内生真菌感染对3个不同地理种群羽茅光合特性的影响

研究了内蒙古中东部草原3个不同样地（羊草、西乌旗和霍林河）中Neotyphodium内生真菌的侵染对宿主羽茅(Achnatherum sibiricum(L.) Keng)种群光合生理特性的影响,结果表明：自然条件下,羊草样地和西乌旗样地染菌(E+)羽茅植株的净光合速率(P_n)显著高于不染菌(E-)羽茅,说明E+羽茅植株具有更高的同化能力,而霍林河样地中二者差异不显著;3个样地中Neotyphodium内生真菌对宿主羽茅的蒸腾速率、气孔导度、光能利用效率、水分利用效率均无显著影响;引起羽茅植株午间P_n降低的主要原因是非气孔因素,与是否染菌没有必然联系;光响应曲线拟合结果表明Neotyphodium内生真菌对宿主羽茅的表观量子效率、最大净光合速率、暗呼吸速率、光补偿点和光饱和点没有显著影响。     

冷蒿对三种禾本科植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用

研究了冷蒿茎叶水浸提液及冷蒿斑块土壤对羊草草原3种禾本科植物(羊草、克氏针茅和糙隐子草)种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:冷蒿茎叶水浸提液使受试植物种子的发芽指数降低,平均发芽时间延长.羊草、克氏针茅和糙隐子草幼苗苗高及克氏针茅幼苗根长均受冷蒿茎叶水浸提液抑制;浸提液浓度≥0.075g.ml-1时显著抑制羊草幼苗根长生长,≤0.05g.ml-1时则无显著影响;而茎叶水浸提液对糙隐子草幼苗根长有"低促高抑"的作用.冷蒿斑块土壤抑制受试植物幼苗生长;3种植物对冷蒿化感效应的敏感性依次为克氏针茅羊草糙隐子草,且幼苗根长的敏感性均大于苗高.     

内生真菌对羽茅生长及光合特性的影响

通过温室栽培实验,以感染两种内生真菌(Neotyphodium sibiricum和Neotyphodium gansuence)和未感染内生真菌的羽茅(Achnatherum sibiricum)为实验材料,分析感染不同种内生真菌对宿主植物的生长及光合特性的影响。结果表明,感染两种内生真菌羽茅的株高和CO₂补偿点显著低于未染菌的羽茅,而染菌羽茅的蒸腾速率和气孔导度显著高于未染菌羽茅,但对于感染不同种内生真菌的羽茅,无论是分蘖数与生物量的积累还是光合生理值之间均无显著差异。     

三种内生真菌对茅苍术组培苗的生长及主要挥发油成分的影响

采用3种内生真菌与茅苍术组培苗共培养技术,研究了内生真菌对茅苍术组培苗生长及其主要挥发油成分的影响。结果表明：培养4周后,接内生真菌小菌核菌（AL3）的植株平均单株根数最多,比对照多92.7%（P<0.01）,并极显著地提高了平均单株根系干质量,比对照高62.9%（P<0.01）;而接种内生真菌小克银汉霉（AL4）和孔球孢霉（AL12）对茅苍术组培苗的生长影响不显著;AL3、AL4和AL12极显著提高了茅苍术叶片PAL酶活力,分别比对照提高了5.8、8.0和11.1倍（P<0.01）;AL3处理组的POD（过氧化物酶）、CAT（过氧化氢酶）和SOD（超氧化物歧化酶）3种酶活性与对照相似;而AL4处理组的3种酶活性分别比对照降低了9.1%、37.1%和9.7%,AL12处理组的3种酶活性分别比对照提高了10.4%、21.2%和9.6%;AL3、AL4和AL12都对茅苍术叶片总多酚含量有极显著影响,分别比对照提高了179.8%、86.2%和84.1%（P<0.01）;接3种内生真菌都改变了挥发油中4种主要活性成分苍术酮、苍术醇、β-桉叶醇及苍术素的相对百分含量。     

