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Janeth Lessmann Javier Fajardo Jesús Muñoz Elisa Bonaccorso 《Ecology and evolution》2016,6(14):4997-5012
Ecuador will experience a significant expansion of the oil industry in its Amazonian region, one of the most biodiverse areas of the world. In view of the changes that are about to come, we explore the conflicts between oil extraction interests and biodiversity protection and apply systematic conservation planning to identify priority areas that should be protected in different oil exploitation scenarios. First, we quantified the current extent of oil blocks and protected zones and their overlap with two biodiversity indicators: 25 ecosystems and 745 species (whose distributions were estimated via species distribution models). With the new scheme of oil exploitation, oil blocks cover 68% (68,196 km2) of the Ecuadorian Amazon; half of it occupied by new blocks open for bids in the southern Amazon. This region is especially vulnerable to biodiversity losses, because peaks of species diversity, 19 ecosystems, and a third of its protected zones coincide spatially with oil blocks. Under these circumstances, we used Marxan software to identify priority areas for conservation outside oil blocks, but their coverage was insufficient to completely represent biodiversity. Instead, priority areas that include southern oil blocks provide a higher representation of biodiversity indicators. Therefore, preserving the southern Amazon becomes essential to improve the protection of Amazonian biodiversity in Ecuador, and avoiding oil exploitation in these areas (33% of the extent of southern oil blocks) should be considered a conservation alternative. Also, it is highly recommended to improve current oil exploitation technology to reduce environmental impacts in the region, especially within five oil blocks that we identified as most valuable for the conservation of biodiversity. The application of these and other recommendations depends heavily on the Ecuadorian government, which needs to find a better balance between the use of the Amazon resources and biodiversity conservation. 相似文献
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研究功能多样性与物种多样性关系及其随环境梯度的变化规律,有助于理解生物在群落中的共存机制;然而,二者间关系的研究在淡水生态学中尚鲜见报道。通过对新薛河典型河段(A缓流河段、B断流河段、C有机污染河段、D对照河段、E人为干扰河段)底栖动物季节性调查,就物种多样性和功能多样性时空动态及关系进行了研究。结果表明:在空间序列上,物种多样性指数在B河段均最低,表明间歇性断流对物种多样性影响重大。功能丰富度在D河段最高,A河段最低;功能均匀度在A河段高于其他河段;功能分离度在A、B河段最高,D河段最低。在时间序列上,物种丰富度和Shannon指数均值在10月份最低,4月份最高;均匀度指数在12月份最低,10月份最高。3个功能多样性指数于各季节间差异显著、相互独立,主要受水文条件和底栖动物生活史影响。相关分析表明,功能多样性指数间无显著相关性;功能丰富度同物种丰富度和Shannon指数相关显著,功能均匀度同物种均匀度相关显著。逐步回归分析发现,功能丰富度受物种丰富度和Shannon指数影响显著,功能均匀度受物种均匀度影响显著;功能多样性和物种多样性指数间拟合度总体不高。研究结果进一步表明:相对物种多样性,功能多样性对生境梯度变化响应更加全面。 相似文献
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RUTH B. RAUBER MARTA B. COLLANTES PABLO A. CIPRIOTTI JUAN ANCHORENA 《Austral ecology》2013,38(4):436-442
The biotic resistance theory relates invader success to species richness, and predicts that, as species richness increases, invasibility decreases. The relationship between invader success and richness, however, seems to be positive at large scales of analysis, determined by abiotic constraints, and it is to be expected that it is negative at small scales, because of biotic interactions. Moreover, the negative relationship at small scales would be stronger within species of the same functional group, because of having similar resource exploitation mechanisms. We studied the relationship between the cover of a worldwide invader of grasslands, Hieracium pilosella L., and species richness, species diversity and the