环境微生物资源信息库的构建及应用

【目的】开发一个收集环境微生物信息并能快速合成环境治理微生物群体的网站。【方法】在"中国科学院战略生物资源服务网络计划"的支持下,依托资源丰富的环境微生物实体保藏库,完善菌株功能、环境适应及生理生化相关信息,建立了环境微生物资源信息库(网址:http://www.envimicrobe.com)。【结果】该信息库主要包含"资源库"、"群体合成系统"两个模块,其中资源库收集整合了环境微生物实体库中菌株的功能特性、环境适应性、生理生化特性等信息;群体合成系统则将这些功能菌特征信息与目标污染治理对象的污染物信息、环境条件参数信息相匹配,快速合成针对性强的环境治理微生物群体,研制环境微生物复合菌剂产品。【结论】该信息库的应用,不仅可以帮助研究者快速获取相关微生物资源信息,高效快速地开展环境微生物相关研究,而且也将会促进环境微生物资源的产业化推广应用。     

快速发展中的环境微生物科学与技术—“第十二次全国环境微生物学学术研讨会”专刊序言

第十二次全国环境微生物学术研讨会于2009年11月在武汉华中科技大学顺利召开,本次会议围绕"环境微生物与人类健康"的主题,在环境微生物学前沿、微生物与环境健康及人类健康、环境微生物资源挖掘与利用,以及环境微生物技术与环境污染防治、生态修复、废弃物资源化利用和再生能源等诸多领域展开深入研讨,充分反映了我国环境微生物学界取得的最新进展,为了展现国内环境微生物及相关交叉领域科研工作者取得的最新进展,《微生物学通报》针对"第十二次全国环境微生物学术研讨会"组织出版了这期"环境微生物专刊",期望该专刊的出版有助于促进我国环境微生物学相关领域的交流和发展。     

我国环境微生物学发展现状与面临的挑战—“第十三次全国环境微生物学学术研讨会”专刊序言

第十三次全国环境微生物学术研讨会于2010年11月在南京大学顺利召开,本次会议围绕"环境微生物与社会发展"的主题,在环境微生物学研究前沿、环境微生物与节能减排、环境微生物与气候变化、环境微生物资源发掘与应用、环境保护工程、污染环境生物修复、蓝藻水华衍生污染物与生态风险等诸多领域阐述了最新研究进展并展开了深入的研讨。为了展现国内环境微生物及相关交叉领域科研工作者取得的最新进展,《微生物学通报》针对"第十三次全国环境微生物学学术研讨会"组织出版了这期"环境微生物专刊",期望该专刊的出版有助于促进我国环境微生物学相关领域的交流与发展。     

环境修复成为我国微生物研究的热点领域

2011年本刊发表论文的情况显示,环境微生物方面的研究工作独占鳌头,共发表31篇论文(不包括第4期"环境微生物专刊"),排名第二的农业微生物有27篇,工业微生物以25篇位列第三。值得注意的是,有关"环境修复"的文章有15篇,占环境微生物栏目的一半。在过去的一年里,我国环境微生物学同行在相关     

抓住机遇,迎接挑战 维系我国环境微生物事业健康有序发展—“第十四次全国环境微生物学学术研讨会”专刊序言

"第十四次全国环境微生物学术研讨会暨简浩然先生诞辰100周年纪念"于2011年11月25 28日在福建厦门隆重召开,本次会议围绕"环境微生物与生态保护"的主题,在环境微生物学研究前沿、微生物资源发掘与应用、节能减排、循环经济、污染环境生物修复与环境保护工程等诸多领域阐述了最新研究进展并展开了深入的研讨。为了展现国内环境微生物及相关交叉领域科研工作者取得的最新进展,《微生物学通报》针对"第十四次全国环境微生物学学术研讨会"组织出版了这期"环境微生物专刊",期望该专刊的出版有助于促进我国环境微生物学相关领域的交流与发展。     

促进我国环境微生物学的发展—“第十次全国环境微生物学术研讨会”专刊序言

我国是世界上环境污染最为严重的国家之一,环境治理工作日趋重要.随着分子生物学技术的发展,在环境微生物学领域的科研工作者的不懈努力下,我国在环境微生物学方面取得了许多重要成果,使微生物在环境保护中发挥着越来越重要的作用.为了展现国内环境微生物科研工作者取得的最新进展,<微生物学通报>针对"第十次全国环境微生物学术研讨会"组织出版了这期"环境微生物专刊",期望该专刊的出版有助于我国环境微生物学相关领域的交流和发展.     

“微生物多样性调查与鉴定”模块化实验教学的改革与实践

围绕"微生物多样性调查与鉴定"主线,设计一个由4个相互关联、前后衔接、形成一体的综合性研究型实验教学模块,并进行教学实践,它们是:环境微生物样品的采集与观察;不同微生物类群菌落的比较及细菌多样性观察与鉴定;放线菌与真菌多样性的观察与鉴定;自然界中噬菌体的分离与纯化。     

水圈微生物：推动地球重要元素循环的隐形巨人

正生活在水圈环境中的微生物数量巨大、遗传与代谢方式极为多样,它们驱动着地球上重要元素的循环。水圈微生物研究已经成为生命科学与地球科学的研究热点。国家自然科学基金委员会于2017年启动了"水圈微生物驱动地球元素循环的机制"重大研究计划(简称"水圈微生物"计划)。"水圈微生物"计划拟选择典型水圈生境,通过多学科交叉研究,借助新技术、新方法,揭示水圈微生物在物种、群落和生态水平驱动碳氮硫循环的机制及其环境响应,     

“微”故事——微生物的前世今生

<正>出版:中国农业出版社责任编辑:魏兆猛I S B N:978-7-109-24361-3定价:49.8元开本:16装帧:平装页码:186《"微"故事——微生物的前世今生》近日已正式出版,全书分为吾名微生物、微生物学大咖、饮食中的门道、可怖的微生物、微生物与农业、微生物与环境,以及脑洞大开7个篇章,内     

连续流生物反应器技术在微生物培养中的应用

自然环境中99%微生物在实验室条件下仍是不能被培养的,称之为"未培养"微生物或微生物"暗物质"。对其进行研究不仅有助于认识环境中微生物代谢多样性,丰富生命之树,同时未培养微生物还蕴含着巨大的新基因和新天然产物资源。但传统培养技术的局限性阻碍了"未培养"微生物资源的开发和利用。虽然随着分子生物学技术的发展,可以直接从环境中获得未培养微生物的遗传信息,分析微生物的广泛代谢多样性,但微生物的生理特征和代谢产物等分析仍然需要建立在研究纯菌株的基础上。目前,已经有很多新颖的培养技术被研发,如原位培养技术、共培养技术和连续流生物反应器培养技术等用于挖掘未培养微生物资源。本文主要介绍了连续流生物反应器培养新技术的发展与改进,探讨了"未培养"微生物培养技术及设备的发展方向,以进一步促进"未培养"微生物资源的开发与利用。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.