感染内生真菌的羽茅对大针茅的化感作用

以羽茅(Achnatherum sibiricum)为材料,采用室内生物测定法研究感染不同内生真菌的羽茅浸提液对大针茅(Stipa grandis)种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用,并采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对羽茅浸提液中的化学成分进行分析。结果表明:(1)内生真菌感染可缓解宿主羽茅对群落优势种大针茅的化感作用;(2)内生真菌感染对宿主羽茅化感作用的影响与内生真菌种类有关,具体表现为相比于未染菌羽茅,感染Epichloё gansuensis可显著缓解宿主羽茅对大针茅的抑制作用,而感染Neotyphodium sibiricum、Neotyphodium gansuensis有缓解羽茅对大针茅化感作用的趋势,但未达到显著影响;(3)羽茅浸提液中含有2,4-二叔丁基苯酚、邻苯二甲酸、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和硬脂酸甲酯等潜在化感物质,这4种物质相对含量的差异可能是不同内生真菌感染状态的羽茅产生不同化感效应的主要原因;(4)对羽茅浸提液中4种潜在化感物质的化感作用进行验证实验,结果表明,2,4-二叔丁基苯酚对大针茅的化感作用基本表现为低浓度无影响,高浓度抑制,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的化感作用表现为"低促高抑"的效应趋势,而邻苯二甲酸和硬脂酸甲酯对大针茅均表现出"剂量效应"的化感作用趋势,即4种潜在化感物质在高浓度时均可显著抑制大针茅的种子萌发和幼苗生长。     

感染羽茅的香柱菌属内生真菌对丛枝菌根真菌孢子萌发的影响

内生真菌与丛枝菌根(AM)真菌是构成草原生态系统的重要组成部分.内生真菌会抑制其宿主植物的AM真菌侵染率.本研究以感染2种香柱菌属内生真菌[Epichloё gansuensis(Eg)和E. sibirica(Es)]的天然禾草羽茅为供试材料,进行体外纯培养的内生真菌培养滤液、感染内生真菌的羽茅叶片(包括鲜叶和枯叶)浸提液,以及根系分泌物对摩西球囊霉(Gm)和幼套球囊霉(Ge)2种AM真菌孢子萌发影响试验.结果表明: 香柱菌属内生真菌的培养滤液会显著抑制2种AM真菌孢子的萌发,而感染香柱菌属内生真菌的羽茅根系分泌物只对Ge孢子萌发有显著抑制作用,且上述抑制作用与内生真菌种类无关;鲜叶浸提液对Gm和Ge的孢子萌发率均无显著影响,而枯叶浸提液对Ge的孢子萌发有显著抑制作用.在自然生态系统中,香柱菌属内生真菌通常存在于宿主植物体内,可能通过影响宿主植物的根系分泌物来影响AM真菌孢子的萌发.     

呼伦贝尔草原土壤固氮微生物nifH基因多样性与群落结构

采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术及扩增产物序列分析方法比较研究了呼伦贝尔5种草地类型(线叶菊草原、贝加尔针茅草原、羊草草原、大针茅草原、克氏针茅草原)土壤固氮微生物nifH基因多样性及群落结构特征.结果表明,不同草地类型间土壤固氮微生物群落组成差异显著,羊草草原和大针茅草原相似性较高,相似度为67%,而其他3个草地类型间相似性较低,相似度均低于60%.羊草草原土壤nifH基因多样性最高,其次是克氏针茅草原、大针茅草原和贝加尔针茅草原,线叶菊草原最低.系统发育分析结果表明,呼伦贝尔草原土壤固氮微生物大部分属于变形菌门的α-变形菌纲,分别隶属于慢生根瘤菌属、中慢生根瘤菌属、红假单胞菌属、固氮螺菌属.5种草地类型中,克氏针茅草原土壤中联合固氮菌和自生固氮菌居多,而其他4个草地类型均以共生固氮菌为优势生态类型.     