cover of different growth forms at two different levels of analysis in 128 sites during the initial invasion process in the Fuegian steppe, Southern Patagonia, Argentina. At regional level, the invader was positively correlated to total (r = 0.28, P = 0.003), exotic (r = 0.273, P = 0.004), and native species richness (r = 0.210, P = 0.026), and to species diversity (r = 0.193, P = 0.041). At community level, we found only a weak negative correlation between H. pilosella and total richness (r = ?0.426, P = 0.079) and diversity (r = ?0.658, P = 0.063). The relationship between the invader and other species of the same growth form was positive both at regional (r = 0.484, P < 0.001) and community (r = 0.593, P = 0.012) levels. Consequently, in the period of establishment and initial expansion of this exotic species, our results support the idea that invader success is related to abiotic factors at large scales of analysis. Also, we observed a possible sign of biotic constraint at community level, although this was not related to the abundance of species of the same growth form. 相似文献
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中国鸡形目鸟类的现状与保护对策 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
鸡形目是一个与人类关系非常密切的鸟类类群 ,其保护工作受到国际自然保护组织的广泛关注。作为世界上鸡形目鸟类资源最为丰富的国家之一 ,我国加强该类群鸟类的保护工作不仅是野生动物资源保护的一个重要组成部分 ,而且对全球生物多样性的保护具有特别重要的意义。本文结合国家林业局“十五”期间将要实施的《全国野生动植物及自然保护区建设工程总体规划》 ,对我国鸡形目鸟类的多样性、特有性和分布特点进行了阐述 ,对该类群的濒危状况和致危因素进行了分析 ,从就地保护、易地保护以及科学研究三个方面介绍了我国在该类群研究与保护方面所取得的成就 ,探讨了目前保护管理工作中所存在的问题并提出了相应的保护对策 相似文献
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武夷山国家公园是中国正式设立的第一批国家公园之一, 其所处的武夷山脉在动物地理区划上是东洋区南亚亚区华南小区、东洋区东亚亚区华东小区的分界线。为查明武夷山国家公园及其周边的鱼类区系和多样性现状, 本研究在梳理历史研究资料的基础上, 对调查区域内的崇阳溪、麻阳溪、九曲溪、北溪和铅山河5条河流进行了实地调查, 从物种多样性和功能多样性两个层面对武夷山国家公园及其周边地区鱼类多样性水平进行了分析。结合历史数据, 武夷山国家公园及其周边地区分布的土著鱼类为113种, 隶属于5目17科61属, 其中以鲤形目鱼类为主, 共82种, 占物种总数的72.6%, 其次为鲈形目, 共16种, 占总数的14.2%。受威胁鱼类3种, 包括2种国家II级野生水生保护动物, 即胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)和花鳗鲡(Anguilla marmorata)。武夷山国家公园的第一优势种为拟腹吸鳅(Pseudogastromyzon fasciatus), 与其周边地区以点纹银鮈(Squalidus wolterstorffi)为第一优势种不同。多样性分析结果显示武夷山国家公园的鱼类物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数均低于周边区域。通过比较调查区域内5条河流的鱼类多样性, 麻阳溪鱼类多样性显著高于其他河流, 铅山河的多样性显著低于其他河流。位于国家公园内的九曲溪鱼类多样性比周边地区的崇阳溪要低。鱼类功能多样性结果显示, 武夷山国家公园的功能丰富度指数显著低于周边地区, 功能离散度和功能均匀度均高于周边地区; 在河流方面, 北溪的功能丰富度显著高于其他河流, 崇阳溪的功能均匀度较高, 九曲溪的功能离散度显著高于其他河流。综合鱼类多样性分析结果, 武夷山国家公园鱼类多样性低主要是自然生境异质性低和人为活动共同作用形成, 而周边地区的河流受到捕捞、水利设施、水质污染等因素的影响。这些干扰改变了鱼类的群落结构, 使得鱼类多样性降低。因此应该加强对该区域的鱼类多样性保护工作, 未来还应进一步开展针对公园内鱼类多样性的调查工作。 相似文献
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Identifying hotspots of species richness/rarity is the most commonly used approach worldwide for defining areas of high conservation importance. However, the use of the hotspot method limits one's ability to protect or exclude particular species as all species are treated equally. Particularly, range-restricted species require high conservation attention because they are more vulnerable than common species. However, the efficiency of the hotspot method in capturing range-restricted species is yet to be explored, although it is known that this method provides low species coverage. Here, using a comprehensive database of Chinese woody plants, we mapped the diversity pattern of 11,405 species at the spatial resolution of 50 × 50 km2 and identified hotspot areas using 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, and 50% thresholds. We then evaluated the proportion of range-restricted versus common species captured/missed by each hotspot threshold. We found that the commonly used hotspot thresholds (5 and 10%) failed to capture 