatic hybrids between Brassica napus L. and Sinapis alba L. Seven hybrids were obtained and verified by the simple sequence repeat and cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence analysis of the genefael, indicating that the characteristic bands from S. alba were present in the hybrids. The hybridity was also confirmed by chromosome number counting because the hybrids possessed 62 chromosomes, corresponding to the sum of fusion-parent chromosomes. Chromosome pairing at meiosis was predominantly normal, which led to high pollen fertility,ranging from 66% to 77%. All hybrids were grown to full maturity and could be fertilized and set seed after self-pollination or back-crosses with B. napus. The morphology of the hybrids resembled characteristics from both parental species. An analysis of the fatty acid composition in the seeds of F1 plants was conducted and the seeds were found to contain different amounts of erucic acid, ranging from 11.0% to 52.1%.     

EMS诱变甘蓝型油菜M_2代群体的表型突变研究

利用4种浓度EMS处理甘蓝型油菜NJ7982种子,选取其中诱变效果好的处理(0.4%EMS),研究其后代突变型和突变频率。对4.8万株的M2代群体鉴定结果表明,6种器官性状在群体中均出现了突变。子叶突变性状包括3子叶、子叶黄化等,占群体的0.22%;叶片突变性状包括黄化叶、白化叶、紫色叶、上卷叶、下卷叶等,占0.74%;花器突变性状包括紫色花蕾、死蕾、3花瓣、6花瓣、白色瓣、花瓣黄白镶嵌、花瓣皱缩、完全不育、部分可育等,占9.38%;株型突变性状包括矮秆、紫茎等,占4.98%;角果突变性状包括粗角、长角、紫角等,占2.79%;种皮黄色,占0.40%;总的表型突变频率为18.51%。这些遗传多样性的突变材料,为甘蓝型油菜种质创新及品种遗传改良提供基础性材料。     

磁处理土壤对油菜品质的影响及土壤健康质量指示

用室外盆栽试验的方法,将土壤磁效应与生物磁效应相结合,以草甸土为供试土壤,油菜为供试作物,研究了盆栽条件下,磁处理土壤对油菜(Brassica napus L.)油菜生物学产量和品质的影响,进一步探讨了磁场处理对土壤健康质量的改善作用。研究结果表明,磁场强度处理土壤不仅可提高盆栽条件下油菜的生物学产量,还促使其维生素C含量得以增加,而且油菜叶柄和叶片内的硝酸盐含量也降低,说明磁处理可以使土壤健康质量得到改善。200mT磁场强度是适于油菜生长的最佳磁处理参数。