内蒙古中东部草原区克氏针茅形态特征和RAPD遗传分化的相关性研究

以分布在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟东部草甸草原、中部典型草原和中西部荒漠化草原的4个克氏针茅种群为研究对象,采用形态学标记和RAPD分子标记相结合的方法进行遗传分化研究。结果表明：（1）无论是用形态学数据所得欧氏遗传距离矩阵还是用RAPD所得无偏差的Nei’s遗传距离矩阵,与种群分布的地理距离之间均不存在显著的相关关系,说明克氏针茅种群遗传分化受自然选择的影响。（2）种群之间存在显著的形态分化和遗传分化（p<0.05）。（3）对形态学数据所得欧氏遗传距离矩阵和RAPD所得Nei’s无偏差遗传距离矩阵进行Mantel检验所得结果不显著,表明对克氏针茅形态分化和遗传分化起主要作用的选择力是不完全相同的。     

内蒙古典型草原区四种主要物种的植物-土壤反馈作用

植物-土壤反馈对解释群落组成变化和预测群落动态具有重要意义,是群落生态学与恢复生态学研究的热点领域。本研究以内蒙古典型草原区4种主要物种羊草(Leymus chinensis)、大针茅(Stipa grandis)、克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)和冰草(Agropyron cristatum)为研究对象,采用植物-土壤反馈研究的两阶段法进行盆栽实验,研究了单种种植植物对土壤的影响(所得土壤用S-植物种拉丁名首字母表示,分别为S-Lc、S-Sg、S-Sk、S-Ac),以及这些受影响土壤对后续种植植物个体水平和群落水平的植物-土壤反馈作用。结果表明:(1)4种植物单种后对土壤C∶N、速效磷含量以及p H值3个指标具有显著影响(P0.05);(2)个体水平的植物-土壤反馈具有物种特异性,羊草和冰草的分蘖数、株高、地上部生物量、地下部生物量以及总生物量5个观测指标的最高值均出现在S-Sk;克氏针茅5个观测指标的最高值出现在S-Lc;大针茅分蘖数和株高的最高值出现在S-Ac,而生物量的最高值出现在SLc;(3)大针茅和克氏针茅的反馈效应值(FV)显著小于0,表现为负反馈;冰草表现为中性反馈;羊草表现为中性至弱正反馈;(4)4种物种两两间净配对反馈值(I)均为负值,且克氏针茅-羊草以及克氏针茅-冰草间反馈值显著小于0,表明这些物种两两间能稳定共存。这些结果为内蒙古草原区植物群落组成变化对地下部土壤、后续植物的生长状况以及主要物种种间关系的影响的预测提供了实验数据。     

氮素和植物生长促进剂对羊草生长及竞争力的影响

选取羊草、斜茎黄芪、克氏针茅3种内蒙古典型草原常见植物,通过不同植物物种组合(单独种植或者羊草与其他两种混合种植)、施加不同剂量的氮素(0、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8mg·g^-1)和植物生长促进剂——油菜素内酯(0.005 mg·g^-1)的温室盆栽试验,分析氮素和油菜素内酯对羊草生长及其与其他植物竞争力关系的影响.结果表明:添加氮素对羊草、斜茎黄芪的生物量影响显著,对克氏针茅的生物量影响较弱,并且氮素的影响因其伴生植物的不同而改变.氮素添加显著增加了羊草在单独种植和与斜茎黄芪混合种植时的地上生物量,但显著降低了与克氏针茅混合种植时的地下生物量.由于土壤可利用氮增加,羊草的地上与地下分配发生变化,表现为单独种植、与克氏针茅混合种植时,根冠比下降;与斜茎黄芪混合种植时,氮素添加对羊草根冠比的影响则不显著.油菜素内酯对植物生长的显著影响不普遍,仅显著降低了斜茎黄芪单独种植时的地下生物量;在羊草与斜茎黄芪混合种植时,显著增加了羊草地上生物量.油菜素内酯和氮适量联用可有效增加特定物种组合的生物量,从而在退化草地恢复中具有一定的应用前景.     