41–45% of range-restricted species, which indicates that using the hotspot method for conservation prioritization exposes range-restricted species to high extinction risk. Relying entirely on the hotspot method to prioritize conservation areas, therefore, can be risky not only because it provides low species coverage but also because the missed species are mostly range-restricted species. We advocate adopting more efficient methods, such as systematic conservation planning, rather than the hotspot method, to increase the coverage of range-restricted species in designated priority areas and balance the needs of biodiversity conservation and economic development. 相似文献
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稀有种是海洋生态系统中物种共存与多样性维持的重要类群,但其对鱼类群落物种多样性、功能多样性的调控机制不明。以三门湾鱼类群落为研究对象,基于地理范围、栖息地特异性和种群规模大小识别群落稀有种,利用自抽样技术模拟稀有种在自然条件下的随机丧失,探讨稀有种丧失对物种多样性、功能多样性的影响。结果表明,稀有种的丧失造成物种丰富度与功能丰富度呈显著下降趋势;物种均匀度在夏季稳定性较低,在其余季节稳定性较高,功能均匀度在冬季稳定性较高,在其余季节稳定性较低,这与稀有种地理分布范围及其功能性状所占据的空间特殊位置有关;Simpson指数与Shannon-Wiener指数呈现下降趋势,但前者数值变化区间小于后者,这与群落丰富度、均匀度密切相关;功能离散度在夏季呈下降趋势,而在其他季节保持相对稳定,主要受位于性状空间边缘物种数量的影响。总体上,稀有种的丧失对物种多样性、功能多样性的稳定性产生影响,且物种多样性与功能多样性的相关性较强。 相似文献
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Darwin S. Sodhi Stuart W. Livingstone Marta Carboni Marc W. Cadotte 《Ecology and evolution》2019,9(11):6199-6210
Increased globalization has accelerated the movement of species around the world. Many of these nonnative species have the potential to profoundly alter ecosystems. The mechanisms underpinning this impact are often poorly understood, and traits are often overlooked when trying to understand and predict the impacts of species invasions on communities. We conducted an observational field experiment in Canada's first National Urban Park, where we collected trait data for seven different functional traits (height, stem width, specific leaf area, leaf percent nitrogen, and leaf percent carbon) across an abundance gradient of the invasive Vincetoxicum rossicum in open meadow and understory habitats. We assessed invasion impacts on communities, and associated mechanisms, by examining three complementary functional trait measures: community‐weighted mean, range of trait values, and species’ distances to the invader in trait space. We found that V. rossicum invasion significantly altered the functional structure of herbaceous plant communities. In both habitats V. rossicum changed the community‐weighted means, causing invaded communities to become increasingly similar in their functional structure. In addition, V. rossicum also reduced the trait ranges for a majority of traits indicating that species are being deterministically excluded in invaded communities. Further, we observed different trends in the meadow and understory habitats: In the understory, resident species that were more similar to V. rossicum in multivariate trait space were excluded more, however this was not the case in the meadow habitat. This suggests that V. rossicum alters communities uniquely in each habitat, in part by creating a filter in which only certain resident species are able to persist. This filtering process causes a nonrandom reduction in species' abundances, which in turn would be expected to alter how the invaded ecosystems function. Using trait‐based frameworks leads to better understanding and prediction of invasion impacts. This novel framework can also be used in restoration practices to understand how invasion impacts communities and to reassemble communities after invasive species management. 相似文献