内生真菌感染对宿主羊草抗病性的影响

以感染内生真菌的天然禾草羊草为实验材料,通过体外纯培养条件下的内生真菌、感染内生真菌的离体叶片和在体叶片对3种病原菌的抑菌实验,以探讨内生真菌对宿主植物羊草在抗病性方面的贡献。结果表明:体外纯培养条件下,分离自羊草的内生真菌Epichlobromicola对新月弯孢(Curvularia lunata)、根腐离蠕孢(Bipolaris sorokiniana)和枝孢霉(Cladosporium sp.)这3种病原菌都具有抑制作用,抑菌率分别达56.22%,46.93%和45.15%,且内生真菌培养滤液可以有效抑制这3种病原菌的孢子萌发,平均萌发率分别为30.4%,15.7%和16.4%;宿主植物叶片在离体条件下,内生真菌感染可以有效降低羊草叶片受C.lunata和C.sp.侵染后的病斑数或病斑长度,但对B.sorokiniana不起作用,甚至提高了叶片的病斑数及病斑长度,而离体叶片提取液对不同病原菌均有不同程度的抑制作用;在体条件下,内生真菌均可以通过降低叶片病斑数来增强羊草植株对这3种病原菌的抗性。由此看来,内生真菌E.bromicola对宿主植物羊草在抗病原菌侵染方面有一定的增益作用。     

Does endophyte symbiosis resist allelopathic effects of an invasive plant in degraded grassland?

Allelopathic effects and plant associated systemic endophytic fungi are often thought to play a role in the invasion of exotic plant species. Here, we tested the inhibitory effects of the aqueous extracts of the hemiparasitic weed Pedicularis kansuensis on seed germination and seedling growth of endophyte-free (E−) and -infected (E+) grass species, Stipa purpurea and Elymus tangutorum. The weed extracts significantly inhibited both seed germination and seedling growth of the target grass species. Extracts from the inflorescences gave greater inhibition than those from the stems or roots, while the concentration of the extract had a direct effect on the extent of inhibition. The E+ target plants were less susceptible to the extracts than their E-counterparts. Our results suggest that the allelopathic potential of P. kansuensis will lead to increased frequencies of endophyte infected plants in grass populations.     

大金发藓和小蛇苔化学他感作用的生物测定

以绿豆、油菜和萝卜种子为生测材料,以大金发藓（Polytrichum commune Hedw.）和小蛇苔(Conocephalum japonicum(Thunb.) Grolle.)的水提取液为处理液,测定了二种苔藓植物提取液在三种浓度下对三种作物种子萌发率、萌发指数、萌发势、种子活力、幼苗根重和鲜重和根长等指标的影响。发现绿豆是理想的生测材料,种子活力指数、幼苗鲜重、根重和根长是理想的生测指标;二种苔藓植物的水提取液表现出类似于激素样的作用方式,对种子萌发和幼苗生长,表现为低浓度下促进、高浓度时抑制的化学他感效应。     

唐古特大黄药材提取物对小麦和垂穗披碱草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

测定了唐古特大黄（Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Balf.）药材水提液、蒽醌粗提液和多糖粗提液对小麦(Triticum aestivum Linn.)和垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans Griseb.）种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：唐古特大黄药材水提液存在明显的化感作用,水提液在高浓度下对小麦种子萌发和芽长及垂穗披碱草种子萌发、根长和芽长均有明显的抑制作用,而在低浓度下对小麦的根长和芽长具有促进作用。蒽醌粗提液仅对垂穗披碱草幼苗生长有抑制作用,其作用随浓度的提高而增强。多糖处理液抑制了小麦、垂穗披碱草根的生长,同时高浓度的处理液延迟了垂穗披碱草种子发芽。     