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The ratio of species extinctions to introductions has been comparable for many insular assemblages, suggesting that introductions could have ‘compensated’ for extinctions. However, the capacity for introduced species to replace ecological roles and evolutionary history lost following extinction is unclear. We investigated changes in bird functional and phylogenetic diversity in the wake of extinctions and introductions across a sample of 32 islands worldwide. We found that extinct and introduced species have comparable functional and phylogenetic alpha diversity. However, this was distributed at different positions in functional space and in the phylogeny, indicating a ‘false compensation’. Introduced and extinct species did not have equivalent functional roles nor belong to similar lineages. This makes it unlikely that novel island biotas composed of introduced taxa will be able to maintain ecological roles and represent the evolutionary histories of pre‐disturbance assemblages and highlights the importance of evaluating changes in alpha and beta diversity concurrently. 相似文献
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作为我国第三大河流珠江的主支, 西江孕育了丰富且独特的生物多样性。受多重人为压力影响, 流域内生物多样性日渐降低。然而, 人们对西江底栖动物物种多样性格局及维持机制的认识明显不足。本研究基于历史文献调研和2021-2023年现场调查, 系统评估了西江主要水体底栖动物物种多样性, 厘定和编撰物种名录, 甄别驱动群落结构变化的关键因子及受胁因素, 并提出保护对策。结合历史文献和实地调查, 共记录大型底栖无脊椎动物5门10纲33目150科437属704种(历史记录506种, 2021-2023年调查记录352种), 中国特有种占比高达26%。现场调查结果显示, 全流域底栖动物的平均密度和平均生物量分别为437.53 ind./m²和38.65 g/m²。全流域的优势种为长足摇蚊属一种(Tanypus sp.)、雕翅摇蚊属一种(Glyptotendipes sp.)、纹沼螺(Parafossarulus striatulus)和河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)。支流、干流和湖泊的底栖动物群落结构差异显著, 支流的物种丰富度、Simpson优势度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均高于干流和湖泊。典范对应分析显示, 海拔、电导率、高锰酸盐指数等环境因子和空间因子是影响群落结构的重要因素。方差分解表明, 支流和湖泊的群落主要受环境过滤驱动, 而干流的群落主要受空间过程(质量效应)的影响。流域内的多重人类活动(航运业、大型水利设施、挖沙业、水体污染、土地无序开发利用和外来种入侵等)严重威胁底栖动物多样性。建议采取相应对策, 包括打击过度捕捞、管控挖沙业、恢复湖滨带以维持水文自然节律、控制污染物排放以及科学防控外来入侵种等。 相似文献
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城市自生草本植物的物种多样性和功能多样性直接影响城市生态系统的功能和稳定性,但目前相关研究依然很缺乏。以深圳市为例,基于建成区600个1hm2样地的现场调查数据,分析自生草本植物的群落结构、物种多样性、群落功能特征及功能多样性。结果显示：（1）调查共记录自生草本植物61科178属273种,其中多年生草本占54.6%,乡土植物占65.6%。（2）占明显优势的功能特征有中小型叶（91.85%）、草质叶（42.59%）、纸质叶（32.96%）、叶片无毛或近无毛（56.67%）、中等密度绒毛（40.37%）、叶面较粗糙（52.59%）、花期4—6个月（50.78%）、果期4—6个月（49.22%）、干果（86.03%）。（3）群落类型间功能丰富度FDp、功能离散度Rao二次熵差异极显著（P<0.01）、功能均匀度FEve差异显著（P<0.05）。（4）公园绿地的物种多样性指数明显高于其他三类绿地;不同绿地类型间的功能丰富度和功能离散度在滞尘、降噪、降温增湿及生物多样性保护方面都有极显著差异（P<0.01）,功能均匀度只在滞尘及生物多样性保护方面差异极显著（P<0.01）。（5）各功能多样性指数均与Margalef指数、Simpson指数及Shannon-Wiener指数呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）。研究结论和方法为维护城市生态系统稳定性、建设生态宜居城市、促进城市可持续发展提供理论依据。 相似文献
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该研究采用典型样地法,调查群落内物种分布并测量植物功能性状(叶面积和植株高度),对山西太岳山不同坡位华北落叶松-白桦混交林以及辽东栎次生林物种多样性及其功能多样性进行比较分析,探究环境因子对不同群落层次(乔木、灌木、草本)物种多样性及其功能多样性的影响机制,以及环境因子与群落构建之间的联系,为森林生态系统多样性研究以及经营管理提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)华北落叶松-白桦混交林的物种分布更加均匀,物种多样性和功能多样性(乔木层)均显著高于辽东栎次生林。(2)华北落叶松-白桦混交林乔木层功能均匀度与功能分散指数显著高于辽东栎次生林,但灌木草本层低于辽东栎次生林。(3)不同群落层次的物种多样性与功能多样性均呈正相关关系,影响物种分布和性状分布的环境因子存在差异,物种多样性受多种环境因子的综合影响,而单个环境因子对功能多样性影响较大,环境解释力与林分类型和群落层次相关。(4)乔木层物种多样性主要受土壤pH、冠层结构(MLA、林分开度)以及光照影响,灌木层物种多样性与土壤pH和MLA密切相关,林下总辐射、土壤养分(SOC、STN)、土壤相对含水率是影响草本层物种分布的主要环境因子;冠层结构(MLA、林分开度)是影响乔木层功能多样性最主要的环境因子,土壤pH和坡位分别是华北落叶松-白桦混交林和辽东栎次生林灌木层功能多样性的主要影响因子,影响草本层功能多样性的主要环境因子是土壤相对含水率与LAI。研究表明,在垂直分层的森林生态系统中,不同群落层次竞争的主要环境资源存在差异,乔木层通过改变冠层结构和林内环境限制林下物种分布和性状分布。 相似文献
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- Freshwater biodiversity is currently under multiple threats. Conservation of freshwater fish biodiversity needs to be prioritized because natural conservation resources are always limited.