Variable effects of endophytic fungus on seedling establishment of fine fescues

Seedborne systemic endophytic fungi of grasses are thought to be plant mutualists, because they have been shown to improve their host’s resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. The interactions in plant–endophyte associations vary from mutualistic to parasitic with environmental conditions and the genotypes of interacting species. The possible pros and cons of endophytic fungi are expected to be most evident during the seedling establishment, where host fitness is most directly affected. If this holds true, endophytes may play a focal role in local adaptation of hosts to different environments. We examined if endophyte-infected and uninfected seeds and seedlings of two native grass species, Festuca rubra and F. ovina, differ in seed germination and seedling growth rates under greenhouse conditions. The germination of F. rubra seeds was also studied in the field. This is the first time that the effects of Epichloë endophyte on seedling establishment of fine fescues from natural populations have been experimentally evaluated. Mother plant (seed family) had a marked effect on many response variables in both grass species. Length and mean biomass of tillers of endophyte-infected (E+) F. ovina seedlings were lower, but root:shoot ratios were higher than in endophyte-free (E?) seedlings. In F. rubra, the effects of the endophyte were dependent on the habitat where the seeds were collected. The E+ seeds from river banks germinated faster than E+ seeds from meadows, and E+ seedlings from the river banks produced fewer but taller and heavier tillers than the other seedlings. Our data suggest that the effects of the endophyte infection on the seedling stage of fine fescues are dependent the species of grass, host genetic background and mother plant habitat. The germination strategy and growth form of E+ red fescue seedlings from river banks may be beneficial to surviving in the harsh conditions of that habitat.     

Allelopathic potential of Artemisia frigida and successional changes of plant communities in the northern China steppe

In the northern China steppe, overgrazing has decreased the abundance of many species that were originally dominant, but increased the abundance of Artemisia frigida. We aimed to determine whether the adaptive and competitive abilities of A. frigida are associated with allelopathy. Soil nutrient characteristics could not explain the poor growth of the originally dominant species. Volatile compounds released from A. frigida leaves and aqueous extracts (0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.10, and 0.15 g ml^?1) from A. frigida leaves and roots and from soil under A. frigida inhibited seed germination and seedling growth of three dominant species (Leymus chinensis, Stipa krylovii, and Cleistogenes squarrosa). Allelopathic activity varied according to extract concentration, test species, and extract source. Germination was most strongly inhibited in S. krylovii, followed by L. chinensis and then C. squarrosa. Seedling growth was most strongly inhibited in L. chinensis, followed by S. krylovii and then C. squarrosa. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses of the leaf volatiles identified 27 compounds, primarily monoterpene or sesquiterpene compounds and their oxygen-containing derivatives, such as eucalyptol, beta.-myrcene, 1,6-octadien-3-ol,3,7-dimethyl, 3-carene, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one,1,7,7-trimethyl-,(1R), cis-sabinenehydrate, camphene, and alpha-Pinene. These findings suggest that allelochemicals from A. frigida can modify the surrounding micro-habitat. The responses of target plants to allelopathy of A. frigida may be one reason for changes in plant community succession in the northern China steppe.     

Infection with the fungal endophyte Epichloë festucae may alter the allelopathic potential of red fescue