- Samples were collected at 24 sites in the Min River, the largest basin in southeastern China. Taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity were analyzed. Biodiversity vulnerability was measured by removing one species each time out of the community with replacement.
- Results suggested that hotspots for taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity were located at two impounded sites, while for functional diversity were those sites with no upstream dams. Little congruence was observed between taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity. Fragmentation of river network connectivity caused by dams was a significant factor affecting the biodiversity patterns. Beta turnover was the driving component for beta diversity, indicating that biodiversity dissimilarity along the river was mostly explained by environmental sorting. Fifteen out of 16 species that contributed the most to different facets of biodiversity were mostly endemic, either they had distinctive functional traits or they were the most prevalent species. Sites with the highest diversity vulnerability were characterized by these distinctive species. Functional diversity was more vulnerable to species loss comparing with the other two biodiversity facets.
- Prioritizing those biodiversity hotspots, sites with extreme functional vulnerability, and those distinctive endemic species which contributed the most to biodiversity vulnerability is suggested in the Min River. The study found evidence that congruence among different facets of biodiversity is hard to achieve, and functional diversity is the most vulnerable in a freshwater system fragmented by intensive dam constructions. This work will help to develop systematic conservation planning from the perspective of different biodiversity facets.
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以海河流域为研究对象,依托系统保护规划的理论、方法和技术手段,建立气候-地貌-湿地生态地理综合分类单元,并将此单元作为宏观尺度湿地生物多样性的替代单元,同时以湿地水鸟作为物种尺度的指示物种,综合考虑道路、居民点等社会因素,确定了海河流域湿地保护优先格局及保护空缺。研究结果表明：湿地结构上,现有保护体系中仅滨海湿地受保护比例较高,经系统保护规划优后,湿地保护比例可达28.55%,保护面积达36.55 km2;在空间分布上,仅徒骇马颊河水系目前得到较好的保护,建议对滦河及冀东沿海区域及海河流域南北水系通过设立保护小区和建立湿地公园等方式加强保护。研究结果可为海河流域湿地保护体系调整提供参考,为湿地、非湿地生态系统的整合优化提供有益启示。 相似文献
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塔里木河下游植物群落的物种数量变化与生态系统动态研究 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：13
物种多样性是指物种及其集合体的生物学多样性。物种多样性研究的核心是物种的数量变化和物种的生物学多样性程度。本文根据野外采集的数据 ,运用Simpson指数、McIn tosh指数以及Margalef指数 ,对塔里木河下游英苏、阿布达勒、喀尔达依、阿拉干、依干不及麻等地区的物种多样性指数分别进行了计算 ,并根据计算得到的生物多样性指数探讨了干旱区退化生态系统的物种多样性以及在干旱区物种多样性与生态系统稳定性之间的关系。结果表明 ,塔里木河下游从英苏至依干不及麻 ,Simpson多样性指数的变化范围为 0 82～ 0 2 6 ,McIn tosh均匀度指数的变化范围为 0 6 0～ 0 1 8,Margalef丰富度指数的变化范围为 1 4 7～ 0 38,物种数的变化范围是 9～ 2。分析表明塔里木河下游生态系统退化十分严重 ,并据此讨论了塔里木河下游生态系统退化的特征、演替动态及稳定性 相似文献