Red fescue (Festuca rubra) is a perennial grass used as both forage and turfgrass. Asymptomatic plants of this species are systemically infected by the fungal endophyte Epichloë festucae, which has a beneficial effect on the infected plants. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the endophyte Epichloë festucae on the allelopathic potential of F. rubra against four associated pasture species that are also considered as weeds in lawns, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens, Lotus corniculatus and Plantago lanceolata. Two experiments were designed to evaluate the allelopathic effect of extracts from the roots and leaves of endophyte‐infected (E+) and non‐infected (E?) plants on the germination and seedling growth of the four target species. Regardless of the endophyte status of the host plant, leaf extracts elicited a stronger reduction in germination and seedling growth than root extracts. Extracts from E+ plants reduced the speed of germination index of Trifolium spp. to a greater extent than those from E? plants. Radicle length of the target species was the parameter most affected by the presence of the endophyte in F. rubra. Root extracts from E+ plants had a greater inhibitory effect on the radicle growth of the target species than did root extracts from E? plants. A greater concentration in total phenolic compounds was found in the roots of E+ plants than of E?; however, this difference was not observed in the leaves. Thus, the allelopathic potential of F. rubra is altered in infected plants.     

侧柏不同器官水提取物对油松种子萌发和幼苗生长的他感效应

研究了侧柏（Platycladus orientalis）根、枝、叶、果实不同浓度水提取物及枝叶挥发油对油松种子萌发和幼苗生长的他感效应。结果表明：侧柏各器官及挥发油都含有化感物质,均对油松种子萌发及幼苗生长表现出“高抑低促”效应,而且低浓度时的促进作用明显强于高浓度时的抑制作用。与对照相比,在浓度为2 mg·mL^-1时,侧柏根水提取物对油松幼苗根长和鲜重的促进能力最强,其根长和鲜重分别比对照提高了79.78%和376.60%;侧柏叶水提取物对油松幼苗苗高促进能力最强,比对照提高了102.41%;侧柏枝水提取物对油松种子发芽的促进能力最强,发芽率比对照提高了65.63%。而在浓度为30 mg·mL^-1时,除了侧柏根和枝水提取物对油松种子萌发（87.50%）和鲜重（85.11%）表现出明显的抑制作用外,其它提取物对油松幼苗根长和苗高生长的抑制作用均不明显。侧柏枝叶挥发油对油松种子萌发,幼苗生长均表现为促进作用,特别对油松种子萌发具有显著的促进作用,其促进率达70.37%。说明侧柏和油松混交,可能有利于油松树木生长及生产力的提高。     

开花期加拿大一枝黄花水浸提液对3种作物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

测定了入侵杂草加拿大一枝黄花（Solidago canadensis）开花期的茎、叶和花序水浸提液对辣椒(Capsicum annuum)、番茄(Lycoperiscum esculetum)、长梗白菜(Brassica chinensis var. communis)种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：（1）处于开花期的加拿大一枝黄花存在明显的化感作用,在25 mg·mL^-1时,对3种作物种子苗生长有促进作用,浸提液高于50 mg·mL^-1时,作物种子的萌发率和生长受到抑制,这种抑制作用随处理液浓度的提高而增强,在100 mg·mL^-1浓度处理下,甚至使作物种子失去活力;（2）加拿大一枝黄花叶和花序的水浸提液对种子萌发和生长的影响要大于其茎的浸提液;（3）在3种作物中,长梗白菜种子对加拿大一枝黄花水浸提液的敏感性最高。     

乡土植物白刺花对紫茎泽兰化感作用的响应

为了解乡土植物白刺花对紫茎泽兰化感作用的耐受程度及抵御机理,以2—3年生紫茎泽兰叶片为供体材料,用不同浓度的紫茎泽兰叶片浸提液处理白刺花种子及幼苗。结果表明:紫茎泽兰叶片浸提液对白刺花的影响为低浓度促进,高浓度抑制。当浓度为0.5%时促进效应最强,当浓度大于2.0%时抑制效应明显增加。白刺花种子萌发速率比萌发率对紫茎泽兰化感作用反应敏感,胚轴比胚根敏感,随着幼苗的生长,其抵御紫茎泽兰化感作用的能力逐渐增强,丙二醛的含量与植株生长响应规律相对应,并且经紫茎泽兰浸提液处理能极大的增加白刺花幼苗菌根率,缩短菌根形成的时间。